Abstract

This paper presents the preliminary results of a research project developing models of prehistoric land use. It stems from an associated research project where predictive models of prehistoric activity locations are being developed in an area of northern Ontario. Presently, the Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction (CARP) at Lakehead University is conducting the research for this predictive modelling project where the development of predictive models of prehistoric activity location is the predominant research focus of this projet. These models however allow other aspects of prehistoric archaeological research to be investigated. While a predictive model of prehistoric activity location is a useful device for identifying potential archaeological sites, the methodology employed to develop a model can also be used to generate explanations why sites are located where they are. Previous archaeological research in the Black Sturgeon Lake area of northern Ontario has resulted in the identification of numerous archaeological sites ranging in age from historic to late Palaeo-Indian. Presently, a predictive model of prehistoric activity location is being developed for an area centering on Black Sturgeon Lake. using MAP II, a raster GIS, a 2400 km2 block of land has been digitized to a scale of 30m x 30m. Primary data layers include a digital elevation model, major water resources, minor rivers, minor lakes, and surficial geology. In addition, other data layers are being developed as a result of concurrent research into traditional boreal land uses. By examining the ethnographic and historic literature, many of the traditional uses of the boreal forest are being reconstructed. The different activities conducted by native people and the resources targeted by some of these activities are being translated into digital cartographie data. For example, Rogers (1966) describes the Mistassini Cree as congregating in large groups during the summer. The major activity at the time was fishing and later in the summer, berry collecting. One can confirm associations of existing archaeological sites with good fishing locations (through examination of fish productivity maps available through government agencies). Additionally, favourable berry picking areas can be identified. Blueberries tend to grow in specific areas. One variety can be found in predominantly moist woods, swamps and clearing while another variety grows in open, disturbed clearing. Using a GIS, areas with these characteristics can be identified in the study area and their association site locations can be evaluated. This paper will present the reconstruction of many of these land use activities. It is suggested that in addition to predicting where archaeological sites might be located, it is reasonable to expect that a model of catchment areas can be developed. Correlation of these catchment areas with specific site types may provide insight into the settlement system for the Black Sturgeon Lake area, and by extension the boreal forest north of Lake Superior.