Potsherds of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition at Lake Abitibi, Northwestern Quebec - François Guindon (2008)
Iroquoian pottery exhibits an unusually high frequency at Lake Abitibi sites compared to other sites of the Canadian Shield. For this reason, it has attracted the attention of archaeologists since research began in the Abitibi area in the 1970s. A corpus of 143 vessel equivalents, all attributable to the Ontario Iroquois Tradition, and coming from six sites and one private collection were analysed in the course of my master's thesis research. The main results of this work as well as what it implies on the relations through time between the Ontario Iroquoian and the Lake Abitibi Algonquian people are presented.

Thule Epimetallurgy and the Consequences of Elizabethan Contact - Gullason, Lynda (2000)
One of the problems with researching the nature of early culture contact between Thule Inuit and Europeans is the slight material evidence, particularly of metal artifacts which seldom survive in archaeological sites. Their relative absence archaeologically gives the false impression that metal use was peripheral to Thule adaptation when, in fact, metal was highly valued. Metal, in the form of iron extracted from meteors and native copper ore, was widely used throughout the Arctic prior to European contact. The principal evidence for Thule epimetallurgy (the use, but not the production of metal) comes from blade slot widths in the surviving tool handles. These slots are characteristically thinner than those which held stone blades. Allen McCartney has suggested that Thule metal use accelerated after 1600 due to the 'great influx' of metal from European contact. Based on the analysis of bladed tools from prehistoric and early historic Inuit sites in Frobisher Bay, I quantify the chronological patterning of Thule Inuit metal use and suggest that prehistoric Inuit use of metal was far greater than previously thought and that during Elizabethan (16th century) contact and shortly afterwards, less metal was used by the Inuit of Frobisher Bay than in the prehistoric era. In Frobisher Bay, it appears that there was no significant increase in metal use until the late 19th/early 20th century. This finding has important consequences for our conceptions about 'first contacts'.

Engendering Interaction: The Thule Inuit Gender System and European Contact in Southeast Baffin Island - Gullason, Lynda (2002)
This paper explores the role that gender plays in cross-cultural contact. A model of the Thule Inuit gender system in the eastern Canadian Arctic was derived from ethnographic sources. These sources indicate that Inuit gender relations were largely egalitarian and complementary. This suggests two interrelated behavioral expectations with respect to European interaction: 1.) equal access to European goods and materials by Inuit men and women; and 2.) differential use of European goods by gender will relate to the types of tasks which each gender engaged in and the social roles they held, rather than to a gender hierarchy. The model was tested with archaeological and ethnohistorical data relating to three periods of contact in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island: 16th-century exploration and mining, 19th-century commercial whaling and early 20th-century commercial fur trapping.

Prehistory of Greenland - Gullov, Hans Christian (2006)
Presentation of Greenland's prehistory from 2500 BC to 1900 AD based on the first complete publication in Danish from 2004, second printing 2005 and in Greenlandic 2006.

The Manis Mastodon Site: Early Man on the Olympic Peninsula - Carl E. Gustafson; Richard Daugherty; Delbert W. Gilbow (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
The Manis site on the northern Olympic Peninsula near Sequim, Washington, has yielded evidence that a mastodon was butchered there approximately 12,000 years ago. A bone 'projectile point' embedded in a mastodon rib and other artifacts made of bone and tusk have been recovered. A single cobble spall tool is the only distinguishable stone artifact associated with the mastodon bones. By 12,000 years ago, coniferous forests had not yet invaded the northern Olympic Peninsula, and shrub-tundra vegetation characterized the region. Evidence of later occupation at the site is provided by a leaf-shaped, basalt 'Olcott' point found directly above a layer of volcanic ash derived from Mt. Mazama.

Only in Alberta: Ancient and Modern Intensive Resource Procurement at the Bodo Bison Skulls Site - Gibson Terrance H. (2001)
When people think of Alberta's past, they think of bison kills. When they think of Alberta now, they think of oil wells. A huge bison kill site and an intensive petroleum recovery operation coexist in a stabilized sand dune locality on the northeast edge of the Neutral Hills, south of Provost, Alberta. When the Bodo Bison Skulls Site was discovered in 1995, in the middle of the oilfield operation, assessment indicated that the site remains were perhaps 1000 years old, representing short term but extensive bison impoundment activities. Renewed drilling and pipeline trenching in the spring of 2000 required additional assessment and considerable excavation. Intensified reconnaissance of the locality has expanded the size of the site to at least 140 hectares, with extensive deposits of butchered bison bone appearing throughout the site area. In one abandoned wellpad locality, a 2 x 2 m excavation revealed a 50 cm thick midden of discarded bison bone, complete with preserved hair and at least 50 projectile points. Fifty metres away a 5 x 5 m excavation revealed an intact living floor with hearths, pottery clusters and ochre stains, suggesting one or more residences. This pattern of intensive carcass processing and adjacent camping activity appears to occur repeatedly across more than a kilometre of rolling stabilized sand dune terrain. The presence of intensive industrial oilfield activity on the site presents both perils and opportunities for archaeology. Past drilling and trenching has disturbed significant portions of the site, yet careful management of future development and a pledge of preservation as an operating principle by the developer should minimize any future site impact. Furthermore, academic interest in this site is growing, and with developer assistance the time may not be far off when Alberta can boast of another major interpreted archaeological site within its borders.

Artifact Distribution Studies at the Ball Site, Orillia, Ontario - Knight Dean H.; Allison Bain (1993)
Recent excavations have demonstrated that the Ball Site, an early 17th century Huron village, had two construction periods. It is hypothesized that there is a temporal as well as a cultural difference between these two periods. This paper looks at the artifacts from both parts of the village in an attempt to explain the temporal and/or cultural differences. Three major artifactual categories are used: ceramics, pipes and trade goods. The actual settlement pattern is utilized as a control. mechanism.

The Archaeology of the Pigeon Mountain Basin, Ningxia: Implications for the Paleolithic-Neolithic Transition in North China - Ha, Yan (2000)
The Sino-American cooperative research group was created to investigate the transitional adaptation of arid-land hunter-gatherers from Later Paleolithic to Early Neolithic in northern China, and establish a firm chronology for these changes. Toward that end, the group conducted exploratory archaeological research in the Pigeon Mountain basin, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Our research generally supports the predictions of a model of indigenous cultural development involving rapid technological elaboration and innovation in the production and use of chipped stone tools, and perhaps, ground stone associated with environmental change immediately before, during and immediately after the Younger Dryas interval. Moreover, we provide the first firm dates and chronological framework for these changes. At 12.7ka, microblades struck from boat-shaped and wedge-shaped pebble cores were in use, seed grinding tools were apparently present by 11.6ka, and retouched microblades were in use by 10.2ka. Our work contributes to the ability to recognize tool types and sets of tools diagnostic of the transitional period in Northern China.

Archaeological Overview Assessments (AOAs): An evolving process for managing cultural resources in Forest Management - HADWAY, Sharon; Mary-Pat MATHERS; Rick HOWARD; Heather Moon (1998)
AOA projects are initiated by the Forest sector and large scale Provincial strategic planning. AOAs are used as 'management tools' to direct us towards further archaeological studies such as inventory studies, CMT inventories or impact assessments. One of the problems with the current practice of conducting AOA mapping in the province is that it is usually based on archaeological predictive modelling and was never intended to constitute the final product. The challenge confronting us is how to incorporate new information derived from other archaeological studies into the AOA mapping process and how to ensure Ministry of Forests (MoF) and forest companies can use this information to inform their management decisions. Currently Archaeological Impact Assessments (AIAs) are being conducted throughout the Province at an accelerated rate primarily because of the Forest Practices Code and amended Heritage Conservation Act, but no work is being done to incorporate the results of AIAs (both positive and negative) into existing AOAs. Any attempt to resolve this dilemma must balance the theoretical requirements of potential mapping refinement with higher level planning and the day to day needs of both archaeologists and forest managers. A proposed solution must be both practical from a management perspective while still providing accurate and useful data. One such solution proposed is a provincial tracking system to identify archaeological findings based on the AIA and inventory work that is generated as the result of these studies. Such a tracking system has advantages and disadvantages when examined in regard to province wide implementation. Any potential solution must be judged in light of its intrinsic applicability to the issue of potential mapping veracity and the current conditions affecting forest and cultural resource management in BC.

A Site Catchment Analysis of the Little Qualicum River Site, DiSc–1: A Wet Site on the East Coast of Vancouver Island, B.C. - James C. Haggarty (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)

Threat or Opportunity? The Hesquiat Experience - James C. Haggerty (1973)
It is clear that many Indian people and their organizations are becoming more and more interested in all matters that directly concern them. Anthropology is no exception. What is becoming even more clear is the onus of responsibility on anthropologists to interact with and to engage Indian people in various aspects of their research projects. Anthropologists also have, of course, a responsibility to their discipline. These two responsibilities, perhaps among others, are judged by some researchers to be incompatible. Indeed, some view the recent developments that comprise the Hesquiat project as a threat to the very nature of scientific inquiry. The primary purpose of this paper will be to demonstrate on the basis of the Hesquiat experience that these recent developments are more an opportunity than a threat and that the two primary responsibilities of anthropologists, to the people with whom they work and to their discipline, are very compatible.

Archaeology and the Social History of Ships - Helen R. Haines (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

The Point of Popularity: A Summary of 10,000 years of Human Activity at the Princess Point Promontory, Cootes Paradise Marsh, Hamilton, Ontario - Helen R. Haines; David G. Smith; David Galbraith; Theysmeyer, Tys (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)
The Princess Point promontory at Cootes Paradise, Hamilton, Ontario has a long, rich history of human activity. This paper provides a synopsis of the archaeological work conducted on Princess Point, and summarizes the history of human activity on the promontory. The Princess Point site was discovered on the promontory in the 1960s by archaeologists from McMaster University. Excavations were conducted by McMaster in the late 1960s, and by the University of Toronto, Mississauga since 2000. These excavations demonstrate that Princess Point was used by native peoples from Early Archaic times (8000–6000 B.C.) through to the end of the Woodland period at A.D. 1650. The most intense occupation occurred during the Early Late Woodland period (A.D. 500–1000) by people of the Princess Point Complex. Euro-Canadians began using Princess Point during the late eighteenth century. In the twentieth century, the promontory was incorporated into the Royal Botanical Gardens.

Human Sacrifice, Militarism, and Rulership: Materialization of State Ideology at the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan - Helen R. Haines (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Sampling in Archaeology - Helen R. Haines (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

The Point of Popularity: A Summary of Human Activity at the Princess Point Promontory, Cootes Paradise, Hamilton - Helen R. Haines; James Sherratt; David G. Smith; David Galbraith (2008)
Located on the south shore of Cootes Paradise the Princess Point promontory is ideally situated to attract human activity. Starting in the Middle Woodland period, the promontory may have served a variety of purposes. Archaeological investigations have been conducted intermittently in various locations around the promontory since the late 1960's revealing some interesting questions about the history of its use. Additionally, the Royal Botanical Gardens has conducted significant environmental research in Cootes Paradise that impacts directly on our understanding of the human activity in this area. This presentation summarizes both of these research areas with the aim of creating a framework of human activity at the site into which future, more focused studies, may be situated.

Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica - Helen R. Haines (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Cobble choppers on the northwest coast: a re-examination - Haley, S. (1981)
Cobble choppers, seemingly ubiquitous stone tools found in archaeological sites all over the northwest coast of North America, were examined using a technological perspective combining attribute analysis with gross use-wear analysis. This analysis of material from the Crescent Beach site led to the development of two hypothetical models: 1) a manufacture/use/maintenance system and 2) a curation model. Both of these models suggest that cobble choppers have a long and complex use-life possibly involving shifts in form and function through a predetermined sequence. This paper outlines the two models and discusses some of their implications.

Investigating Household Spatial Organization: Faunal and Artifact Distributions in House K, McNichol Creek Site, British Columbia - T. J. Hall (2000)
Household archaeology has been a major focus at the McNichol Creek site in Prince Rupert harbour since 1990. This prehistoric village dating to approximately 1500 BP is believed to have expressed all the salient features of the Developed Northwest Coast Pattern including pronounced social inequality and hereditary wealth and rank. Several research goals at the McNichol Creek village have focussed exclusively on deciphering such features, on both interhouse and intrahouse levels. This paper focuses on interhouse aspects; specifically, the spatial organization of artifacts and faunal remains recovered from the excavation of house K during the summer of 1999. This evidence may provide information on social inequality and rank, as well as the economic status of the household in general.

Methods of Monitoring Thermal and Moisture Conditions Affecting Pictograms and Rock Art - Hall, Kevin (2005)
This paper describes the use of micro-transducers, infrared sensors and means to measure moisture content and chemistry in rock and building materials. It is described how these data relate to new findings regarding weathering processes that can affect these historic records.

Inuksuit - Hallendy, Norm (1992)
Among the important instruments created by the first known people to inhabit the Arctic are stone figures called inuksuit. The meaning of the word inuksuk, 'to act in the capacity of a human,' is an extension of the word Inuk which means 'hurnan being.' We know that many inuksuit functioned as hunting instruments, navigational aids and message centres along with a number of other functions related to earthly activities. In addition, however, certain inuksuit were objects of veneration. They compelled humans to build them, out of fear, love, loneliness and, more importantly, they marked the thresholds of the spiritual landscape. They too were made of stone.

Indian Art Traditions of the Northwest Coast - Marjorie Halpin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Methods Applied to Palaeo Sites in the Boreal Forest: An Evaluation of the Simmonds Site - Halverson, C. (1992)
Recovery and some analysis techniques applied in 1973 and in 1991 during the excavation of a single component Palaeo-Indian site in northwestern Ontario are compared. The earlier investigations on the site by a local university concentrated their efforts along a washed-out area. Nine two by two metre units were excavated in five centimetre levels and screened dirough 1/4 inch mesh. For the purpose of cultural resource management, the site was reinvestigated in 1991. These new investigations followed a north-south transect utilizing a five by six metre block of one by one metre units excavated in 3 centimetre levels. All soils were screened through 1/8 inch mesh. Methods discussed incorporate grid layout, provenance, analysis, etc. Are we placing too much emphasis on using complex and complicated techniques when more elementary ones will do?

PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE BOREAL FOREST - Halverson, Colken (1991)
Public archaeology in the Boreal Forest is striving to prove that good archaeological method and theory can be achieved in a public setting. Indications to date suggest that archaeology in the future will be an integral part of education and tourism.

Current Palaeoethnobotanical Research in the Maritimes: New Information from the Clam Cove Site, Nova Scotia - Halwas, Sarah (2006)
Recent palaeoethnobotanical research carried out at the Clam Cove site in the Minas Basin region of Nova Scotia has added new information to the study of Late Woodland hunter-gatherer groups in this area. Although this small midden site is considered to be in a marginal area, the large clam bed located near the site, and the modest compliment of plant and animal species made this location suitable as a temporary camp during lithic collection trips to Davidson's Cove, a quarry site across Scots Bay. Evidence of previously unknown species to the Clam Cove site, including beech (Fagus grandifolia), poplar (Populus sp.), strawberries (Fragaria sp.) and blueberries (Vaccinium sp.) have been recovered through flotation and charcoal analysis. This information will be compared to habitation sites in the area to gain insight into the movement of people during the Late Woodland.

The Cohoe Creek Site: A Late Moresby Tradition Shell Midden - Leonard C. Ham (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

Protection of Shell Midden Deposits With Reinforced Foundation Rafts - Leonard C. Ham (2001)
Although the conservation of archaeological deposits may be a goal of cultural resource management, little progress has been made in developing actual techniques for long-term preservation of deposits. This issue has been addressed over the last ten years during several projects in the Vancouver area. The basic objective has been to provide long term protection to archaeological deposits while providing viable and sound construction grades and foundations. Development of these management plans requires the archaeologist to work closely with a land surveyor, geotechnical engineer, soils scientist, structural engineer, architect or designer, and possibly other professionals. Information must be obtained on archaeological deposit elevations, integrity, drainage, pH, and density. With this data, development plans need to be minutely scrutinized for direct and potential impacts. It may be necessary to propose and facilitate implementation of project redesigns, and develop an impact management plan for submission to regulatory authorities. With a strict program of archaeological monitoring and inspection to ensure implementation of the impact management plan, it is possible to reduce impacts to intact deposits to less than 5%. Implementation of this approach at five different sites are reviewed.

Cost/Benefit Analysis and Deep Test Protocol based on the Minnesota Deep Test Protocol Project - Michael J. Hambacher; G. William Monaghan; Michael Kolb; Daniel R. Hayes; Kathryn Egan-Bruhy (2008)
A recent study, funded by the Minnesota Department of Transportation, compared the results and costs of various methods for discovering and evaluating buried archaeological sites. These methods included remote sensing (magnetometry, resistivity, and GPR), small-diameter, solid-earth coring (GeoProbe), and backhoe trenching. This presentation compares the costs and benefits of the methods and discusses the protocol we propose for buried sites discovery and evaluation. Analysis of the data indicates that the implementation of a multi-disciplinary approach to the exploration for and evaluation of buried archaeological sites meets the goals of the investigative process in a cost effective fashion. Implementation of this protocol since its development continues to demonstrate its effectiveness.

New Solitudes: Conflicting World Views in the Context of Contemporary Northern Resource Development - Scott Hamilton; Ron Morrisseau; Chief Theron McCrady (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)
Human skeletal remains were encountered during construction of the High Falls hydro dam in northern Ontario. Salvage excavations were conducted under the authority of the Ontario Cemeteries Act with supervision by Native Elders. These Elders provided information about traditional Ojibwe spirituality, and the ongoing relationship between the living and the dead involving sacred waterfalls as one means of supernatural communication. This information greatly enriched the archaeological interpretation, but also highlighted profound cultural differences between Native people and non-Native land managers and resource developers. These differences threaten resolution of an acrimonious political and legal dispute, and identify weaknesses in current environmental assessment procedures.

Archaeological Site Distributions and Contents: Modeling Late Precontact Blackduck Land Use in the Northeastern Plains - Scott Hamilton; James Graham; B.A. Nicholson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
Late pre-contact Blackduck archaeological sites demonstrate considerable variability in landscape associations across their geographic range. When coupled with ethnohistoric information, a sample of sites from the prairie-parklands of southern Manitoba and the boreal forest of northwestern Ontario suggest divergent land-use strategies and economic orientations. At issue is the development of plausible models that encompass the range of factors affecting Blackduck land use, and which might account for this adaptation variability. This includes consideration of broad-ranging cultural influences, the bio-diversity of the regions considered, and the impacts of the intensely seasonal climate. Also important is the recognition that the contemporary site ecological contexts might be quite different from those that existed at the time of interest. When inter-site differences in land use and economy are considered in terms of seasonally-driven shifts in political economy, less dramatic contrasts between biomes are indicated. Rather than indicating substantive cultural transformation across the biomes, the variability reflects reworking of pre-existing socio-political conditions, coupled with new means and modes of production.

The Middleman Fur Trade and Slot Knives: Selective Integration of European Technology at the Mortlach Twin Fawns Site (DiMe-23) - Scott Hamilton; B.A. Nicholson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
The Twin Fawns Site represents a Mortlach occupation within the Lauder Sandhills of southwestern Manitoba, Canada. This proto-contact site contains lithic, ceramic and faunal materials, reflecting the full range of traditional technology associated with this Late Plains Woodland archaeological entity. The only direct indication of the site's proto-contact character derives from a single radiocarbon date and a knife composed of a bison bone handle inset with a piece of brass sheet metal. No other direct evidence of European technology has been encountered. The complete lack of small, easily lost, and generally ubiquitous European trade goods is particularly noteworthy. The narrow range and careful curation of European technology offers insight into the nature of the early fur trade era, and the processes by which northern Plains Aboriginal people chose to integrate foreign technology.

VICKERS FOCUS OCCUPATION OF SOUTHWESTERN MANITOBA: ISSUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION AND CULTURAL ORIGINS - Scott Hamilton; B.A. Nicholson (1996)
Archaeological reconnaissance and excavation in the Lauder Sandhills of southwestern Manitoba has revealed a dense cluster of late Pre-Contact archaeological sites that can be termed culturally exotic. These sites relate to the Vickers Focus that is believed to derive from the Missouri and Mississippi River drainage basins of Minnesota, Iowa and the Dakotas. After two field seasons of reconnaissance, at least seven sites have been recorded within less than 2 square kilometres: more than tripling the former inventory of Vickers Focus sites in Manitoba. This begs the question, what environmental conditions attracted these people to the Sandhills locality, and also from what cultural milieu these people derived. Palaeo-environmental reconstructions indicate that they were attracted to a rich ecotone composed of wetlands and deciduous forest groves surrounded by mixed grass prairie. We further propose that Vickers Focus reflects a northerly expression of the late Plains Woodland Tradition, with as yet undetermined linkages to the Plains Village groups who brought sedentary horticultural village life to the eastern Plains.

Archaeological Predictive Modelling in the Boreal Forest: No Easy Answers - Scott Hamilton (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2000)
Archaeological resources in the Canadian forest regions are threatened by mechanized forest harvest and regeneration activities. Given the huge scale of forestry operations and the current inadequacy of the heritage resource inventory, conventional CRM orientations are inadequate. This has resulted in considerable interest in the application of archaeological predictive models to forest harvest planning. This paper reviews several approaches to predictive modelling, and offers 'cautionary tales' outlining some of the problems that must be addressed before this methodology is routinely used in forest harvest planning.

The Mortlach Phase - Scott Hamilton; Jill Taylor-Hollings (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

A Gendered Review of the CANADIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION BULLETIN (1969–1976) and THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY (1977–1993): The First Twenty-Five Years - Martin James Handly (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)
The representation of female archaeologists within the Canadian Archaeological Association Bulletin (1969-1976), the Canadian Journal of Archaeology (1977-1993), and within the CJA and CAA hierarchy, is reviewed for the last twenty-five years. A critical, post-processual approach is employed to evaluate female contributions as authors, book reviewers, book reviewees, and Executive and Editorial officers within the CAA and CJA. The data are reviewed from temporal, geographical, and topical research perspectives and then compared to similar reviews conducted within North American anthropological and archaeological journals. An overall increase in female representation within the CAAB/CJA and the CAA Executive is noted through time. Definite variability in female representation is also seen from a geographical research perspective during the period under review. The topical research patterns observed in this review also appear similar to patterns identified in other North American archaeological reviews. It is suggested that this increase in female representation, most notably during the last five years (1988-1993), may be a reflection of the increased presence of female 'academic gate-keepers' within the Canadian archaeological community.

Historical Resource Impact Assessment and Conservation Excavations at Cougar Ridge Off-Site Sewer Services - Margaret G. Hanna (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology: Expanding Archaeological Method and Theory - Margaret G. Hanna (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption of the Past - Margaret G. Hanna (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

The Clearwater Lake Punctate Pottery of P.G. Downes - Margaret G. Hanna (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)
Prentice G. Downes, an American teacher and historian/geographer, received some pottery and other artifacts from a local trapper while canoeing on Reindeer Lake in northern Saskatchewan in 1936 and 1937. In 1938, he published a brief comment on this pottery in American Antiquity, making this the first published report of what we now call Clearwater Lake Punctate Type of the Selkirk Composite. Downes' information about the location of the site suggests it was found at Ochankugahe Island at the mouth of Wapus Bay, but this cannot be confirmed. Five Clearwater Lake Punctate vessels are represented in the collection. Downes' pottery is used to assess the hypothesis that pottery from the Reindeer Lake area may be a regional variant of the Clearwater Lake Complex of the Selkirk Composite. The Downes collection demonstrates the research potential of small collections acquired many years ago.

Grave Injustice: The American Indian Repatriation Movement and NAGPRA - Margaret G. Hanna (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Old Bones, New Reality: A Review of Issues and Guidelines Pertaining to Repatriation - Margaret G. Hanna (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)
In January 2003, the Kitigan Zibi asked the Canadian Museum of Civilization to repatriate several 5,000-year-old burials. This request highlighted four controversial issues pertaining to repatriation: human remains may be too old to be culturally affiliated with a modern Aboriginal community; human remains are valuable repositories of information about ancient populations and must be kept for future analysis; repatriation may render museums unable to keep collections; and First Nations may eventually repent of having reburied their past. These reasons are reviewed with reference to guidelines and recommendations of several national and international bodies. Although these are valid issues, they are insufficient to refuse requests for repatriation. Rather than defending entrenched positions, archaeologists should enter into negotiations that recognize and address underlying issues and concerns held by both archaeologists and First Nations.

Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement - Margaret G. Hanna (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Subsistence During the Late Prehistoric Occupation of Pender Canal, British Columbia (DeRt–1) - Diane K. Hanson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)
Faunal remains from a Pender Canal Site (DeRt-1) on Pender Island in southwestern British Columbia were analyzed for subsistence information from the Developed Coast Salish component of the site. Deer and canids were the primary mammals identified while sea mammals made only a minor contribution to the assemblage. Birds were not common and consisted mostly of ducks. Fishes were the most numerous vertebrate, particularly herring and sea perches. There was a shift from mussels and urchins to the larger clams in later strata. Recovery methods were shown to affect the interpretations about subsistence at this site.

After Captain Cook: The Archaeology of the Recent Indigenous Past in Australia (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Heritage Sites Research, Traditional Knowledge and Training - Elisa J. Hart (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)
This paper is an overview of two interrelated projects, the Tuktoyaktuk Traditional Knowledge Project and the Heritage Resources Training Program. The objectives of the Traditional Knowledge Project were to first determine the location and nature of heritage sites important to the Inuvialuit so heritage managers can better assess the impacts of oil development on those resources, and secondly to learn about aspects of traditional life for use in archaeological interpretations. Traditional knowledge research allows people from communities to contribute directly to archaeological knowledge. The Heritage Resources Training Program served as a vehicle to develop and test training methods to provide people from communities with some of the basic skills and information needed to conduct this type of research.

Maize: Origin, Domestication, and Its Role in the Development of Culture - John P. Hart (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Preliminary interpretations of the investigations at the Cherry Point site (DkMe–10), a stratified Archaic site in southwest Manitoba - James K. Haug (Bulletin, 1975)

What Lies Beneath the Surface: A Ceramic Technology Approach to Iroquoian Pottery - Alicia L. Hawkins; Gregory V. Braun; Amy St. John; Louis Lesage; Joseph A. Petrus (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
High collared pottery rim sherds from sites designated as Huron-Wendat and St. Lawrence Iroquoian are analysed using a community of practice approach. Using several analytical methods on the same ceramic sherds, we aimed to determine the technological choices made by potters. We focused specifically on clay selection, temper selection and processing, preparation of the clay body and formation of the rim. Our findings demonstrate that for each step in the production process there are a range of practices represented within the study region. However, comparison with adjacent areas and earlier periods shows that there is consistency in technological choices that are specific to our study area. We argue that this is consistent with connections between the pottery making traditions in the Simcoe Uplands in Ontario and the St. Lawrence Valley areas. As traditions were maintained by people, so we envision connected communities across the study area.

Sampling and Subsampling at the Allandale Site: An Evaluation of the Standards of Practice of Zooarchaeology in Compliance Archaeology in Ontario - Alicia L. Hawkins (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)
The Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists in Ontario (Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture 2011) provide instructions for the scope of specialist analyses, such as zooarchaeology and palaeobotany. This article compares the results of analysis of a subsample of faunal specimens carried out prior to the implementation of the Standards and Guidelines, but generally conforming to them, with results from analysis of all recovered faunal specimens from the same site. It shows that the nature of the sample analyzed affects interpretations about seasonality, processing, and environments used by the site inhabitants. Results suggest that the standards and guidelines for zooarchaeological analysis should be improved by 1) providing better direction about how assemblages should be sampled, 2) outlining requirements for identification tools and qualifications of analysts, and 3) including more detailed reporting standards regarding analytical decisions. Other jurisdictions that require artifact analysis as a part of cultural resource management should include similar guidelines if results are to be used for site specific interpretation or region summaries.

The Mantle Site: An Archaeological History of an Ancestral Wendat Community - Alicia L. Hawkins (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2015)

Functional Competition and Political Development in the New World - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

Status, Structure and Stratification: Current Archaeological Reconstructions - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)

The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)

Belief in the Past: Theoretical Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

World Rock Art - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

The Rise and Fall of Complex Large Villages on the British Columbian Plateau: A Geoarchaeological Controversy - Brian Hayden; Rolf Mathewes (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)
In a series of publications, Prentiss et al. (2003, 2005, 2007, 2008) have argued for a very late, abrupt, and brief emergence of large villages and large corporate residences in the mid-Fraser region of British Columbia ( 1600–800  cal  B.P.) and an even later abrupt emergence of socioeconomic complexity ( 1200–800  cal  B.P.). They postulate that climatic changes were responsible for both of these events as well as the collapse of the large villages. We question their interpretations on several grounds including: inappropriate methods for dating these developments; data from Keatley Creek indicating a longer developmental trajectory; incomplete interpretation of paleoclimate trends for the region; and internal contradictions in their own climate-driven explanations for changes. The combined evidence of geochronology and paleoecology (some not previously considered) together with archaeological evidence favors an interpretation of earlier emergence of large villages and socioeconomic complexity than suggested by Prentiss et al. (2003, 2005, 2007, 2008).

Foundations of Social Archaeology: Selected Writings of V. Gordon Childe - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Material Culture and Sacred Landscape: The Anthropology of the Siberian Khanty - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Bigger is Better?: Factors Determining Ontario Iroquois Site Sizes - Brian Hayden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)
Because so many other aspects of culture are closely related to community size, it is important to understand what determines community sizes. Yet this problem has been generally ignored in the literature, with archaeologists and ethnographers alike appearing to adhere to some form of 'instinctual gregarious' model of human grouping behavior. This assumption is shown to be unreasonable on economic, administrative, and medical grounds. Instead, it is argued that the most adaptive community sizes under most circumstances are the smallest possible sizes. What then accounts for unusually large settlements such as found in Late Ontario Iroquoian times with over 1,000 persons? The two most likely explanations are: defense and monopolistic trade, with most empirical support and explanatory power accruing to the trade model.

Comments on "A Possible Fluteplayer Picotgraph Site Near Exshaw, Alberta" - Kelley Hays-Gilpin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Kwädąy Dän Ts'ìnchį: Teachings from Long Ago Person Found - Martin Magne (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

A technique for predicting archaeological resource distribution and density in Southeastern Manitoba: A case study in research, planning and design - Andrea J. Heintzelman (Bulletin, 1976)

Early Palaeo-Eskimo Skeletal Remains from North Devon Island, High Arctic Canada - James W. Helmer; Brenda V. Kennedy (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)
The skeleton of a premature human infant was recovered from the Rocky Point site (QkHn-27), North Devon Island, Northwest Territories. The Early Palaeo-Eskimo affiliation of the associated artifact assemblage and a radiocarbon date of ca. 3800 B.P. make these the earliest skeletal remains known for the Canadian Arctic. Comparisons with Late Palaeo-Eskimo burials are limited by the uniqueness of this discovery.

Thule Pioneers - James W. Helmer (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1987)

A Quantitative Shape Analysis of Early Palaeo-Eskimo Endblades from Northern Devon Island - James W. Helmer; Ian G. Robertson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)
Two influential studies of typological variation in Palaeo-Eskimo stone tools, one by M.S. Maxwell and the other by Robert McGhee, are summarized and critiqued. Both studies are shown to be conceptually and methodologically flawed. The pessimistic conclusions of both studies are therefore challenged. To demonstrate the potential for discovering meaningful typological variability in Palaeo-Eskimo stone tools the results of a pilot analysis of the digitally-derived morphological attributes of 33 small triangular bifaces recovered from ten Pre-Dorset sites located on the northeast coast of Devon Island are summarized. Principle components analysis and cluster analysis of this data set help to define three discrete morphological 'shapes' in the sample of small bifaces. A cross-tabulation indicates that changes in the relative frequency of specimens assigned to the three morphological 'types' correlate with the temporal ordering of the assemblage.

Digitizing the Past: A New Procedure for Faded Rock Painting Photography - James W. Henderson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)
Faded and weathered pictographs have historically been difficult to record using standard documentary photography. Natural lighting produces inconsistent color and harsh lighting conditions that prevent color photographic films from capturing faint pigment colors. Films are also problematic, since most color films are comprised of unstable organic dyes that fade over time. The paper discusses the authors' multiple-step photographic and computer enhancement procedure to record faded, pigmented artifacts, such as pictographs, pottery, and dyed fabric. Cross-polarized lighting selectively eliminates surface reflections, but retains internal reflections from color pigments, which enhances their capture by film-based or direct-digital cameras. Selective digital enhancement substantially increases the brightness and color saturation of cross polarized photographs. This kind of specialized photography complements other, equally important recording techniques in the quest for comprehensive documentation of faded pictographs.

Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story" - DiAnn Herst (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

Comments: The Early Period in Northwest Coast Prehistory - James J. Hester (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)

New Radiocarbon Dates for the Fidler Mounds (EaLf–3) Site, Manitoba, Canada - Barbara R. Hewitt; E. Leigh Syms; Robert D. Hoppa (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)
Initially radiocarbon-dated (uncalibrated) at 380 ± 80 years old using charcoal recovered from the floor of the central burial pit, the Fidler Mounds burial site was once thought to predate the arrival of the first Europeans by only a small margin. Burial materials indicated a longer time period but had been analysed as a single cluster of artifacts related to various burial complexes (e.g., Arvilla, Devils Lake-Sourisford). This paper reports on the results of eight new AMS dates on bone collagen from burials. The calibrated AMS dates range from 1550 to 500 years before present—substantially older than the original radiocarbon date. The new AMS dates provide the first direct evidence for the long-term use of the Fidler Mounds burial site. Given that the dates span a minimum of two phases, this evidence necessitates the re-assessment of previous work at this site and its relationship to mound utilization. These results show that detailed dating and re-analyses of older materials can provide important and exciting new insights.

Mortuary Evidence of Coast Salish Shamanism? - Andrew W. Hickok; William A. White (Xalemath); Kim Recalma-Clutesi; Steven R. Hamm; Hayley E. Kanipe (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)
At "S’oksun" (Deep Bay) and "Tseycum" (Patricia Bay) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in traditional Coast Salish territory, recent archaeological investigations have yielded two intriguing interment features dating from the late Middle Period. The posture and grave associations imply these were important and powerful women within their communities—quite possibly shamans. The presence of quartz with both interments alludes to this potential as quartz, quartz crystal and quartzite have been closely linked with shamanism throughout the world. Among Coast Salish peoples, quartz is also associated with weather control and clairvoyance. Cultural continuity is well established in the region; these interments suggest the deep antiquity of some facets of the Coast Salish belief system, which is still extant and experiencing resurgence today.

Paleoepidemiology: The Measure of Disease in the Human Past - Andrew W. Hickok (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Ceramic Makers’ Marks - Tanya Higgins (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)

The Relationship of Archaeological Sites to Sea Levels on Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte Islands - Philip M. Hobler (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)
Archaelogical data reported here are from a general archaeological survey of Moresby Island in the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia conducted by the author in 1974 and 1975. Some 20% of the 99 sites recorded relate to sea levels either higher or lower than those of the present. Lithic assemblages from lower sea level sites are distinct from those from higher sites and both differ from surface materials that have come from sites that are close to the modern sea levels. Of these, the intertidal sites may be the oldest. They are characterized by the lack of points or other bifaces and by the presence of large andesite flakes and cores worked in a mannet resembling the Levallois technique of the Old World.

Contributions to the Study of the Dorset Palaeo-Eskimos - Lisa M. Hodgetts (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Broadening #MeToo: Tracking Dynamics in Canadian Archaeology Through a Survey on Experiences Within the Discipline - Lisa Hodgetts; Kisha Supernant; Natasha Lyons; John R. Welch (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2020)
The #MeToo movement has turned global attention to structural power differentials grounded in gender, race, sexual orientation, and other aspects of identity, leading archaeologists to confront injustice in different sectors of our discipline, with a focus on sexual harassment and sexual assault. In 2019, the Canadian Archaeological Association’s Working Group on Equity and Diversity conducted a survey of Canadian archaeologists to identify the extent of both sexualized and non-sexualized forms of discrimination, exploitation, harassment, and violence in our field. Our survey yielded 564 responses from archaeologists representing a wide range of genders, ages, career stages, and sectors. The results indicate a large portion of Canadian archaeologists have had negative experiences in the course of their work and study. This first stage of analysis focuses on demographic trends among survey respondents and noteworthy differences in their experiences based on gender, career stage, and participation in the academic or cultural resource management sector.

Archaeological Evidence in the Tsilhqot’in Decision - Erin A. Hogg; John R. Welch (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2020)
The 2014 Supreme Court of Canada Tsilhqot’in decision provides the first declaration of Aboriginal title to Canadian soil. Aboriginal title requires evidence of continuous, exclusive, and sufficient occupation of a territory. In the earlier trial before the British Columbia Supreme Court the Tsilhqot’in First Nations presented a substantial corpus of archaeological evidence to complement historical evidence, oral histories, and Tsilhqot’in testimony regarding the locations of Tsilhqot’in villages and the type and duration of their occupations. We examined this body of archaeological data in the context of the judicial proceedings to understand which data were considered favourably by the court and why. We found that the trial court accepted archaeological data as evidence of occupation on definite tracts of land at the time of sovereignty, agreeing with the Tsilhqot’in plaintiffs that the evidence met the legal standards for continuous and sufficient occupation. Because the Supreme Court Tsilhqot’in decision is the paramount statement on Aboriginal title, the treatment and consideration of archaeological data in that decision will likely set standards for and guide improvements to the applications of archaeological data in title cases.

An Analysis of the State of Public Archaeology in Canadian Public School Curricula - Erin A. Hogg (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)
Public support of archaeology is required to have effective heritage legislation and the prevention of site vandalism and looting. One of the best ways for the public to understand the importance of archaeology and heritage conservation is through school-aged education. This paper examines the nature and extent to which archaeology is covered in Canadian public school curricula. To determine the extent of archaeological material in school curricula, Social Studies curricula from each province and territory are examined and critically evaluated. This analysis indicates that archaeology is not often taught in curricula, and when it is taught, lacks a Canadian focus. For further evaluation, these findings are compared to the guidelines developed by the Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA), to determine if its expectations for students’ achievement in archaeology are appropriate and are being met. This research emphasizes the gap between CAA guidelines and Canadian curricula and pinpoints what is lacking in school-aged archaeological education in Canada.

Before and After the Fire: Archaeological Investigations at a Little Passage/Beothuk Encampment in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland - Donald H. Holly Jr.; Christopher B. Wolff; John C. Erwin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2015)
Archaeological investigations indicate that the Beothuk had a significant presence in the Trinity Bay region of southeastern Newfoundland in the centuries prior to the arrival of European fishermen in the 16th century. The Beothuk presence in this area continued for over a century following contact, but in time diminished as European activity and settlement increased. Eventually the Beothuk were forced to abandon the region all together. This paper examines this process as it played out in Stock Cove, the location of a significant late “prehistoric” and probable historic Beothuk campsite. Excavations in Stock Cove attest to the importance of this area to the Beothuk and their ancestors, and with its abandonment, a sense of what was lost.

Environment, History and Agency in Storage Adaptation: On the Beothuk in the 18th Century - Donald H. Holly (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
Anthropological theories regarding the use of storage facilities or the conditions in which such facilities should be used, have generally embraced one of two positions. One position is concerned primarily with the use of storage, or surplus, in the pursuit of social objectives, often leading to social complexity. The other, immersed in an adaptive framework, views storage as a mechanism for reducing risk associated with subsistence stress (Rowley-Conwy and Zvelebil 1989: 40). This paper is an attempt to explore Beothuk investment in storage and other labor intensive activities during the 18th century within the context of historical and environmental conditions and social motivation or agency.

Kayasochi Kikawenow Our Mother From Long Ago: An Early Cree Woman and Her Personal Belongings from Nagami Bay, Southern Indian Lake - Donald H. Holly Jr (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers - Donald H. Holly Jr. (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

From Policy to Practice: A Case Study in Collaborative Exhibits with First Nations - Margaret Holm; David Pokotylo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1997)
Recent initiatives by the Assembly of First Nations and the Canadian Museums Association Task Force on Museums and First Nations, and the Canadian Archaeological Association Aboriginal Heritage Committee have committed archaeologists and museums to develop exhibits and collections policies in consultation with First Nations. Despite the uncertainty of changing heritage legislation and land claims issues, archaeologists and museums are working together with local First Nations communities to collaborate on research, exhibits, programs, and the management of collections. This paper presents a case study of Written In The Earth, an exhibit of archaeological material from southwestern British Columbia, that opened at the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology in October, 1996. Consulting with First Nations representatives for the exhibit resulted in an agreement for collaborative exhibit development, and lead to broader discussions on the operating policies and practices of the U.B.C. Laboratory of Archaeology. Concerns such as collections insurance, liability, professional responsibility, and access to collections were addressed, some for the first time.

Portages and Lithic Procurement in the Northeastern Interior: A Case Study from the Mill Brook Stream Site, Lower Saint John River Valley, New Brunswick, Canada - Kenneth R. Holyoke; M. Gabriel Hrynick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)
Researchers have recognized the importance of portage routes to Pre-contact Aboriginal people in the Northeast of North America since the late nineteenth century. However, little explicit attention has been paid to identifying and interpreting possible archaeological signatures for portage routes. Here we offer the Mill Brook Stream site as a component of a portage which provided a two-way link to Washademoak Lake, the source for Washademoak Multi-coloured Chert, with New Brunswick’s Lower Saint John River Valley. We analyze the site in terms of its geographic criteria, its location in relation to the end of canoe navigability, and through the use of a heat-treating experiment. We draw analogies between Historic period accounts of portages and archaeological evidence at Mill Brook Stream; combined, this information is used to outline a correlate for portage-related sites associated with bulk procurement. To facilitate this discussion, we include a glossary of terms to describe portages and portage-related activities.

Chipped Stone Technological Organization: Central Place Foraging and Exchange on the Northern Great Plains - Ken Holyoke (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)

Field Archaeologist’s Survival Guide: Getting a Job and Working in Cultural Resource Management - Kenneth R. Holyoke (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2015)

An Analysis of Two Late Archaic Burials from Manitoba: The Eriksdale Site (EfLl–1) - Robert D. Hoppa; Laura Allingham; Kevin Brownlee; Linda Larcombe; Gregory Monks (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)
The re-examination of burial material from the Eriksdale site curated in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Manitoba has revealed important insights into the Late Archaic or Middle Precontact Period of the Interlake Region in the Province of Manitoba. The remains from two individuals were analysed along with their associated artifacts. Radiocarbon dates for the individuals provided conventional dates of 3,470 ± 40 years BP and 3700 ± 60 years BP for the two individuals. The impressive array of artifacts associated with the human remains warranted this review and has provided unique insights in the lifestyle of individuals living in this part of the province 3,750 years ago. One of the individuals from the site has the earliest dated Pelican Lake projectile point from Manitoba, predating the generally accepted dates for this point style. The associated artifacts support the claim that during this period there was an increase in the number of continent-wide trade networks that were being established. The assemblage also included unique decorated bird bone tubes that rarely are found in the archaeological record dating to this time period. The origin of the two individuals is uncertain, but both the close proximity of the burials and the fact they are separated by more than two centuries suggest that the area was commonly lived in and traveled.

Assembling Archaeology: Teaching, Practice, and Research - Lesley R. Howse (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2020)

History in the Making: The Archaeology of the Eastern Subarctic - M. Gabriel Hrynick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2015)

Cultural Continuity in Maritime Woodland Period Domestic Architecture in the Quoddy Region - M. Gabriel Hrynick; David W. Black (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)
Evidence of Maritime Woodland period (ca. 3150–ca. 550 B.P.) domestic architecture from the Quoddy Region of New Brunswick and Maine has been identified and reported since the late nineteenth century. Here we summarize this evidence, reinterpret it in light of recent high-resolution studies of prehistoric (pre-contact) domestic features in Nova Scotia, and report a recent study addressing domestic architectural features in the Maine Quoddy Region. Overall, this evidence suggests an aboriginal architectural tradition, and continuity in the organization of domestic space, spanning the Maritime Woodland period and extending into the recent historic period. Within this tradition there is evidence for variability and change in the placement of structures and perhaps in the intensity and duration of occupation. We argue that domestic architecture may be a particularly salient focus through which to study cultural continuity and change in hunter-gatherer society, because it is an important arena for social reproduction, structured by the relationships among social actors.

Goddard: A Prehistoric Village Site on Blue Hill Bay, Maine - M. Gabriel Hrynick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)

More Than Shelter from the Storm: Hunter-Gatherer Houses and the Built Environment - M. Gabriel Hrynick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)

Assessing the Archaeological Potential of Urban Areas: Some Preliminary Results from Halifax - Nicola Hubbard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)
Thearchaeological research conducted for the City of Halifax during the summer of 1985 is outlined in this paper. The work involved: 1) the initiation of an inventory of potential archaeological sites in the City; and 2) an assessment of the archaeological potential of specific Halifax locations. Given the quantity of archival material available on Halifax, identifying past sites and their present-day locations for the archaeological inventory was relatively easy. In order to assess the archaeological potential of the present-day locations a research report format and a point evaluation system were developed. However, it is concluded that far more information on artifact distribution and survival, areas and rates of sedimentation and construction procedures is needed before any accurate pre-excavation evaluations can be made for specific locations. The appointment of a City Archaeologist is recommended.

Handbook on Soil Resistivity Surveying - D.J. Huntley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Maritime Heritage in Crisis: Indigenous Landscapes and Global Ecological Breakdown - Michael O’Rourke (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

The Trent Connection: A Cornerstone of Maya Archaeology in Belize - Gyles Iannone; Healy, Paul F. (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)
This paper is historical in focus. Its goal is to document and describe the role of Trent University (Canada) in the history of Maya archaeology in Belize (Central America). The foundations of the Trent/Belize relationship are traced back 50 years, to a time when Belize was British Honduras, and Trent University was still on the planning board. The authors examine briefly various Trent archaeological projects in Belize and associated archaeologists. This “history” serves to highlight the multi-faceted aspect of the Trent/Belize relationship. Specifically, it illuminates the diverse roles which Trent has played in research about the ancient Maya in Belize, as well as the education of Belizean archaeologists, and the training of Belizean administrators regarding the growing significance of culture resource management, tourism, and archaeological advocacy.

Taking on Looting: Pursuing Sustainable Site Protection Policies in Southern Ontario - Daniel A. Ionico (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
Centuries of looting has repeatedly unearthed the archaeological remains of First Nations middens, villages, and cemeteries. This paper presents a case for new measures to curtail these illicit practices in Ontario. Over the last decade, many archaeologists have espoused a program of sustainable archaeology. I suggest protections of in situ contexts against looting will further the objectives of sustainable archaeology and contribute to this broader trajectory of practice in the province. Using the history of looting and archaeological conditions at Neutral Iroquoian (Attawandaron) sites, along with information from modern collectors, the paper reveals the persistent threat of looting and the necessity for action. I suggest the province, municipalities, and archaeological stakeholders deploy policies aimed at preserving these resources into the future. I advocate for a stewardship of personal and collective responsibility among property owners and hobbyists through educational initiatives, legal easement agreements, and existing legislative mandates to serve as a pragmatic step towards the long-term sustainable protection of these sites.

A Human Mandible in Probable Association with a Pleistocene Faunal Assemblage in Eastern Beringia: A Preliminary Report - W.N. Irving; J.T. Mayall; F.J. Melbye; B.F. Beebe (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1977)
In 1976 a portion of mandible of a human child was found in probable association with bones of Pleistocene fauna in point bar deposits on the Old Crow River, northern Yukon Territory. The morphology and odontology of the mandible are described, and it is concluded that no specific or sub-specific taxonomic designation can be assigned. It is suggested that the mandible is of an age greater than 20,000 years, and may relate to a Pleistocene human occupation of eastern Beringia.

An Unusual Collection of Artifacts from Labrador - Betty Issenman; Robert McGhee; Catherine Rankin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)
This paper describes a small collection of artifacts held by the McCord Museum, McGill University. The collection is accessioned as having come from Labrador, yet the artifacts are not clearly related to any known prehistoric or historic cultural tradition. It is hoped that the publication of this description will lead to the identification of the material.

Ethnoarchaeological and Cultural Frontiers. Athapaskan, Algonquin and European Adaptations in the Central Subarctic - John W. Ives (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

Athapaskan Migrations: The Archaeology of Eagle Lake, British Columbia - John W. (Jack) Ives (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Interethnic Contact and Nineteenth Century British Ceramic Distribution - Louise M. Jackson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)
This paper considers the growth in Native Alaskan dependency on items that the Russians initially categorized as 'triffles' and 'things that the natives did not in the least need.' British ceramics aasociated with the tea complex are used to examine the impact of western material culture on indigenous populations in southwestern Alaska during the nineteenth century. Motivations for contact and Russian relationships with Alaskan Native populations are discussed. Selective processes associated with the incorporation of exogenous artifacts are examined and key factors explaining the presence of British ceramics in their new context isolated. Because teaware would not be predicted in Russian America using arguments of either differential legal, social or economic status commonly used to explain ceramic distribution patterns elsewhere in North America, an alternative multicausal approach to the consideration of trade good incorporation in colonial contact settings is proposed.

A Volcanic Glass Library for the Pacific Northwest: Problems and Prospects - Malcolm James; Jeff Bailey; John D’Auria (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)
A variety of volcanic glasses occur naturally in the mountainous regions of western North America and many were exploited prehistorically by Native people as raw materials for tools, weapons and other implements. Using x-ray fluorescence, we have characterised the trace element composition of volcanic glass source samples collected from northwestern North America, between northern California and eastern Alaska. Our ongoing research includes the characterisation of newly identified volcanic glass sources and the 'sourcing' of volcanic glass artifacts recovered from archaeological contexts in and near the study area. This paper presents a description of the Simon Fraser University reference library of source characterisations, followed by an example of its application to the volcanic glass artifact assemblage excavated in 1989 and 1990 from the Wilson Butte Cave site, Idaho.

Collected Archaeological Papers (Melvin); Three Heritage Studies (Melvin) and Studies in West Patricia Archaeology - Susan M. Jamieson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)

Regional Interaction and Ontario Iroquois Evolution - Susan M. Jamieson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)
Recent studies have argued that northern 'Iroquoianization' can be explained as a consequence of interregional interaction. This has been expressed by a west to east time-transgressive Cahokia as centre-Iroquoia as margins-linked model. The explanation is discussed with reference to archaeological data from Ontario, Canada. Homologous trait distributions indicate that although the model may offer general insight into northern Iroquois development, it does not adequately summarize the patterns of intersocietal contact which are believed to have promoted the 'Iroquoianization' of Ontario populations. These are explicated by an interregional interaction model that interprets Northeastern culture processes in light of generalized coevolutionary developments occurring after ca. A..D. 900 throughout the eastern half of the North American continent.

Kenneth Earl Kidd (1906–1994) - Susan Jamieson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

An Examination of Prisoner-Sacrifice and Cannibalism at the St. Lawrence Iroquoian Roebuck Site - James B. Jamieson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)
Recent years have seen a renewed interest in the debate concerning evidence for prisoner-sacrifice and cannibalism among the Iroquoians of the Northeast. A number of scholars have documented the existence of these practices in early historic times. In the present study, I will concentrate on the archaeological evidence that indicates the practice of cannibalism and prisoner-sacrifice in the prehistoric period, specifically, at the Roebuck site in eastern Ontario.

Economics and Ontario Iroquoian Social Organization - Susan M. Jamieson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)
The economic behaviour of the historic Huron and Neutral Iroquois is examined and fitted against a generalized model of exchange. Interplay between material flow and social organizational structures supports Daillon's contention that the Neutral were chiefdom, and suggests that the Huron were only slightly less complex developmentally. Implications for archaelogical research are discussed.

Archaeologies of Materiality - Ross Jamieson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Reconstructing Ontario Iroquoian Village Organization - Susan M. Jamieson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)

Recent discoveries in fur trade archaeology of upper and central Mackenzie River regions - Robert R. Janes; Timothy C. Losey (Bulletin, 1974)

Tahltan Ethnoarchaeology - Robert R. Janes (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story" - Robert R. Janes (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

An Archaeological Facilities Master Plan for the Regional Municipality of Waterloo - Scarlett E. Janusas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology - Jason Jeandron (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology - Jason Jeandron (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective - Jason Jeandron (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

The Spruce Point Site: A Comparative Study of Selkirk Components in the Boreal Forest - Richard B. Johnston (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Notes on Ossuary Burial among the Ontario Iroquois - Richard B. Johnston (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
Radiocarbon dates for three early Iroquoian ossuary pits at the Serpent Mounds site indicate that Pickering peoples had a developed ossuary tradition by the A.D. 1000-1300 period. An informal review of the evidence for burial systems in the Terminal Woodland of southern Ontario suggests that the elaborate late Huron mortuary practices were the final expression of a long tradition that may be traced back about a thousand years to the early beginnings of agricultural village life in Ontario.

Prehistory of Northern Ontario - Richard B. Johnston (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)

Process and Meaning in Spatial Archaeology: Investigations into Pre-Columbian Iroquoian Space and Place - Beatrice A. Fletcher (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)

Geoarchaeological Investigations at Two Intermediate Indian Sites near Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador: Implications for Late Holocene Paleoshoreline Reconstruction and Settlement Patterning in Western Hamilton Inlet - Richard L. Josephs; Scott W. Neilsen (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)
This paper presents the results of geoarchaeological investigations conducted at two Intermediate Indian sites (ca. 3500–2000 B.P.) near Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador. Micromorphology—the study of undisturbed soil and sediment in thin section—was the principal technique used to investigate sedimentologic and pedologic processes affecting the sites. Grain-size analysis of bulk sediment samples was also employed to support the micromorphology. Variations in soil particle size and particle sorting between the two sites evince deposition under distinctly different environmental energy regimes. Thin sections from the Ushpitun 2 site (FhCb–04) reveal a well-developed soil (Humo-Ferric Podzol) comprised of moderately to poorly sorted, predominantly coarse sand-size, mono- and polymineralic grains. Samples from the Pmiusiku 1 site (FhCc–01) are composed of well sorted, fine sand-size, mono- and polymineralic grains. Here, the Humo-Ferric Podzol is less well-expressed. The poorer sorting and larger particle sizes at the Ushpitun 2 site suggest that these sediments were deposited in a turbulent, high energy environment. The better sorting and finer particle sizes exhibited by the Pmiusiku 1 sediments indicate deposition under a more stable, lower-energy, depositional regime. This study?s findings support previous paleoenvironmental reconstructions for Hamilton Inlet, specifically the location of each site with respect to the 3000 B.P. paleoshoreline. At that time, the Ushpitun 2 site would have been located along the shoreline of a small island at the head of the emerging Goose Bay peninsula (a high energy environment), whereas the Pmiusiku 1 site would have been sheltered near the center of the peninsula (a much lower energy environment).

Foraging in the Past: Archaeological Studies of Hunter-Gatherer Diversity - Holly Jr., Donald H. (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2020)

William Nathaniel Irving (1927-1987) - P. Julig; W. Hurley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)

The Late Palaeo-Indian Great Lakes: Geological and Archaeological Investigations of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Environments - Patrick Julig (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Canadians and the Founding of the Society for American Archaeology (1934–1940s) - Mima Brown Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
In December of 1934 the Society for American Archaeology was officially constituted. In 1935, in an effort to grow the membership, professional archaeologists were asked to propose members who they endorsed to become affiliated with the SAA. The two professional archaeologists in Canada at that time, Diamond Jenness and William J. Wintemberg of the Dominion Museum, Ottawa, proposed names of individuals across Canada who were collectors, museum curators, and historians. A small number suggested for membership joined, but most did not. This was an interesting period in North American archaeology as professionals worked in committees to establish cultural and temporal frameworks of the archaeological past, establish excavation guidelines, and lobby against the sale of antiquities. Some Canadian avocationals who joined were positively impacted by their association with American archaeologists and their legacies continue through to today. The bottom line is that there were very few professional archaeologists in Canada following Wintemberg’s death in 1941, and that lack coupled with WWII, meant that Canadians looking for professional support and guidance looked to the south of the border. The Society for American Archaeology was important for the growth and development of Canadian archaeology during this time.

Bones of the Ancestors: The Archaeology and Osteobiography of the Moatfield Ossuary - Mima Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Editor's Note - Mima Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

Editor's Note - Mima Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

Editor's Note - Mima Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

A Passion for the Past: Papers in Honour of James F. Pendergast - Mima Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Editor's Note - Mima Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

A Greenville Burial Ground: Human Remains and Mortuary Elements in British Columbia Coast Prehistory - M. Anne Katzenberg (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

An Arrow from the Tsitsutl Glacier, British Columbia - Grant Keddie; Erle Nelson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)
An almost complete arrow found in British Columbia in the early 20th century has been re-discovered in the Royal BC Museum collections. Speculation as to its antiquity was tested by radiocarbon dating, which reveals that the artifact was likely made in the middle of the second millennium AD. The arrow was compared to recent finds of both arrows and darts from glaciers and ice patches. The failure of this specimen to clearly fit the criteria of either of these weapon technologies raises some new questions.

Clyde C. Kennedy (1917-1987) - David Keenlyside (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)

Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1983 - David L. Keenlyside (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Teacher's Cove: A Prehistoric Site on Passamaquoddy Bay - David L. Keenlyside (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Archaeological Resources in the Maritimes: A Coastal Survey - 1979 - David L. Keenlyside (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

Medicine Wheels on the Northern Plains: A Summary and Appraisal - Thomas F. Kehoe (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)

Retrospective: My Life in Prairie Archaeology - Alice B. Kehoe (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Charles Eyman (1933-1990) - David Kelley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

Retrospective: Presentism? Balderdash - Jane H. Kelley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

The View from the Edge: The Proyecto Arqueológico Chihuahua (PAC) 1990 to 2010: An Overview - Jane H. Kelley; A. C. MacWilliams; Joe D. Stewart; Karen R. Adams; Jerimy J. Cunningham; Richard E. Garvin; J. M. Maillol; Paula J. Reimer; Danny Zborover (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)
The work of the Proyecto Arqueológico Chihuahua (PAC) has played an integral role in defining the origins and characteristics of the Chihuahua culture area, also known as the Casas Grandes Regional System. PAC has developed a critical suite of radiocarbon dates for the southern zone, undertaken the first substantial investigations of the Viejo period (ca. A.D. 800–1200 or 1250) since the early 1960s, and added to knowledge of the southern Medio period (ca. A.D. 1250–1450). The project has also elucidated the chronology, settlement patterns, subsistence strategies, and technology for both periods. Results of our research indicate continuity between the Viejo period, characterized by small pithouse settlements, and the pueblo focused Medio period in the southern zone, with some poorly understood external influences from both western Mesoamerica to the south and the American Southwest to the north shaping events within the area.

Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story" - Jane H. Kelley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

Smith-Wintemberg Award - Jane Kelley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

A History of Archaeological Thought - Jane H. Kelley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

Archaeology in Alberta: 1980 (J. Brink, ed.) and Archaeology in Alberta: 1981 - Jane Kelly (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)

Strength-Based Approaches to Involving Inuit Youth in Archaeological Research - Laura Kelvin; Emma Gilheany; Nicholas Flowers; Denver Edmunds; Mackenzie Frieda; Claire Igloliorte; Halle Lucy; John Piercy (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2020)
In this collaborative paper between university-based archaeologists and Nunatsiavummiut youth, we discuss our attempts to unsettle our research while working on community-oriented projects in Hopedale, Nunatsiavut, through the application of strength-based approaches. We outline the need for strength-based approaches for involving Nunatsiavummiut youth in archaeology and the ways we apply these approaches to Kelvin’s research project, the Agvituk Digital Archive Project, and Gilheany’s dissertation research on the recent history of Hopedale. We incorporate key aspects of these approaches, including: focusing on the whole person and recognizing their social context; actively involving participants in decisions; recognizing strengths and expertise of participants so that everyone is both a teacher and a learner; and encouraging experiences where group members can be successful. We argue that an unsettled, strength-based approach necessitates a future-oriented archaeology.

Unsettling Archaeology - Laura Kelvin; Lisa Hodgetts (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2020)
In this introduction to the special issue, we examine some of the ways that settler colonialism permeates archaeology in Canada and argue for unsettling approaches to archaeology. Archaeology is a product of and remains a tool for settler colonialism, often oppressing both people of the past and people in the present, especially Indigenous People, Black People, People of Colour, and LGBTQ2S+ community members. We call for unsettling research paradigms, which aim to disrupt the settler colonial foundations that continue to permeate archaeological work and ensure that it benefits only a select few. Unsettling approaches target not only the work we do as archaeologists, but also the structures our work operates through, including universities, museums, different levels of government, and heritage policy and legislation governing private sector archaeology. They require us to acknowledge and confront our relationships to settler colonialism and the ways we participate in it, in all aspects of our lives. Unsettling paradigms play out differently within each project and for each participant, depending on individuals’ unique relationships to settler colonialism, their own experiences, and the context. As illustrated in the papers in this special issue, they encompass themes of truth, listening, learning, feeling, relinquishing control, and building strong futures. To move towards an archaeology that is anti-colonial, anti-racist, and anti-mysogynist, we must address the deeply embedded colonialism, racism, and misogyny in Canadian settler colonial structures and society. We must start by addressing them within ourselves and the institutions that govern and support our work. Because the unequal power relations within archaeology are so entrenched and pervasive, change may come slowly. It will involve long-term commitment to an ongoing cycle of learning, feeling (particularly when we feel uncomfortable), questioning, and most importantly, acting.

Possible Case of Histiocytosis X in an Archaic Indian from Port au Choix, Newfoundland - Brenda V. Kennedy (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1987)
The skeleton of a child of age three years ±12 months from Locus V of the Port au Choix-3 site, Newfoundland, displays multiple osteolytic defects, orbital pitting, thickening of the greater wing of sphenoid and rib expansion. These anomalies may be attributed to a rare disease known as histiocytosis X. A date of approximately 3400 B.P. for the specimen makes this the oldest suggested case in the Americas.

David Boyle: From Artisan to Archaeologist - Walter A. Kenyon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Writing-On-Stone: Rock Art on the Northwestern Plains - James D. Keyser (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1977)
Writing-On-Stone, a short stretch of the Milk River valley in southern Alberta containing 58 petroglyph and pictograph sites, is one of the largest concentration.s . of rock art in western North America. The several thousand motifs recorded at these sites comprise five major categories: anthropomorphs, zoomorphs, items of material culture, tool grooves/tally marks, and geometric abstracts. Two functional rock art types, Ceremonial Art and Biographic Art, occur. Ceremonial Art dates to the Late Prehistoric and Early Historic periods between approximately A.D. 1300 and 1750, and consists of a constellation of motifs drawn as part of a ritualized vision quest ceremony. Biographic Art is dated by the preponderance of guns, horses, white men and other historic objects to the period between A.D. 1750 and 1880. The common depictions of secular activities and utilitarian objects indicates that Biographic Art functioned as a record of the personal exploits of individual warriors. The artists reponsible for the Biographic Art include members of the Blackfeet, Cree, Gros Ventres, Assiniboine and probably other tribes.

From Iconic to Narrative: A DStretch Discovery at Writing-On-Stone - James D. Keyser (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)
A pair of shield bearing warriors and an associated circle painted at DgOv-83 in Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park in southern Alberta has been identified as an iconic representation since it was first recorded in 1976. Photographic images of this site taken in 2012 were recently analyzed using the DStretch enhancement program and it was discovered that the three figures were not an iconic composition but rather a biographic narrative coup count tally recording the war honors of a Late Prehistoric period Blackfoot warrior. Coup-strike bows floating above each warrior and a club floating near the legs of one of them document coups counted on these men, while each warrior is also shot by several arrows. Once the two warriors are identified as enemies on whom coup has been counted, the associated circle can now be easily understood as a shield captured as a war trophy by the artist who painted the tally composition.

A Reply to Byrne - James D. Keyser (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)

Red is the Colour of Blood: Polychrome Rock Art at Rattlesnake Cave, Alberta, Canada - James D. Keyser; David A. Kaiser; Jack W. Brink (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
Rattlesnake Cave (DgOw-20) is a small rockshelter located within Rocky Coulee just outside the west boundary of Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park in south-central Alberta. Approximately 40 faint pictographs are found inside the shelter, all drawn in black but a few also showing traces of red pigment. Close examination of the pictographs using colour enhancement indicates that the red was used to show blood from wounds to humans and horses as well as bloody tracks marking the travel of these wounded individuals. This is the first report from a Great Plains rock art site of the use of the colour red to show blood on black drawings. Humans, animals and material culture are described, and 9 narrative compositions—primarily involving combat and horse stealing—are proposed to account for the action depicted at DgOw-20. Rock art at DgOw-20 dates to the Post-contact Period and quite certainly is of Blackfoot origin. Rocky Coulee is interpreted as a focal point in the region for the creation of Biographic style rock art, while the nearby site of DgOv-2 is interpreted as the focus of Ceremonial art.

Richard B. Johnston (1930-1987) - Kenneth E. Kidd (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1987)

A Selected Bibliography of Historical Artifacts: c.1760–1920 - Kenneth Kidd (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

Archaeology and Local Governments: The Perspectives of First Nations and Municipal Councillors in the Fraser Valley, B.C. - King, Amanda; Dana Lepofsky; David Pokotylo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)
Local governments are in a position to act as bridges between the publics they represent and the management of archaeological heritage. Since First Nations and municipal councillors in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, make decisions on behalf of their communities, we focus this paper on their perspectives of archaeology. We surveyed and interviewed local government representatives on seven themes relating to archaeological heritage: Knowledge, Interest and Exposure, Relevance, Value, Protection Issues, Management Responsibility, and Working Together. First Nations and municipal councillors’ perspectives reveal areas of divergence on the relevance, protection, and management of archaeological heritage, and convergence on the values of archaeology and working together on heritage issues. Although local governments uniquely situate archaeology through distinct views, they can bridge this disconnect through dialogue on shared perspectives. We provide recommendations to encourage this process of communication between First Nations and municipal governments, and their publics, on the management of archaeological heritage.

Reading Rock Art: Interpreting the Indian Rock Paintings of the Canadian Shield - Michael A. Klassen (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)

Archaeological Resource Management and Forestry in British Columbia - Olga Klimko; Heather Moon; Doug Glaum (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
Recent amendments to provincial legislation, the implementation of the Forest Practices Code of British Columbia, and the increased recognition and participation of First Nations has resulted in a need to incorporate archaeological resource management into forestry planning practices. This paper examines the development of archaeological resource management policy and practise in light of these new responsibilities and opportunities with specific reference to the study of culturally modified trees.

Doing Archaeology: A Cultural Resource Management Perspective - Dean H. Knight (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Nature and Antiquities: The Making of Archaeology in the Americas - Mima Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)

The Gowen Sites: Cultural Responses to Climatic Warming on the Northern Plains (7500–5000 B.P.) - Brian Kooyman (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

Ecology and Human Organization on the Great Plains - Brian Kooyman (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

Seasonal Bird Exploitation by Recent Indian and Beothuk Hunter-Gatherers of Newfoundland - Kristensen, Todd J. (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)
In this study, ecological, historical, and archaeological data are utilized to reconstruct the role of avian resources in the diet of Beothuk people (500 to 150 B.P.) and their ancestors from the Newfoundland Recent Indian period (2000 to 500 B.P.). Faunal records and site distribution patterns are consistent with historical accounts of hunter-gatherer bird and egg harvesting. Temporally and spatially predictable bird aggregations in Newfoundland (seabird colonies, moulting grounds, and migration resting areas) represent large sources of relatively easily obtainable meat that were consumed by hunter-gatherers during warm weather seasons and stored for winter use. Food storage (in the form of dried bird meat and powdered eggs) and transportation technologies (ocean-going canoes) enabled hunter-gatherer resource diversification within a relatively productive coastal ecosystem.

The Application of X-Ray Flourescence Analysis to Archaeological Samples: A Case Study from Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island - Helen Kristmanson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)
Although researchers in the Northeast have for decades noticed general similarities in archaeological material from sites in Labrador, Quebec, the Atlantic Provinces, archaeological research has focussed on the behaviour of groups within, rather than across, social boundaries. This has led to a working impression of precontact society as a mosaic of distinct, homogeneous, archaeological cultures (ethnic groups) separated in space and time by impermeable boundaries. This paper explores the potential for identifying precontact social interaction across these boundaries through comparison of similar archaeological lithics obtained from disparate locations in Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island. Though the results of these tests were inconclusive, similar comparative analysis of the geographic distribution of sourced lithic material in archaeological sites is encouraged.

Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Native Peoples and Archaeology in the United States - Helen Kristmanson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

The Identification and Interpretation of Finishing Marks on Prehistoric Nova Scotian Ceramics - Helen Kristmanson; Michael Deal (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

Gwichya Gwich'in Oral History Project - Ingrid Kritsch; Alestine Andre; Bart Kreps (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)
The Gwichya Gwich'in Oral History Project concentrated its efforts in gathering traditional knowledge place names, trail systems, and stories associated with both of these held by Gwichya Gwich'in Elders. This information was found to be rich in colour and texture, but rapidly fading with the passing of individual Elders. The data will be used in a number of ways to increase an awareness of and an appreciation for the cultural heritage of the Gwichya Gwich'in by archaeologists, anthropologists, local communities and the Gwich'in Tribal Council.

Transformation By Fire: The Archaeology of Cremation in Cultural Context - Laurie Milne (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)

Subsistence Resource Variability and Culture Change During the Middle Late Prehistoric Cultural Transition on the Canadian Plateau - Ian Kuijt (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)
During the Middle Prehistoric period hunter-gatherer groups on the Canadian Plateau were small and fairly mobile. It was not until ca. 4500-3500 B.P. that greater sedentism and a shift to 'logistical' resource procurement occurred. Although the causes for this apparent transition in mobility and hunting strategies are not fully understood, it is suggested that they may be related to paleoenvironmental changes which influenced the abundance, reliability and access to ungulate and salmon resources. It is postulated that decreased temperatures and increased coniferous forests would have led to reduced ungulate populations, which in turn could have provided the incentive for hunter-gatherers to broaden their selection of food resources, and led to increased salmon utilization ca. 4000 B.P.

Archaeology and the Media - Marina La Salle (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

What Makes Us Squirm—A Critical Assessment of Community-Oriented Archaeology - Marina La Salle; Rich Hutchings (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)
We provide a critical response to Andrew Martindale and Natasha Lyons’ 2014 special section on Community-Oriented Archaeology (Canadian Journal of Archaeology Volume 38, Issue 2), discussing the authors’ definitions, interpretations, and motivations around archaeology and community. By not defining archaeology in terms of how it is most commonly practiced, we argue the collective work misses the mark, with serious consequences for descendent communities. We show how Community-Oriented Archaeology appropriates the challenge posed to archaeologists to make their discipline relevant and responsive to Indigenous communities; instead, the authors foreground archaeology itself and reaffirm the privilege of non-Indigenous archaeologists, especially academic archaeologists. By considering what is excluded and taken-for-granted, we examine the special section in terms of selection bias and revisionist history. We suggest Community-Oriented Archaeology co-opts aspects of Indigenous, critical, and radical discourses to legitimize the institution and practice, in the process forgetting what is at stake for Indigenous peoples. Rather than focusing on the needs of archaeology and archaeologists, we emphasize the interests of Indigenous communities and address uncomfortable truths about institutional racism and systemic inequality. As the editors had hoped, Community-Oriented Archaeology makes us “squirm,” but not for the reasons they intended.

Les Habitudes Alimentaires des Habitants De L’Îlot Hunt(CeEt-110) de 1850 À 1900: Étude Archéozoologique - Yves Labrèche (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Ethnoarchaeology in Action - Yves Labrèche (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Curiosities, Collectors and Housepits in Banff National Park: The First Protected Archaeological Site in Canada - LANGEMANN, E. Gwyn; Sheila Greaves (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2015)
This paper considers the beginnings of archaeological research in Banff National Park and the prominent role played by a housepit site at the Banff Springs golf course. As the Rocky Mountains were first explored, Banff was a focus for early scientific activity, including archaeology. Foremost among the amateur collectors in the late 19th and early 20th century were Bill Peyto, guide and warden, and Norman Bethune Sanson, curator of the Banff Park Museum. Professional archaeologist Harlan I. Smith came to Banff in 1913 from the Victoria Memorial Museum in Ottawa to bring order to the Banff Park Museum collections. All three were involved in recording the housepit site, the first professional archaeological work in Alberta, resulting in the first formally protected archaeological site in Canada. While archaeologists have since discovered housepit sites in other parts of Banff NP, they are unknown elsewhere in the province or in the Rocky Mountains. Without the historic record, modern archaeologists would be unaware of a significant site that was ultimately destroyed, even though it was in a protected area.

Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story" - Martha A. Latta (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

Pottery in Archaeology, Clive Orton - Martha A. Latta (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

Identification of the 17th Century French Missions in Eastern Huronia - Martha A. Latta (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)
This paper examines the existing information concerning the identification and location of 17th century French mission sites in the area of eastern Huronia, in southern Ontario. Models based on cartographic and documentary evidence are evaluated and shown to contain internal contradictions which reduce their predictive power. Traditional criteria for the archaeological identification of mission sites are also inadequate, but two new techniques offer hope that this goal is finally within reach.

Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century (Susan J. Bender and George S. Smith, editors) and The Archaeology Education Handbook: Sharing the Past with Kids - Martha A. Latta (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Domestic Life at Les Forges du Saint-Maurice - Martha Latta (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

A Groswater Palaeoeskimo Component at the Dorset Palaeoeskimo Phillip’s Garden Site, Port au Choix, Northwestern Newfoundland - Dominique Lavers; Renouf, M.A.P. (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)
This paper describes the Groswater tool assemblage present in the Dorset Palaeoeskimo site of Phillip’s Garden (EeBi-1), Port au Choix, Newfoundland. To explain Groswater presence at the site, six tool categories are quantitatively and qualitatively examined and compared to tool assemblages from two adjacent Groswater sites, Phillip’s Garden East (EeBi-1) and Phillip’s Garden West (EeBi-11). Five models are tested to assess the relationship amongst these three sites. It is concluded that the Groswater component at Phillip’s Garden primarily represents an extension of the Groswater occupation at Phillip’s Garden West. We argue that Phillip’s Garden was a particularly suitable location for landing harp seals whose carcasses were then reduced into transportable meat packages destined for Phillip’s Garden West.

The Qugyuk Site (ObRw-1) and the Archaeology of the Eastern Mackenzie Delta - Raymond J. Le Blanc (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)
The Qugyuk site (ObRw-1) is a multi-component site located on the north shore of Harrowby Bay, Cape Bathurst Peninsula, N.W.T. The site has up to 60 cm of deposits, with evidence of prehistoric Inuit, Arctic Small Tool tradition, and Northwest Microblade tradition occupations. However, because of intensive cryoturbation, the earlier two occupations could only be separated on the basis of typology. Five radiocarbon dates on caribou bone suggest that the earlier two occupations dated to 2600-2050 BC and 3100-2600 BC respectively. The Northwest Microblade tradition component represents part of a larger, presumably seasonal occupation of the Arctic Coastal Plain by interior peoples, presumably to take advantage of caribou herds, muskox, and probably bison.

New Data Relating to the Prehistory of the Mackenzie Delta Region of the NOGAP Study Area - Raymond J. Le Blanc (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)
This paper deals with the results of archaeological investigations which have shed new light on the prehistory of the Mackenzie Delta Region of the Northwest Territories. In particular, test excavations were conducted at several sites, among them a microblade and burin site (NkTj-1) situated on a late Pleistocene palaeo-channel on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, and two Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt) sites located in a dense cluster of 34 sites on the Old Horton River Channel on the Cape Bathurst Peninsula. The assemblage from NkTj-1 is thought to represent a Northwest Microblade tradition component, although there may be evidence of potentially earlier material. Of the two ASTt sites, one (ObRv-1) is clearly related to a distinctive, late ASTt variant found at the Lagoon site (OjRl-3) on Banks Island. The other ASTt site (ObRw-11) has materials which suggest an early Palaeo-Eskimo, Independence I-like occupation. Finally, the location of many of the sites on the Old Horton River Channel is situated in a region where a glassy and vesicular fused rock is being produced by spontaneous combustion of organic-rich mudstones. This material was being exploited for tool production by Palaeo-Eskimo, and possibly other cultures in the region.

A Russian Perspective on Theoretical Archaeology: The Life and Work of Leo S. Klejn - Andrew P. Roddick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)

Mobilitié des hominidés et systèmes d'exploitation des ressources lithiques au Paléolithque Ancien: La Caune de l'Arago (France) - Serge Lebel (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)
Currently, for the lower Palaeolithic, there is limited information on hominid mobility and on economic and technological exploitation of raw materials. The archaeological evidence from the Arago cave allows us to use a simplified form of analysis, by which the selection and technological transformation of various raw materials are studied in relation to their availability in the environment. It is shown that fragmentation of the lithic reduction sequence, particularly on varied silicious rocks, depends on the accessibility to the procurement zone. These data also give us information about the territory covered by the hominids during the lower Palaeolithic. The results propose a more opportunistic attitude, and the existence of the capacity to anticipate future needs during the collect of raw material. This conceptual state is found in the technology of the lithic assemblages at the Arago site.

Archaeological Reconnaissance at Great Bear Lake - Raymond J. LeBlanc (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)

Macroblade Technology in the Peace River Region of Northwestern Alberta - Raymond J. LeBlanc; Milton J. Wright (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)
Evidence of microblade technology is fairly widespread in western North America. Less well-known is the existence of the production and use of large macroblades. Several specimens have appeared in private collections in the Peace country of northwestern Alberta. These specimens are up to 156.3 mm long and 51.2 mm wide, and many are extensively retouched into tools. Comparisons with macroblade specimens in other regions, and geochronological evidence suggest that the Peace specimens are Early Prehistoric in age, possibly 8-10,000 years old.

The Campus Site—A Prehistoric Camp at Fairbankz, Alaska - Raymond LeBlanc (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

The Bezya Site: A Wedge-Shaped Core Assemblage from Northeastern Alberta - Raymond J. LeBlanc; John W. Ives (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)
The Bezya site (HhOv-73) is a wedge-shaped core, microblade and burin producing site located approximately 70 km north of Fort McMurray in northeastern Alberta. The site was discovered in 1980 during an archaeological inventory of the former Alsands tar sands lease, an area characterized by a patchwork of muskeg, interspersed with various combinations of aspen, spruce and pine. An assemblage which includes microcores, microblades, a notched transverse burin, burin spalls, fluted and platform element preparation and rejuvenation ridge flakes, core tablets and edge modified and unmodified debitage was concentrated in a 16 square metre area at 10 to 60 cm below surface. Cross fitting suggests a high degree of assemblage coherence, despite the vertical and horizontal dispersion. A composite sample of charcoal from the main microblade producing zone yielded a date of 3900 B.P. Within Alberta, the assemblage exhibits technological and morphological similarities with surface finds of microcores from the Calgary area in southern Alberta. However, the collection has the most intriguing parallels in terms of methods of core production and core morphology with Campus = Denali microblade assemblages extending on a northwest axis through the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Alaska.

Northern Ethnographic Landscapes: Perspectives for Circumpolar Nations - Craig M. Lee (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

The Reconstructed Past: Reconstructions in the Public Interpretation of Archaeology and History - Ellen Lee (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Origin and Spread of Microblade Technology in Northern Asia and North America - Craig M. Lee (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Mixed Messages: Deciphering the Okanagan’s Historic McDougall Family - Gabrielle Legault (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)
Historical Archaeology is founded on the process of cross-referencing written historical records with archaeological remains, yet the demand to reconcile contradictions between historical and archaeological data can restrict analytical results. In a recent study of the ethnicity of the Okanagan’s historical McDougall Family (1859–1905), historical and genealogical records suggested that the family was increasingly identifying with their Indigenous (Syilx) kin and community (Legault 2012). An archaeological survey of the vernacular architecture of Métis trader Jean Baptiste McDougall and his sons contradict the historical data, as the five houses studied increasingly exhibit features associated with upper class Euro-Canadian society. The discrepancies between the data sets are not indicative of a problem with the written and material assemblages, but are rather a matter of theoretical orientation. By overcoming the binary analysis (colonizer/colonized) that is typically prescribed to historical peoples during the colonial period and instead employing nuanced notions of hybridity, the results suggest that the McDougall family was replicating the complex and contradictory identification that is commonly found amongst people of Métis and/or mixed Indigenous and Euro-Canadian heritage.

Unsettling Mobility: Mediating Mi’kmaw Sovereignty in Post-contact Nova Scotia - M. Gabriel Hrynick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)

Engendering Archaeology: Women in Prehistory - Genevieve LeMoine (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

The Archaeological Northeast - Kevin Leonard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Foraging New Ground: Documenting Ancient Resource and Environmental Management in Canadian Archaeology - Dana Lepofsky; Chelsey Geralda Armstrong (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)