Abstract

Graving implements are hallmark Paleoindian implements second only in diagnostic value to projectile point morphology/technology and channel flakes in the interior North American West. Microwear analysis by Kay of 33 potential flake gravers obtained by excavation from four and from one inundated Paleoindian occupation sites in southwestern Montana identified 29 gravers. This varied flake graver macroassemblage derives from Folsom Complex (Indian Creek: 10,400 B.P.) and Alder and Hardinger Complexes (Barton Gulch: 9,400 and 8,800 B.P., respectively; Sheep Rock Spring: 9,400 B.P.) and Canyon Ferry Lake (Alder plus other Plaeoindian components). Multiple functional types were differentiated: graver tips used as individual engraving implements to bore, slot, or pierce; compass gravers with paired graver spurs; and parallel gravers, two or more graving spurs with the same use-wear orientation. Studies of the role(s) of gravers in Paleoindian industrial activities have been constrained by the absence of associated, but presumably perishable graving products. Consideration is given to searching for the identity of local, graver-applied raw materials in relation to experimental data which structure arguments for graver use and products.