Les Abitibis - Murielle Nagy (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

Interpretation in Arctic Archaeology: Lessons from Inuvialuit Oral History - Murielle Nagy (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)
From 1989 to 1993 an oral history project was undertaken by the Inuvialuit Social Development Program. The main objective of the Herschel Island and Yukon North Slope Inuvialuit Oral History Project was to document Inuvialuit land use and knowledge of the Yukon North Slope. Inuvialuit oral history also provided important insights into archaeological issues. This paper questions archaeological assumptions regarding sod houses in the light of ethnographic information. In effect, the Inuvialuit elders explained that sod houses could be occupied year-round rather than solely in wintertime as often assumed by Arctic archaeologists. It is suggested that the use of sod houses in the summer depends on specific strategies of land use.

Bone and Antler Tools from a Late Prehistoric Mackenzie Inuit Site - Murielle Nagy (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)
This paper presents the results of a technological analysis of bone and antler remains from the Trail River site, in the northern Yukon. The site was notable for the heavy concentration of by-products associated with the manufacture of antler artifacts. There was also some evidence for the production of bone tools. The analysis was undertaken to determine the function of the feature where the bone and antler assemblage was found. Recognition of two types of gear was substantiated by the analysis of manufacturing techniques performed on the associated by-products. Personal gear (e.g. arrowheads, knife handles), made from antler, was manufactured with considerable effort and skill. These tools would have been prepared in anticipation of future caribou hunting. Situational gear (e.g. awls, scrapers), made from bone obtained on site, was manufactured expediently and intended for immediate use.

Of Men and Herds in Barrenland Prehistory - Ronald J. Nash (Bulletin, 1975)

Ancient North Americans - Ronald J. Nash (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Deconstructing Archaeology - Ronald J. Nash (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)
As the biosphere continues to be degraded, archaeologists will be hard pressed to maintain a scientific archaeology in the face of excessive industrial and population growth. By deconstructing archaeology and its goals as one would peel an onion, a new stratigraphy of hidden agendas emerges. The post-processualists have identified political and ideological motives for doing archaeology, to which can be added, economic motives. However, further deconstruction reveals ecological and spiritual concerns which are deeper than mere subsistence-ecological reconstructions and which will surface as part of the struggle for a habitable planet. Structural analysis places the archaeologist as a mediator in the nature-culture duality, while at a still more archaic level, archaeologists will likely join philosophers and theologians in developing/rediscovering new codes of ethics and spirituality which are not anthropocentric. Increased environmental activism is a predictable adjunct.

Future-oriented Archaeology - Ronald J. Nash; Robert G. Whitlam (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)
A case is presented for the development of a more future-oriented archaeology, where the past is no longer of exclusive interest. This entails discussion of the diachronic nature of archaeology, recent theoretical trends, the potential for a futures perspective and consideration of the requisite changes in data and systematics. The second portion of the paper focuses on emerging general biocultural theory, the prospective involvement of archaeology in this enterprise and notes the Orwellian political implications of applying such theory.

The Archaeology of the North American Fur Trade - Jeff Seibert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)

Fort St. Joseph Revealed: The Historical Archaeology of a Fur Trading Post - Amelia Fay (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

The Cochrane Ranche Site - Dianne Newell (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

The Identification of Protein Residues on Lithic Artifacts from a Stratified Boreal Forest Site - M. Newman; P. Julig (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)
Taconite artifacts from the stratified Cummins site near Thunder Bay dating ca. 7,500-9,000 BP were tested for blood protein residues. Cross-over electrophoresis (CIEP), an analytical technique commonly used in forensic investigations, was used for identifications. Commercially available anti-sera for mammalian and avian families were tested against archaeological residues. At present this method and the available anti-sera allow identification of organic residues only to family level. Our results, which include human, bovine (bison), deer and several other mammalian families indicate that protein immunoglobins are preserved on archaeological materials for millennia and that identification is possible.

Editor's Note - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2000)

Editor's Note: On mtDNA and Archaeological Ethics - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Dibaajimindwaa Geteyaag: Ogiiyose, Noojigiigoo’iwe gaye Dibinawaag Nibiing Onji/Stories of the Old Ones: Hunter and Fish from Sheltered Water - George Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2020)

Editor's Notes: On representativeness in archaeology - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Blurring Timescapes, Subverting Erasure. Remembering Ghosts on the Margins of History - George Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)

Editor's Note - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Alluvial Geoarchaeology: Floodplain Archaeology and Environmental Change - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2000)

Engaging Archaeology: 25 Case Studies in Research Practice - George Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)

Editor's Note - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Editor's Notes: On historical relativity in archaeology - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Editor's Note - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Alluvial Geoarchaeology: Floodplain Archaeology and Environmental Change - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)

Editor's Notes - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Editor's Notes: On archaeological theory as a rite of passage - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Editor's Note - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Handbook of Gender in Archaeology - George Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Editor's Notes - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Editor's Notes: On "reality archaeology" - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Appropriated Pasts: Indigenous Peoples and the Colonial Culture of Archaeology - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Editor’s Notes: On archaeology and the “burden” of responsibility - George P. Nicholas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Ceramic Affiliations and the Case for Incipient Horticulture in Southwestern Manitoba - B.A. Nicholson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)
The prevailing models of Late Prehistoric subsistence in southwestern Manitoba have been based upon the premise of a straightforward hunter/getherer economy relying upon the local ecology of the forest/parkland/plains biomes. In some cases, trade with the Middle Missouri Village Tribes has been incorporated as a 'risk reducing' mechanism. These models propose a seasonal round exploiting the available natural subsistence resources at peaks of productivity and quality. Recent work at the Lovstrom and Johnas sites near Brandon on the Souris and Assiniboine Rivers, respectively, and at Lockport and Winnipeg on the Red River suggest that these models may be inadequate. The Lovstrom and Johnas sites indicate extended occupations by people using agricultural tools and whose ceramic affiliations appear to relate to groups in North Dakota and western Minnesota known to have practiced horticulture. Many of the distinctive ceramic traits which characterize vessels in these sites are not found in the usual Woodland assemblages recorded in south-western Manitoba. It seems probable that these sites represent an expansion into southern Manitoba by groups from the south who practised horticulture as a part of their normal subsistence strategy.

Cultural Continuity and Changing Subsistence Strategies During the Late Precontact Period in Southwestern Manitoba - B.A. Nicholson; Scott Hamilton (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)
Previous research on Vickers Focus sites in the eastern sections of the Souris-Pembina Trench in southwestern Manitoba, conducted by the senior author, indicated a center-based settlement strategy supported by a combination of hunter-gatherer and small-scale horticultural practice. The Lowton site is the center for this cluster and contains numerous luxury items and exotic materials. Research conducted by both authors in the summers of 1995-1999 at the Makotchi-Ded Dontipi locale revealed a central-place clustering of Vickers Focus and Mortlach sites. The sites show a diversity of faunal remains covering both winter and warm season occupations and no apparent evidence of horticultural activity. These materials indicate functional subsistence activities and there is an absence of the exotic and ceremonial artifacts recovered in the eastern sites. While there is clearly cultural continuity from the Initial Middle Missouri presence at the Duthie Site, through subsequent Vickers Focus and Mortlach occupations, the material remains, and their distribution, indicate significant changes in the settlement and subsistence patterns of the Vickers Focus people through time and space.

President's Report - Bev Nicholson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1997)

The Miniota Site, An Avonlea Component in Southwestern Manitoba - Bev Nicholson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

The Kain Cache Site (DILw–12): A Functional Explanation of a Boulder Structure on the Northern Plains/Parkland Interface - B.A. Nicholson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)

Introduction to Building a Contextual Milieu: Interdisciplinary Modeling and Theoretical Perspectives from the SCAPE Project - B.A. Nicholson; Dion Wiseman (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
To introduce the volume, we present a brief background to the SCAPE Project, and then an overview of the methodological approaches that we have used to achieve our research goals. This is followed by an overview of current and past theoretical approaches to archaeological interpretation. We conclude with a brief discussion of the value of the concept of building a contextual milieu.

Sub-plough Zone Testing at the Lowton Site (DiLv–3): The Vickers Focus Type Site in Southwest Manitoba - B.A. Nicholson; Mary Malainey (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)
The Lowton site, type site for the horticulturally supported Vickers Focus, has long been of interest to Manitoba archaeologists. Since the site was first identified, in the 1920s, it has proven difficult to accurately date and to firmly establish the degree of horticultural dependence. To address these problems, and to recover material for radiocarbon dating, subsurface testing for storage pits and undisturbed deposits was undertaken in 1992. Testing did not identify pits, but evidence of a hearth was recovered. Excavations revealed that while this feature was undisturbed by cultivation, it was extensively disturbed by rodent activity. A radiocarbon date of 510 +/-110 B.P. was obtained on associated bone. These finds, together with the continued recovery of artifacts on the surface indicate that intact deposits likely occur in other parts of the site.

The Role of Pocket Gophers (Thomomys talpoides) in Restructuring Stratigraphic Relationships at the Lovstrom Site - B.A. Nicholson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)
Taphonomic disturbance is examined at the Lovstrom site, a site containing Vickers Focus and Late Woodland ceramics. In particular, the role of pocket gophers as major taphonomic agents in prairie/parkland sites in southwestern Manitoba is discussed. The magnitude and the nature of disturbance at the Lovstrom site by Pocket Gophers are quantified, together with a brief account of their ecology, social patterning and capabilities as a burrowing species. Materials greater than 7 cm in diameter, including bone, cannot be readily moved through the gopher burrows and, though subject to the effects of soil subsidence, essentially remain in their relative positions and provide potentially accurate radiocarbon dates.

Building the Contextual Milieu: An Approach to Data Collection and Interpretation - B.A. Nicholson; Scott Hamilton; Garry Running; Matthew Boyd (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
In this paper an integrated approach to archaeological data collection and interpretation is offered, based upon the fundamental idea that all archaeological materials were deposited in a complex, interactive, contextual milieu, comprised of the physical, biological and cultural aspects of a past environment. Further, it is apparent that these useful but arbitrary divisions of the contextual milieu were intimately interconnected and, while they can be readily separated for analytical purposes, this interconnection must be recognized to fully understand the context in which past societies operated. A brief discussion of the major aspects of the physical, biological and cultural environment and their significance for human populations is offered, followed by a discussion of evidence upon which our analyses relied. This paper provides a contextual interpretive framework using examples from the SCAPE Project to illustrate the utility of an applied theoretical approach to the collection and subsequent interpretation of archaeological data.

Statement of Principles for Ethical Conduct Pertaining to Aboriginal Peoples - Bev Nicolson; David Pokotylo; Ron Williamson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1997)

A History of the Native People of Canada: Volume III, Part 1 (A.D. 500–European Contact) - William C. Noble (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Ontario Iroquois Effigy Pipes - William.C. Noble (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
This paper presents a basic taxonomic classification for Ontario Iroquois effigy pipes. Forty-five zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, and dual styles (types) are enumerated. In addition, twelve lines of interpretation provide varying explanations of what this art work means. It is concluded that multiple explanations are required, and that they are effigy specific.

Canadian prehistory: The lower Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region - William C. Noble (Bulletin, 1975)

Dekah De'nin's Village and the Dixthada Site:A Contribution to Northern Athapaskan Prehistory - William C. Noble (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)

Tsouharissen's Chiefdom: An Early Historic 17th Century Neutral Iroquoian Ranked Society - William C. Noble (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)
Archaeology, ethnohistory, and an oral tradition provide three streams of information to help recognise and define an early 17th century ranked society among the Neutral Iroquois of the Hamilton-Niagara region. Specific factors contributing to this definition include the presence of: a paramount chief with absolute authority over some ten tribes; settlement unit hierarchies; sizeable population density; massive warfare; long-distance trade; subsistence productivity; ranked burials; and indications of some part-time craft specialization. The historic Neutral Iroquois case illustrates a veritable chiefdom at a higher and more complex level of socio-political organization than other contemporaneous Iroquoian confederacies. This evolutionary advancement for the early 17th century Neutral developed, flourished, and collapsed during the life-time of paramount warrior-priest-chief, Tsouharissen ('the Sun's Child').

Woodland in the Neolithic of Northern Europe: The Forest as Ancestor - Laurence Ferland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

James Millar (1924–1994) - Bill Noble (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)

Historic Neutral Iroquois Settlement Patterns - William C. Noble (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)
The settlement patterns for the Neutral Iroquois of the Hamilton-Niagara region of southwestern Ontario are providing the most up-to-date information and detailed models currently available for an historic Northeastern Iroquois group. In this paper, thirteen years of settlement research are evaluated and examined according to five ascending levels of enquiry that span low-level definition of features to the higher and most difficult task of reconstructing the physical features of the historic Neutral chiefdom.

Potsherds, Potlids and Politics: An Overview of Ontario Archaeology During the 1970's - William C. Noble (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1982)

One hundred and twenty-five years of archaeology in the Canadian provinces - William C. Noble (Bulletin, 1972)

John Norman Emerson (1917–1978) - William C. Noble (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)

Appendix I: NOGAP Radiocarbon Dates - Compiled By Luc Nolin (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)

Archaeological Potential Along the Lower Mackenzie River, N.W.T.: Recent Data and Some Considerations - Luc Nolin; Jean-Luc Pilon (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)
The results of recently conducted archaeological surveys in the lower Mackenzie Valley, N.W.T., demonstrate a greater archaeological potential than hitherto assumed. These data modify the widespread view according to which few archaeological sites along the immediate course of the river had actually escaped the ravages of the Mackenzie's spectacular spring floods. Archaeological sites were in fact found in a wide variety of locational contexts. Moreover, the quality of that record, when buried under overbank deposits, is superior to that usually found in the interior where soil development is negligible, and the soil chemistry not conducive to organic preservation. In short, the elements needed to write the prehistory of this zone are still accessible.

Appendix II: NOGAP Bibliography - Compiled By Luc Nolin; Ken Swayze (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)

Handbook of Landscape Archaeology - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Editor's Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Editor's Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)

Editor’s Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Editor's Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Editor’s Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)

Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians - Gerald A. Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Editor's Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Editor's Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)

Editor’s Notes: Training the Next Generation of Archaeologists: Resiliency in the Face of Continuing Challenges - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)

The New Ecology and Landscape Archaeology: Incorporating the Anthropogenic Factor in Models of Settlement Systems in the Canadian Prairie Ecozone - Gerald A. Oetelaar; D. Joy Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
In archaeology, models of hunter-gatherer settlement systems derive from concepts developed in ecology. More specifically, mobility strategies, or the nature of seasonal movements across a landscape, are viewed as being closely related to the resource structure of the environment. However, recent advances in ecology acknowledge the importance of history, disturbance, and contingency in the interpretation of biotic communities. Furthermore, humans are often identified as integral components of the ecosystem and important agents of disturbance, especially in the field of historical ecology. Unfortunately, research in historical ecology has concentrated on the impact of agricultural practices, leaving one with the impression that human groups were not important agents of disturbance before the domestication of plants and animals. The goal of this presentation is to argue that even the activities of hunter-gatherers are relevant when interpreting the development of biotic communities across the world.

Editor’s Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Editor’s Notes: Training the Next Generation of Archaeologists: Some Challenges - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Native Title and the Transformation of Archaeology in the Postcolonial World - Gerald A. Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Editor's Notes - Gerald Oetelaar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)

Ancestral Appetites: Food in Prehistory - Helen Ohlke (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)

Beyond the Water's Edge: Towards a Social Archaeology of Landscape on the Northwest Coast - Jeff Oliver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
Recent research into the environmental history of the Northwest Coast has revealed the significant cultural impact that pre-contact and contact period Indigenous communities had on the surrounding landscape. Ethnobotanical, paleoenvironmental, ethnographic, and archaeological approaches have documented the degrees to which people managed ecosystems or otherwise altered the physical landscape in places once considered "wilderness" by newcomers. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which landscapes were socially constructed and how living and working in such places gave meaning to social life at a variety of scales. Drawing from ethnographic, environmental and archaeological evidence, and taking into account how changes in the land would have become entangled within the routines of working the landscape, this article examines and interprets some of the social distinctions that people might have constructed through these places in the past. Two case studies from the central Coast Salish region are examined: first, the social practices and landscape features associated with cedar bark-stripping; and second, gardening traditions in sub-alpine areas of the Coast and Cascade Mountains. The results of this study suggest that we cannot separate economic (or cultural) patterns from the social qualities that are implicated within the practice of landscape modification, and that working and living through such places was socially consequential and bound up with concepts of history, memory, and identity.

Landscapes and Social Transformations on the Northwest Coast: Colonial Encounters in the Fraser Valley - Trevor J. Orchard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)

Multidimensional Scaling of Northwest Coast Faunal Assemblages: A Case Study from Southern Haida Gwaii, British Columbia - Trevor J. Orchard; Terence Clark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) has been previously applied successfully to the analysis of artifact assemblages from archaeological contexts. Despite the suitability of archaeological faunal data to such analysis, MDS has not been applied to faunal data. In this study, MDS analysis was applied to 21 faunal assemblages from 14 Graham Tradition sites in the Kunghit region of southern Haida Gwaii. A separation of salmon-dominated and rockfish-dominated assemblages provided the strongest result of this analysis, strengthening previous interpretations made for these data. Additionally, MDS analysis revealed functional and regional variability that had not been previously identified. Functionality was reflected in the separation of differing site types, while regional distribution of resources was also highlighted by the analysis. These results contribute to an understanding of Kunghit Haida subsistence and settlement while demonstrating the utility of MDS for faunal analysis.

Zooarchaeology (2nd Edition) - Trevor J. Orchard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Framing Questions that Count in African Canadian Archaeology - Charles E. Orser, Jr. (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)
The archaeological investigation of African life in Europe’s New World has been a major focus of much historical archaeology for decades. Canadian historical archaeologists, except for a number in Nova Scotia, generally have not pursued this line of research. This paper offers a brief history of African Diaspora archaeology, provides an overview of the research in Nova Scotia, and presents three topics amenable to further research in African Canada.

Becoming an Archaeologist: A Guide to Professional Pathways - Krystal Osborn (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Geochemistry of Pre-Contact Potsherds from Southern Mainland Nova Scotia: Constraints on Pottery Pathways - J. Victor Owen; John D. Greenough; Megan Himmelman; Stephen T. Powell (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)
The mineralogy and bulk chemical compositions of 33 potsherds (14 shell-tempered, 19 grit-tempered) and local sediments (sand and clay, where present) from six pre-contact Mi’kmaw sites across southern mainland Nova Scotia were determined, and are compared to samples from a long-used aboriginal site (BdDk-1) near the mouth of Bear River, in the Annapolis Basin. The immediate area around four of these sites (at Brighton, Port Joli, Wynacht Cove and Frost Fish Cove), all coastal, lack surface clay deposits, but good-quality clay is abundant in areas once overlain by glacial lakes. These include the two inland localities (at Enfield and Melanson) and the Annapolis Basin. Grit temper is dominated by the mineralogical constituents of biotite granodiorite found near Bear River. Muscovite is virtually absent, precluding the use of two-mica monzogranite as temper. The mineralogical criteria linking grit-tempered sherds to the Bear River area are supported by statistical analysis of bulk compositional data for the sample suite. Shell-tempered samples lack granodiorite clasts, so are compositionally distinct except where calcium-poor (i.e., contain little shell material). Those from Bear River overlap the compositions of shell-tempered samples from the sites along the Atlantic coast, suggesting a common origin. We postulate that pottery from the Annapolis Basin was distributed to other sites in the province via navigable waterways.

Geochemical and Mineralogical Constraints on the Provenance of L’sitkuk Bear River Pottery from the Annapolis Basin, Nova Scotia - J. Victor Owen; Dorota Forfa; John D. Greenough (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
Seven sherds of ancestral (Woodland Period) Mi’kmaq pottery excavated from L’sitkuk Bear River (“LBR”; Borden number BdDk-1) and sediments from the Annapolis Basin, its tributaries, and elsewhere in southwestern Nova Scotia are chemically analyzed. The goal of this investigation is to (1) compositionally characterize these ceramic wares, and (2) identify the source of the raw materials used in their manufacture to confirm that these ceramic artifacts were produced near to where they were found. The results identified two compositional groupings of pottery and one outlier sample. One group (Group A) is enriched in diverse trace elements (notably the Rare Earth Elements and some high field-strength elements) that exploratory statistics (multidimensional scaling) indicate are geochemically linked to sand and the most Al-rich clays from the Annapolis Basin/Bear River area as well as disaggregated biotite granodiorite derived from Devonian plutons cropping out inland. Sherds with lower concentrations of these trace elements (Group B) are linked to clays along the Annapolis River, and are depleted in granodiorite constituents. The outlier has a composition similar to Group B sherds but contains some distinct temper grains (e.g., Mg-rich biotite). The trace element signature of LBR pottery is largely controlled by accessory minerals, notably phosphates such as monazite that originate at least in part in the granodiorite. The granodiorite temper grains in the potsherds more clearly link these ceramics to this area than the other materials used in their production. Although recognized as an important trade and meeting site with a continuous cultural sequence between ca. 2150 and ca. 950 B.P., the analytical data reported here suggest that LBR pottery, including the anomalous sample, were produced domestically, and that the ancestral Mi’kmaq potters were highly selective in choosing the raw materials they used to make their wares.

Provenance of a True-Porcelain Chocolate Mug from the Rockingham Inn (c.1796–1833) Site, Bedford, Nova Scotia: Constraints from Compositional Data - J. Victor Owen; Paul B. Williams (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
The Rockingham Inn, ten kilometres north of Halifax, was initially built as part of a barracks complex erected in 1796, but was later converted to an inn that was home to the Rockingham Club, an elite men's club whose members included many of Halifax's most prominent citizens. After the demise of the Club in 1814, the inn continued to serve the local community until its destruction by fire in 1833. A fragment from a chocolate mug recovered from the Rockingham Inn site has the composition of true (hard-paste) porcelain. Compositionally, the body of this object most closely resembles the true porcelain manufactured at the Caughley (c.l795- 1799)/Coalport (c.1799-1837) and Plymouth (c.l768-1770)/Bristol (c.1770-1781) works, but it has an alkali-lime (rather than lead-rich) glaze similar to Bristol's. This artifact is therefore tentatively attributed to Bristol, but additional analytical data for these and other early British true porcelains are required to confirm this attribution.

Compositional and Mineralogical Fingerprinting of 18th–19th-Century Earthenware from Eastern Canadian Potworks and Archaeological Sites - J. Victor Owen; Walli Rainey (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)
Redware pottery sherds from six 19th-century eastern Canadian potworks were analysed to determine their major-element chemical composition, mineralogy, and glazing. This was done in an attempt to trace individual pottery specimens to their factory source. The results indicate that whereas unsourced potsherds can be distinguished geochemically, none can yet be traced to a specific factory. Additional analyses of samples from eastern Canadian, New England, and Britain are required to identify the sources of the redware found in many 18th- and 19th-century Maritime archaeological sites.

The Como-Hudson Factories (c. 1845–77): Results of Geochemical Analyses for Québec's First Known Glassworks - J. Victor Owen (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)
Sherds from three mid-19th century glassworks in the Como-Hudson area, Québec, were analysed for their major, minor, and selected trace element contents. The compositional data indicate that local sand is insufficiently silicious to have been used in its manufacture, and thus do not support historical evidence to the contrary. Although the major-element compositions of Como and Hudson glass overlap, they differ from some contemporary Ontario wares, particularly with regard to their CaO, Na2O, MgO, and Al2O3 contents. However, the possibility that imported scrap glass (cullet) was used in some early glassworks requires that caution be exercised where the compositions of excavated sherds from factory sites are to be used for provenance studies.

Geochemical Characterization of Alleged Mallorytown Glass (c. 1839–40) in the Royal Ontario Museum and Its Distinction from Contemporary Upstate New York Glassware - J. Victor Owen (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)
Chemical analysis shows that several of the alleged Mallorytown glass pitchers, bowls, and tumblers in the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) have distinctive potassic soda-lime (K+Na+Ca-rich) compositions that resemble waste glass from the factory site, thereby supporting their attribution to this, the first-known Canadian glassworks. The composition of one object in particular, the Burnham' bowl, so closely resembles this waste glass that it can now be considered to be an authenticated Mallorytown artifact. Although potassic soda-lime cullet and waste glass have also been recovered from the contemporary Redford and Redwood glassworks in upstate New York, their compositions tend to differ both from one another and from Mallorytown glass. Some of the cullet associated with these glassworks, however, consists of low-K soda-lime glass, and at Redwood, this was used to make window panes and, on an ad hoc basis, tableware. In addition, some shaped low-K glass objects were recovered from the Mallorytown site, suggesting that this type of glass might also have been used to make tableware such as one of the alleged Mallorytown pitchers in the ROM's collection. Based on its composition, however, it seems likely that this particular pitcher was made at Redwood. '

Integrative Approaches in Ceramic Petrography - Stanley Klassen (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)

Ancient South America - Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)

A Prehistory of Ordinary People - Scott Palumbo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)

Indigenous Human Remains Database from Archaeological Sites in Québec: Preliminary Results - Jesseca Paquette; Isabelle Ribot; Christian Gates St-Pierre; Christine Zachary-Deom; Gaetan Nolet (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
This paper presents the preliminary results of a project initiated by the Mohawk Council of Kahnawa:ke and the Groupe de recherche ArchéoSociale/ArchéoScience (Université de Montréal) to create a database of archaeological sites in Quebec that included Indigenous human remains. This document will be a useful tool for the repatriation/rematriation process. Using existing inventories, the database collated various data points for each site, such as the Borden code, location, date, minimal number of individuals (MNI), location of remains, reports, etc. Three site categories were identified: 1) those describing the discovery of human remains associated with Indigenous people (103 sites); 2) those without skeletal remains despite mentioning the presence of burial(s) (8 sites); and 3) those not reporting any information (81 sites). From these sites, information on more than 678 individuals have been collected so far. Site mapping has allowed the visualization of site distribution spatially and through time. Further research is needed to clarify the cultural affiliation and the storage location of these human remains.

The Kisis Complex: Implications of Historic Marriage Practices for Selkirk Ware in Northwestern Saskatchewan - Todd Paquin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
Selkirk ware pottery recovered from the upper Churchill River basin in northwestern Saskatchewan was examined between 1991 and 1995 to revise the existing regional culture history and provide information on the cultural practices of the people who crafted it. The primary focus of this regional study was to determine if marriage patterns reminiscent of the Western Woods Cree, who are hypothesized to be the descendants of the people who made Selkirk ware, could be recognized in late pre-European contact times via type and type-variety distribution analysis.

Demography and the Reconstruction of Social Organization from Thule Wintering Sites in Arctic Canada - Robert W. Park (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
The coastal wintering sites created throughout the Canadian Arctic and Greenland by the people of the Thule culture are increasingly attracting attention from archaeologists interested in exploring questions of social organization among Arctic hunter-gatherers. The sites vary considerably in size, consisting of anywhere from one to over 60 discrete semisubterranean houses. The larger sites are often assumed to have been aggregation sites with a large resident population, analogous to the large winter aggregations documented among the Inuit by explorers and ethnographers. This paper argues that the criteria presently used to evaluate the size of the resident population at Thule winter sites - the number of winter houses; their architecture; and the degree to which they cluster together - can plausibly be expected to vary both synchronically and diachronically, and are therefore inadequate for making demographic inferences without good chronological control.

Burin and Spall Use at an Inland Arctic Small Tool Tradition Site, Southern Baffin Island, Nunavut - Robert W. Park; S. Brooke Milne; Douglas R. Stenton (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)
Burins and burin spalls are among the most distinctive Arctic Small Tool tradition flaked stone items but questions remain about how and for what purposes they were used. A study of the burin spalls from a multi-component site located in the interior of Baffin Island, LdFa-1, reveals differences in use-wear from coastal sites that may reflect different activities, and demonstrates that burins and burin spall tools were likely expediently manufactured and discarded.

Crossroads to Greenland: 3000 Years of Prehistory in the Eastern Arctic - Robert W. Park (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

"Winter Houses" and Qarmat in Thule and Historic Inuit Settlement Patterns: Some implications for Thule Studies - Robert W. Park (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)
Reconstructions of Thule Culture settlement patterns have for the most part relied on data from two different types of semi-subterranean dwelling structure: winter houses and qarmat. Two rather different annual rounds have been proposed on the basis of these house types, and many of our inferences concerning the development of the Historic Inuit from the Thule Culture have been based on this. The utility of the winter house/qarmat distinction is explored using historic and archaeological data, and it is argued that some generally accepted models of Thule settlement and subsistence need to be tested.

Approaches to Dating the Thule Culture in the Eastem Arctic - Robert W. Park (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)
Change over time is a central factor in most explanations of variability in the sites and artifacts of the Thule culture of the North American Arctic. Three techniques are commonly used to make inferences concerning the age of Thule sites: stratigraphy, seriation, and radiocarbon dating. Each presents difficulties peculiar to Thule sites and materials. Following a review of the use of these techniques in Thule research, this paper tests the usefulness of harpoon heads as chronological indicators.

How Small is Too Small? Dorset Culture "Miniature" Harpoon Heads - Robert W. Park; Pauline M. Mousseau (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)
Archaeologists investigating Dorset culture harpoon heads have observed that some specimens are noticeably smaller than all the rest. These miniature harpoon heads' have been identified variously as toys, as art, and as the paraphernalia of shamans. The excavation of two Dorset sites in 2001 produced assemblages of harpoon heads of varying sizes. In order to correctly classify those harpoon heads, and to determine if 'miniature harpoon heads' represented a separate conceptual category for the Dorset, the authors studied harpoon heads from a wide range of sites and determined that there is no justification for considering small harpoon heads as a separate category based solely on metrics. There is evidence that some of the smallest harpoon heads were mounted on proportionately much larger harpoons, indicating that they may have been used in hunting small species. '

Middle Dorset Variability and Regional Cultural Traditions: A Case Study from Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon - Robert W. Park (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

The Fitzgerald Site: A Non-Meadowood Early Woodland Site in Southwestern Ontario - L.R. Bud Parker (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1998)
The lithic assemblage from the Early Woodland affiliated Fitzgerald site is described. The site consists of four activity areas which are homogeneous in terms of tool forms and diagnostics. There are concentrations of exotic chert tools which may have once been caches. The exotic chert sources tend to be located in Michigan or northern Ontario. Diagnostic stemmed projectile points are most similar to Early Woodland examples from southern Michigan and northern Ohio, such as Kramer, Leimbach or Adena. Based on morphological similarities of the exotic tools such as the stemmed bifaces, the Fitzgerald assemblage is dated to ca. 600 B.C. to A.D. 1. The Fitzgerald assemblage represents the first reported non-mortuary late Early Woodland, non-Meadowood site in southern Ontario. Several implications of the Fitzgerald assemblage are discussed regarding the social, cultural, economic and environmental shifts which were occurring during the Early Woodland period in the lower Great Lakes area.

Exploring Community Formation and Coalescence at the Late Fourteenth–Early Fifteenth-Century Tillsonburg Village Site (AfHe-38) - Rebecca Parry (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)
The concept of community coalescence involves the aggregation of previously separate social groups into one communal settlement. This has facilitated a greater understanding of Iroquoian community formation during the Late Woodland of southern Ontario. It is explored as the predominant conceptual approach to better understand the formation of the Tillsonburg Village’s (AfHe-38) community plan, however, other processes relating to the contemporaneity of village areas or houses are also considered. The site is located in Tillsonburg, Ontario and dates from the late fourteenth to early fifteenth century (AD 1350–1420). This paper explores the village’s particularly large and dispersed community plan through an intra-site analysis of ceramic vessels and longhouse attributes, as these are considered useful indicators of social, organizational, and temporal processes. Spatial and statistical analyses are used to explore spatial patterning of attributes among their associated contexts. The results suggest that the Tillsonburg occupants were experimenting with formative processes of community coalescence; with groups interacting and living together in one settlement, yet remaining socially and spatially distinct within the larger village community.

Labrador Inuit and Europeans in the Strait of Belle Isle: From the Written Sources to the Archaeological Evidence - Ralph Pastore (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas; Volume 1 North America, 2 parts - Ralph Pastore (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)

Cultures in Contact. The European Impact on Native Cultural Institutions in Eastem North America, A.D. 1000-1800 (Fitzhugh) and Natives and Newcomers: Canada's "Heroic Age" Reconsidered - Ralph Pastore (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)

The Franklin Era in Canadian Arctic History, 1845–1859 - Ralph Pastore (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)

Elements of an Ancient Tsimshian Dwelling: An Archaeology of Architecture in Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia - A. Katherine Patton (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)
Recent, renewed interest in the study of ancient indigenous NWC architecture has done much to augment our understanding of social, political, and economic relations in this region in the past. These studies have, by and large, emphasized architectural form over the practice or process of construction. Yet in other regions of the world, scholars are increasingly examining construction techniques in order comprehend the kinds of decisions that individuals and groups made with respect to building. This paper examines architectural remains from a small Middle Period (ca. 3500–1500 BP) village site in Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia, with the explicit intent of shedding light on the kinds of structures that the Tsimshian built in the past and, in particular, the way in which small households constructed domestic dwellings. Results suggest that, in this case, walls were not mortised as they had been in the recent past. Rather, walls appear to have been constructed using a tying and sewing technique. I suggest that this household might have used tying and sewing for a variety of reasons that include household and community size, technology, mobility, and skill.

The North Coast Prehistory Project Excavations in Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia: The Artifacts - A. Katherine Patton (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Dendrochronology, CMTs, and Nuu-chah-nulth History on the West Coast of Vancouver Island - Brian Pegg (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2000)
Archaeologists have been aware of culturally modified trees (CMTs) for many years, but the interpretive potential of CMTs, and their key role in the recent archaeological record, have been largely ignored. This study attempts to correlate dendrochronological data from CMTs on the west coast of Vancouver Island with the history of the Nuu-chah-nulth people over the past 250 years. It is apparent that important patterns in Nuu-chah-nulth history during this period are reflected in the distribution of dates from CMTs; patterns such as territorial warfare, trade, demographic trends, and acculturation. It is asserted that the interpretive potential of CMTs should be explored more intensively by archaeologists.

The Ottawa River Algonquin Bands in a St.Lawrence Iroquoian Context - James F. Pendergast (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
Current archaeological data and linguistic interpretations, together with seventeenth-century primary documentary and cartographic sources, provide no compelling evidence that an association existed between the Ottawa River Algonquins and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians in the upper St. Lawrence Valley prior to the destruction of these Iroquoians circa 1580. Neither is there evidence that the Onontchataronon Ottawa River Algonquin band having occupied the South Nation River basin as has been suggested. However, taken at face value, there is circumstantial evidence to suggest descendants of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians may have been living with one or another of the Ottawa River Algonquin bands circa 1640. The Onontchataronon band may have been largely composed of assimilated St. Lawrence Iroquoian refugees.

A Point Peninsula Rim Sherd from L'Anse à Flamme, Newfoundland - Gerald Penney (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)

Burnt Knaps: a Micmac Site in Newfoundland - Gerald Penney; Heather Nicol (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)
Initial Micmac migration between Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland is known to have occurred as early as the 17th century and continued, although often sporadically, over the following centuries. Resource depletion on the mainland, the conquest of Acadia by the English, and the demise of the Beothuck early in the 19th century are thought to be factors which encouraged migration. Burnt Knaps, an interior caribou hunting site, was occupied by Conne River Micmacs during the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is the first Micmac site excavated in Newfoundland, and provides information concerning traditional dwellings, diet, and lifestyles.

Taming the Taxonomy: Toward a New Understanding of Great Lakes Archaeology - James B. Peterson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Comments on David Meyer's "A Component in the Scottsbluff Tradition: Excavations at the Niska Site" - Leo Pettipas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)

Rural Ceramic Manufacture in Precolumbian Honduras: The Application of Petrographic Analysis to the Study of the Chaînes Opératoires - Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)
This study presents a preliminary attempt to examine stages within the chaîne opératoire of Late Classic (650–900 C.E.) ceramic manufacture at the Precolumbian site of Rancho del Rio, Honduras. Materials recovered from patio, house mound, and midden excavations in a rural setting, including finished vessel sherds and potstands, in addition to briquettes made from local clay sources, are examined through thin section petrography. This attempt to outline technological chains and styles allows the classification and understanding of behaviour and ultimately, cognition, through the identification of the series of units of actions that bring a material from its natural state to a fabricated form.

Le rapatriement des ancêtres Wendat, 2013 - Susan Pfeiffer; Louis Lesage (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
On September 14, 2013, the human remains from twelve Huron-Wendat ancestral archaeological sites, the skeletons of over 1,700 people, were re-buried at the Thonnakona Ossuary, Kleinburg, Ontario. This achievement followed years of discussion and planning between the Huron-Wendat Nation and the University of Toronto. In Canada, this kind of institutional transfer of authority is necessarily an iterative process. This brief document describes the context of this event, and confirms our shared intention to continue a strong relationship through which we will all learn new things about the ancestors.

The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: A Comprehensive Guide - Susan Pfeiffer (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Spatial Distribution of Human Skeletal Material within an Iroquoian Ossuary - S. Pfeiffer (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)
A distribution plot of skeletal elements demonstrates that in at least one Iroquoian ossuary the elements are mixed in a random fashion throughout. Immature and mature, cranial and infracranial elements are examined. All categories show similar distributions. It is argued that the existence of such lack of pattern, if consistent. has relevance for the excavation of ossuaries and the cataloguing of remains.

The Repatriation of Wendat Ancestors, 2013 - Susan Pfeiffer; Louis Lesage (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
On September 14, 2013, the human remains from twelve Huron-Wendat ancestral archaeological sites, the skeletons of over 1,700 people, were re-buried at the Thonnakona Ossuary, Kleinburg, Ontario. This achievement followed years of discussion and planning between the Huron-Wendat Nation and the University of Toronto. In Canada, this kind of institutional transfer of authority is necessarily an iterative process. This brief document describes the context of this event, and confirms our shared intention to continue a strong relationship through which we will all learn new things about the ancestors.

The Messy Business of Archaeology as Participatory Local Knowledge: A Conversation Between the Stó:lō Nation and Knowle West - Angela Piccini; David M. Schaepe (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
Archaeology assumes itself as a discipline through a practice of boundary-making that merges the past with the present. It is, in this practice, increasingly critiqued for being ethnocentric and separating power from the communities it claims to represent. In response, archaeology is experiencing a turn toward “community”. Examining two community archaeology case studies, we assess whether archaeology can be transformed into a discipline that productively participates in the liveliness and messy connectedness of objects, peoples, histories and cultures—in contrast to a conventionally detached practice of objectifying other peoples’ lifeways. In both cases, archaeological and descent communities play direct and central decision-making roles in this traditionally “distanced” discipline. They demonstrate means of re-figuring archaeology as a participatory practice. Community-founded archaeology is thus shown to transform methods commonly supporting institutional reproduction into a radically indigenous, emically structured, set of knowledge practices and outcomes.

Historic Native Archaeology Along the Lower Severn River, Ontario - Jean-Luc Pilon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)
Many historic Native components have been excavated along the Severn River of northern Ontario. These span the historic period, from earliest contacts to the present century. Changes in material remains, as well as in the faunal assemblages suggest that major elements of the traditional lifestyle persisted well beyond the initial contact period. In fact, major shifts cannot be perceived archaeologically until well into the nineteenth century. In this particular instance, we might question the degree of dependence of Native people on Europeans.

Bridges Across Time: The NOGAP Archaeology Project An Introduction - Jean-Luc Pilon (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)

Insights into the Prehistory of the Lower Mackenzie Valley, Anderson Plain Region, Northwest Territories - Jean-Luc Pilon (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)
During the first four years of the NOGAP Archaeology Project, 104 new archaeological sites were found in the southwest Anderson Plain. These sites are generally characterized by thin lithic scatters comprised mainly of undiagnostic debitage. In spite of the frustrating nature of the region's archaeology, elements of a local culture-history are emerging. Many of the sites attest to the Late Prehistoric Gwich'in occupation of the region. Earlier cultural remains have been found which relate to the use of the area by the Arctic Small Tool tradition, and a second, non-ASTt, microblade manufacturing group. Although external relationships can be drawn, at present, it appears more fruitful to identify and define local culture-historical parameters.

Below the Falls; An Ancient Cultural Landscape in the Centre of (Canada’s National Capital Region) Gatineau - Jean-Luc Pilon; Randy Boswell (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)
Recently discovered information clearly identifies Hull Landing in Gatineau as the location of a burial place first documented in 1843 and, since the late nineteenth century, believed to have been located across the river in Ottawa. It appears to have been chosen for the burial of generations of people beginning sometime between 4,500 and 4,900 years ago. That same location was the beginning of a major portage. Nearby was a place of great spiritual significance and power: the Chaudière Falls. The delta of the Gatineau River downstream from Hull Landing was a summer gathering place with a wealth of food and lithic resources. People travelled down the Gatineau, Rideau and Ottawa rivers to meet, trade and exchange information beginning some 4,600 years ago. When combined with additional archaeological evidence, accumulated over the past 170 years, it is now apparent that the north shore of the Ottawa River between the Chaudière Falls and the mouth of the Gatineau River constituted a cultural landscape that had been used for somewhere on the order of four to five millennia.

Since Time Immemorial, “Our Story”: The Story of the Kitigan Zibi Anishinàbeg (Stephen McGregor) and Algonquin Traditional Culture: The Algonquin of the Kitchissippi Valley: Traditional Culture at the Early Contact Period - Jean-Luc Pilon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

A GIS Analysis of Intra-Site Spatial Patterning at the Early Paleoindian Mt. Albion West Site (AhGw-131) - Amelia K. Pilon; Christopher M. Watts (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2020)
The Mt. Albion West (AhGw-131) Early Paleoindian site is one of only a handful of Late Pleistocene sites in Ontario. Excavated by Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) between 1998 and 2004, the site is situated adjacent to the Red Hill valley on the Niagara Escarpment in Hamilton, Ontario. The project yielded detailed analyses concerning the tools and debitage recovered from the four discrete artifact concentration areas at this site in addition to a brief assessment of potentially significant intra-site patterning within one locus. In this paper, the four activity areas from Mt. Albion West are analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to investigate these spatial relationships with an eye toward interpreting the duration and frequency of the site’s occupation(s) as well as its function(s) within the broader Gainey settlement system.

Dynamics of Northern Societies: Proceedings of the SILA/NABO Conference on Arctic and North Atlantic Archaeology - Claude Pinard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Nunguvik et Saatut. Sites paléoeskimaux de Navy Board Inlet, île de Baffin - Claude Pinard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

The Dorset Occupations in the Vicinity of Port Refuge, High Arctic Canada - Patrick Plumet (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

The Thule Village at Brooman Point, High Arctic Canada - Patrick Plumet (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)

Étude technologique de l'exploitation des blocs et des galets en métabasalte par les Dorsétiens au site Tuvaaluk (Dia.4, JfEl–4) - Serge Lebel et Patrick Plumet (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)
The object of this article is to draw the attention of archaeologists working in the Arctic to a minority of lithic tools made of metabasalt. Much bigger than other rock families (pebbles, blocks, large flakes), they have received a different technical treatment. The lithic assemblage of the Tuvaaluk archaeological site (Dia. 4, JfEI-4), allows us to reconstitute the lithic reduction sequence, from the collection of raw material to the consumption of the tools themselves. A study of the mode of exploitation used by Dorset people on this kind of rock has been done in order to find the manufacturing techniques and to examine the questions posed by its presence. The results reveal a particular exploitation linked to the local availability of rocks and to the function of these tools. The pebbles tools, often neglected, are part of the Dorset technical system and deserve to be studied.

The Lagoon Site (OjRI-3): Implications for Palaeoeskimo Interactions - Patrick Plumet (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Public Opinion and Canadian Archaeological Heritage: A National Perspective - David Pokotylo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)
A national survey of Canadian public opinion on archaeological heritage issues focused on four main areas: knowledge of archaeology; interest and participation in archaeology; awareness of and support for heritage conservation initiatives; and Aboriginal stewardship of the archaeological record. Data collected from a random sample of 1,501 residents across Canada in 2000 indicate a high level of interest and support for archaeology and heritage conservation, but also a high level of misunderstanding about the archaeological record and current legislative measures to protect it. In contrast to recent changes in legislation and initiatives within the discipline, public attitude towards Aboriginal stewardship of archaeological resources is reserved. Region, education, age, and gender are significant factors affecting differences in opinion. Comparison of select variables from this survey with results from a national survey of the United States shows that the Canadian and American publics are more similar than different in their opinions on archaeological heritage.

Archaeological Evidence for Prehistoric Root Gathering in the Southern Interior Plateau of British Columbia: A Case Study from Upper Hat Creek Valley - David L. Pokotylo; Patricia D. Froese (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)
Archaeological implications of ethnohistoric Interior Salish Indian root gathering activities are compared to surface survey and excavation data from Upper Hat Creek Valley in southern interior British Columbia. The analysis indicates overall congruity between ethnographic expectations and the archaeological record, although a number of discrepancies suggest that the prehistoric pattern of root utilization was different from the ethnohistoric. A methodology for inferring the function and subsurface structure of pit features from survey data is also described.

Archaeological Investigations at Vihtr'iitshik (MiTi-1), Lower Mackenzie Valley, 1992 - David L. Pokotylo (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)
In 1992, an intensive survey of the MiTi-1 locality recorded 87 concentrations of lithic artifacts exposed on remnant ground surfaces on bench and ridge areas on the west side of Thunder River valley at its confluence with the Mackenzie River Valley. Most of the 25 surface features excavated had lithic artifacts distributed in a collapsed burnt humic layer and the top of the underlying mineral soil. The excavated lithic assemblage includes 98 tools and 36 282 pieces of debitage. The artifact assemblage and hearth features suggest general occupation activities in addition to quarrying and artifact manufacture. The antiquity of the archaeological deposits is undetermined due to a lack of datable material.

Smith-Wintemberg Award Presented to Roy Carlson - David Pokotylo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)

Archaeological resource inventories: Two case studies from the British Columbia interior plateau - D. Pokotylo (Bulletin, 1976)

Ladies of the Canyons: A League of Extraordinary Women and Their Adventures in the American Southwest - Laurie Milne (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)

Algonquian Culture Development and Archaeological Sequences in Northeastern Ontario - John W. Pollock (Bulletin, 1975)

Spirits of The Pictured Waters, The Archaeology of The Missinaibi River Valley - John William Pollock (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Plains Archaic Complexes in the Alberta Parkland and Boreal Forest - John W. Pollock (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)
This paper reviews data from Oxbow sites in central Alberta and adjacent areas, and makes suggestions regarding the question of whether Oxbow represents a widespread 'culture' or several different cultures sharing a distinctive projectile point form.

The Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology - Peter E. Pope (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Archaeology in the Middle Fraser Canyon, British Columbia: Changing Perspectives on Paleoecology and Emergent Cultural Complexity - Anna Marie Prentiss; James C. Chatters; Natasha Lyons; Lucille E. Harris (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)
Archaeological research in the Middle Fraser Canyon of British Columbia offers significant opportunities for advancing our knowledge of the development of dense aggregate villages and complex social relations among hunter-gatherer-fisher peoples. Our research indicates that these villages developed after 2000 cal B.P., grew in size during the subsequent millennium, and developed patterns of inter-household wealth-based inequalities in approximately the final three centuries prior to abandonment. These findings contrast with conclusions drawn by Hayden primarily during the 1980s. Hayden and Mathewes (2009) now offer a broad critique of these results. Given that a new generation of archaeologists is initiating research in the Mid-Fraser, it seems time to review the current state of knowledge and to outline new theoretical models, hypotheses, and methodological approaches (e.g., application of applied geophysics to Mid-Fraser village investigations) to help guide the development of research in the twenty-first century.

The Last House at Bridge River: The Archaeology of an Aboriginal Household in British Columbia During the Fur Trade Period - Jesse Morin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

Chemical Analysis of Prehistoric Human Bone from Five Temporally Distinct Populations in Southern Ontario - T. Douglas Price (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Archaeological Curatorship - John Priegert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

Fish Weirs, Salmon Productivity, and Village Settlement in an Upper Skeena River Tributary, British Columbia - Paul Prince (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)
A group of fish weirs at Kitwancool Lake in northern British Columbia, ranging in date from 770 ± 40 BP to historic times, provides evidence of an intensive fishing economy, potentially exploiting at least four species of salmon. Although they are located in an ecologically vulnerable position on a single stem of the Skeena River, and modern fish stocks at the lake fluctuate significantly, I suggest that the variety of salmon entering the weir sites alleviated fluctuations in individual species abundance and enhanced the viability of fishing as a basis for permanent settlement. I also argue that examining the relationship between intensive fishing technology and the structure of the resource contributes to our understanding of risk reduction in hunting-fishing-gathering economies in general, and of the organization of local group territories in the upper Skeena drainage in particular.

Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis (2nd edition) - Brian Pritchard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

A Frontier Fur Trade Blacksmith Shop, 1796–1812 - Heinz W. Pyszczyk (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

Trademarks on Base-Metal Tableware - Heinz W. Pyszczyk (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

The Soldier Off Duty: Domestic Aspects of Military Life at Fort Chambly Under the French Regime as Revealed by Archaeological Objects - Heinz W. Pyszczyk (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)

Nottingham House: The Hudson's Bay Company in Athabasca 1802–1806 (Karklins); Nottingham House, Lake Athabasca 1802–1806 - Heinz W. Pyszczyk (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)

The Use of Fur Trade Goods by the Plains Indians, Central and Southern Alberta, Canada - Heinz W. Pyszczyk (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1997)
This paper examines the rate that Native people adopted European goods in southern and central Alberta during the Protohistoric and Historic Periods. Using the historic documentary and archaeological evidence from Alberta, the degree of use of European goods by Plains Indians during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was re-considered. The results indicate that Alberta Plains Indians, living in the 'Indirect' trade zone, retained much of their traditional material culture and acquired relatively few European goods during the Protohistoric Period. With the permanent establishment of fur trade posts in Alberta, Native peoples gradually acquired more European goods. These results are contrary to Ray's (1978) model that suggests extensive Cree and Assiniboine Middleman trade of used European goods to Alberta Plains Indians during the Protohistoric Period.

A Classification System for Glass Beads for the use of Field Archaeologists - George L. Quimby (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)

Unsettling the Archaeology Field School: Development of a Community Engaged Model at the University of Northern British Columbia - Farid Rahemtulla (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2020)
In this paper, Unsettling Archaeology refers to improving how we as archaeologists work with Indigenous communities on their heritage. A fundamental part of this process involves how we train students, and the archaeology field school provides a perfect vehicle in which to explore new avenues. Since 2000, the University of Northern British Columbia has partnered with a number of Indigenous communities on the coast and in the interior of British Columbia, to deliver 13 field schools in various locations. A key pillar of the field school model is the integration and weaving of traditional knowledge taught by community members, and a science-based approach to field methods, taught by university staff. This paper describes the initial field school model and highlights problems and successes with implementation.

Geomorphology as an Aid to Mapping Archaeological Resources in NOGAP Areas - Vern N. Rampton (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)
By incorporating air photo and surficial geology map interpretations, terrain units are defined. Landscape units combine terrain units and other physical parameters, such as drainage, presence of permafrost, etc., which are thought to affect archaeological potential. Finally, landscape categories based on geomorphology in conjunction with position or geographic location allow for an effective means of classifying the archaeological potential of large areas of landscape.

Prophecy of the Swan: The Upper Peace River Fur Trade of 1794–1823 - C.L. Ramsay (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1997)

The Wiacek Site: A Late Middleport Component in Simcoe County, Ontario - Peter G. Ramsden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)

Palisade Extension, Village Expansion and Immigration in Trent Valley Huron Prehistory - Peter G. Ramsden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)

An Hypothesis Concerning the Effects of Early European Trade Among Some Ontario Iroquois - Peter G. Ramsden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)
This paper presents evidence in support of the hypothesis that Iroquoian people in south-central Ontario were participating in a trade in furs which found their way to European buyers in exchange for metal goods, among other things, by A.D.1500; and, further, that involvement in this trade had profoundly affected many aspects of Iroquoian settlement, social structure and political behaviour by that date.

The Bruner-Colasanti Site: An Early Late Woodland Component, Essex County, Ontario - Peter G. Ramsden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

The Use of Style in Resistance, Politics and the Negotiation of Identity: St. Lawrence Iroquoians in a Huron-Wendat Community - Peter Ramsden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)
The late sixteenth century Huron-Wendat Benson site in the Balsam Lake area of south-central Ontario has produced substantial quantities of a characteristic ‘barred’ ceramic motif found virtually nowhere else. In addition, it has produced ceramics that are “hybrids” of Huron-Wendat and St. Lawrence Iroquoian styles. An analysis of these ceramics leads to the interpretation that they are part of a complex process of power brokering by women in the community. In part this entails symbolic resistance on the part of adopted St. Lawrence Iroquoian women. At the same time, it reveals a strategy used by both St. Lawrence Iroquoian and Huron-Wendat women of sending signals of ambiguous political allegiance, either to achieve a degree of political flexibility, or to attempt to mediate between the community’s two competing political factions.

The Roebuck prehistoric village site rim sherds – an attribute analysis - Peter G. Ramsden (Bulletin, 1975)

Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Community - J. Scott Raymond (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

Interior Occupation: A Maritime Archaic Site at South Brook Park, Western Newfoundland - David Reader (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)

The Contributions of the University of Calgary to the Field of Maya Archaeology - Reese-Taylor, Kathryn (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)
Founded by Richard “Scotty” MacNeish and Dick Forbis in the early 1960s, the Department of Archaeology at the University of Calgary has been at the forefront of archaeological research since its inception. Designed by its architects to be the first department of anthropological archaeology in the world, both MacNeish and Forbis recruited like-minded scholars to join the faculty. Over time, the prehistory of the Maya region has become one of the program’s strengths due to the significant contributions of former faculty members, such as Scotty MacNeish, Dave Kelley, and Peter Mathews. In this paper, I examine the prodigious influence of these scholars on the field of Maya Studies. I also highlight the ongoing research programs of current faculty members Geoffrey McCafferty and Kathryn Reese-Taylor, and their graduate students, as well as research associates Sharisse McCafferty and Karen Bassie-Sweet. Finally, I appraise the legacy that the University of Calgary continues to build within Maya archaeology.

Prehistoric archaeological research on the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains 1967–1971 - B.O.K. Reeves (Bulletin, 1974)

Laurel: a Re-evaluation of the Spatial, Social and Temporal Paradigms - C.S. ‘Paddy’ Reid; Grace Rajnovich (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)
The study of the Laurel manifestation of Middle Woodland is now more than 40 years old. This paper presents a new overview of Laurel, concentrating on the temporal and spatial paradigms using ceramic seriation and radiocarbon dates. As well, preliminary data on a completely excavated Laurel village in Kenora, Ontario, supplemented by data from four other Laurel house structures in the area, reveal clues to Laurel community patterns and social structure. Laurel radiocarbon dates show an initial expansion of Laurel from a Boundary Waters heartland of Ontario and Minnesota and a later contraction. At least three Laurel Composites, are identified – Manitoba Lakes, Boundary Waters and Superior – through ceramic comparison. The Boundary Waters Composite integrates four Complexes, based on ceramic variances and time periods. A summary is presented of chronological ceramic sequences for the Boundary Waters Composite of Laurel as a possible model for future Laurel ceramic studies.

Lithic Sourcing in Canada - Rudy Reimer (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Indigenous Archaeology: American Indian Values and Scientific Practice - Rudy Reimer (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Nineteenth Century Clay Tobacco Pipes from the High Arctic - C.F. Richie (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)
Analysis of clay tobacco-pipe assemblages was undertaken for seven 19th-century sites in the High Arctic. The naval affiliation of two of the sites is suggested by the presence on them of pipes made by T. Pascall of Dartford, near the location of the Royal Navy victualling establishment. The distributional evidence of pipe-fragment frequency and bowl-stem ratio for one of these two sites suggests one area of intense pipe usage by a relatively immobile smoking population.

Non-Cetacean Vertebrate Remains from Two Thule Winter Houses on Somerset Island, N.W.T. - Anne Meachem Rick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)
A study was made of non-cetacean faunal remains from two Somerset Island Thule winter houses (circa A.D. 1000 – 1200). About 4300 identifiable bones were recovered from House l at PeJr-1 on Creswell Bay and House 6 at PcJq-5 on Cape Garry. At these sites a variety of mammals and birds were present but only a single fish bone was found. Non-cetacean food procurement centred on the ringed seal; Arctic fox remains rank second in abundance at both houses. There are only minor differences between the archaeological faunas at the two sites. Although it is difficult to evaluate cetacean and non-cetacean food contribution at Thule settlements, dietary reliance on ringed seal, supplemented by other non-whale vertebrate species, may prove to be the basic pattern for Thule sites.

Bird medullary bone: A seasonal dating technique for faunal analysis - Anne Meachem Rick (Bulletin, 1975)

A Theory of Athapaskan Prehistory - R. Ridington (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

A Spatial Analysis of the Late Mousterian Levels of Riparo Bombrini (Balzi Rossi, Italy) - Julien Riel-Salvatore; Ingrid C. Ludeke; Fabio Negrino; Brigitte M. Holt (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)
We present a preliminary analysis of the spatial distribution of various artifact classes in the Late Mousterian levels of Riparo Bombrini (northwest Italy). This work shows the presence of a consistent gap in artifacts across all levels, which is interpreted as reflecting the position of the dripline prior to the shelter’s collapse. Hearths are identified in levels M1–3, M4 and M5, and their position at the back of the shelter is similar to that of “sleeping hearths” identified at other Mousterian sites. Lastly, the distribution of artifacts is shown to co-vary with the nature of the prevalent mobility strategies in use at different times over the site’s occupational history. Notably, use of the site as a logistical base camp is correlated with the presence of hearths and the accumulation of noisome debris beyond the dripline and outside of the shelter. Other uses of the site seem to have favored the discard of some classes of artifacts within the shelter itself. This shows that Neanderthals were indeed able to organize their use of space in patterned and somewhat predictable manners, and that the length and nature of their occupation of the rockshelter need to be taken into account in such analyses.

The Archaeology of the Dunsmore Site: 15th-Century Community Transformations in Southern Ontario - David A. Robertson; Ronald F. Williamson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)
Located in southern Simcoe County, Ontario, the Dunsmore site is a two-hectare, mid- to late 15th-century Iroquoian settlement that had a complex history-one that may have included both seasonal tenancies and year-round occupations. The settlement appears to have served as both a seasonal fishing camp and a semi-permanent agricultural village, perhaps involving members of several different communities. Through a review of the settlement pattern, artefacts, and subsistence data recovered from Dunsmore, an attempt is made to explore the role of such sites in the general trend towards community amalgamation, which is one of the hallmarks of 15th-century Iroquoian socio-political organization.

The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteoarchaeology - Heather Robertson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Northern Ontario Fur Trade Archaeology; Recent Research - E.S. Rogers (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)

Marine Fish Osteology. A Manual for Archaeologists - Alfonso Rojo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

Les Chasseurs-cueilleurs ou l'Origine des Inégalités - Nicolas Rolland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Men Among The Mammoths. Victorian Science and the Discovery of Human Antiquity - Nicolas Rolland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

Alberta’s Lower Athabasca Basin: Archaeology and Palaeoenvironments - Martin P. R. Magne (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)

The James Pass Project: Early Holocene Occupation in the Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains - Brian Ronaghan (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

A Geospatial Analysis of Toolstone Acquisition and Use: A Preliminary Investigation of Material Quality and Access Over 4,000 Years in the Salish Sea - Adam N. Rorabaugh; Caitlyn Y. McNabb (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
The importance of resource acquisition on the Northwest Coast has received increasing attention in the development of models of social inequality. Moving the discussion beyond faunal and plant resources, we propose that toolstone may also be viewed as a critical resource tied to daily practices impacted by resource territoriality. The limited distribution of high quality lithic materials, in addition to heavy retouch and reuse in formed tools, may reflect an increasingly territorialized or restricted resource use through time. A material quality index (MQI) is used to assess toolstone from 16 sites in the Salish Sea over the past 4,000 years. Material quality data are then compared to measures of tool curation, the degree of artifact retouch and reuse. The data suggest that control over resources plays an indirect role in the patterning of utilized toolstone and the degree of retouch of formed chipped and ground stone tools in the region.

Ethics in Canadian Archaeology: An International, Comparative Analysis - Robert M. Rosenswig (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1998)
Ethical questions have assumed a central role in archaeological discourse during the past few years. In May of 1996 the Canadian Archaeological Association ratified its first code of ethics called: Statement of Principles for Ethical Conduct Pertaining to Aboriginal Peoples. This paper compares the CAA statement with those of the national archaeological associations from New Zealand, Australia and the United States as well as the World Archaeological Congress and the Society of Professional Archaeologists. A content analysis provides a quantitative assessment of major themes addressed by each of the six documents. Significant differences are documented between the Canadian, Australian and New Zealand associations on one hand and the Society for American Archaeology on the other. The former ethical documents provide a privileged position for Native involvement in archaeological endeavours, the latter does not.

Myth of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations - Robert M. Rosenswig (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Archaeologies of Complexity - Robert M. Rosenswig (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Evolutionary Archaeology: Theory and Application (O'Brien, editor) and Darwinian Archaeologies - Robert M. Rosenswig (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)

Pottery Economics in Mesoamerica - Robert M. Rosenswig (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

"An Appearance of Strength" The Fortifications of Louisbourg - George A. Rothrock (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)

Old Cuts and Scrapes: Composite Chipped Stone Knives on the Canadian Plateau - Mike K. Rousseau (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)
Existence of highly curated, hafted, composite chipped stone knives involving both bifacial blades and unifacial scrapers is postulated for the Canadian Plateau, and behavioral implications related to these tools are explored and addressed. Many researchers assume ad hoc that chipped stone, convex-edged, unifacial endscrapers' are clear indices of hide working. Here, such formed unifaces are argued to have also functioned frequently and effectively for an important step in fish cleaning and processing. Composite knives made during the Nesikep Tradition (ca. 7,000 to 4,500 BP) may have been an important inclusion in most personal tool kits, and would have been designed to deal with a broad range of tasks, making them invaluable for groups practicing unanticipated opportunistic and immediate food consumption, and fairly high group mobility. Use during the much later Kamloops horizon (ca. 1,200 to 200 BP) likely reflects processing large numbers of salmon in preparation for both immediate and delayed (stored) consumption. The functional efficiency of a replicated Lehman Phase composite knife was subjectively assessed by experimentally cleaning/dressing several sockeye salmon. Recommendations for future research directions relating to composite knives are offered, as is a provisional general outline of appropriate methodological strategies to investigate these tools in greater depth.'

The Oregon Jack Creek Site (EdRi–6): a Lehman Phase Site in the Thompson River Valley, British Columbia - Mike K. Rousseau; Thomas Richards (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)
Archaeological excavations in Area 1 of the Oregon Jack Creek site (EdRi-6) in the Thompson River Valley of British Columbia have revealed a single prehistoric occupation associated with a radiocarbon age determination on elk bone collagen of 4850 ± 100 B.P. (Beta 11453). The occupation is a component of the recently defined Lehman phase, a middle prehistoric cultural manifestation that is presently estimated to date between ca. 6000 and 4500/4000 B.P. Artifacts, features and faunal remains from Area 1 indicate that at least three elk (Cervus elaphus) were butchered and processed. Other inferred activities include: multidirectional and bipolar core reduction and flake blank preparation; manufacture of bifacial projectile points and knives; production and use of unformed unifaces; freshwater mussel consumption; and construction and use of a small pit feature which may have been used for boiling food.

Settlement Patterns of the Beothuk Indians: a View from Away - Peter Rowley-Conwy (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)
Zooarchaeological and ethnohistorical evidence for Beothuk settlement patterns is discussed under three periods. For the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the evidence supports the current model of occupation of the coast in summer and in the interior in winter. In the terminal period this pattern appears to continue, contrary to earlier suggestions. In the early historic and late prehistoric period the pattern may have been substantially different, and it is suggested that European settlement may have caused the change.

"An Appearance of Strength": The Fortifications of Louisbourg - Reg Roy (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)

Geoarchaeological Contributions to SCAPE Research in the Glacial Lake Hind Basin, Southwestern Manitoba - Garry Running IV; Karen Havholm; Matthew Boyd; Dion Wiseman (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
The purpose of this paper is to present a chronology of geoarchaeological contributions to SCAPE investigations conducted within the glacial Lake Hind Basin located in southwestern Manitoba. Initial investigations focused on determining the age of parabolic dunes that dominate the modern Makotchi-Ded-Dontipi dune field landscape. Results of this phase of the investigation demonstrated that these dunes are late-Holocene and that the spatial pattern of archaeological sites within this dune field is indicative of a purposeful settlement pattern. Results of subsequent research produced a basin-wide model for local water table fluctuation-eolian landscape response linked to regional-scale paleoenvironmental change; determined that all dune fields within the basin are late-Holocene; and demonstrated that these ecologically complex dune field landscapes dependably provided water and a variety resources that made them attractive to past human groups. Future research will focus on identifying the degree to which these landscapes are the result of human activity.

A Practical Guide to Planning and Conducting an Interdisciplinary Archaeological Research Project: Lessons Learned from SCAPE - Garry L. Running IV; B.A. Nicholson; Matthew Boyd; Dion Wiseman; Sylvia Nicholson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
The purpose of this paper is to share some practical tips and lessons learned during the course of SCAPE (Study of Cultural Adaptations within the Prairies Ecozone) with researchers interested in organizing or participating in a large-scale interdisciplinary archaeological project. Archaeologists, Earth scientists, and paleoecologists were involved in SCAPE from its inception. Interdisciplinary communication proved a key element to success of the project. Even when participating researchers come from home disciplines considered to be "inherently interdisciplinary" developing such communication was not a simple matter. Many beneficial mechanisms were developed for fostering such communication. Meeting together frequently, attending conferences as a group, and living and working together in the field proved particularly helpful. Unifying systems were developed for: collecting spatial data, archiving and cataloguing disparate data-sets in a GIS, sharing these data amongst participating researchers during the project, and managing analyses of all data collected in the field.

Reconsidering the Middlesex Burial Phase in the Maine-Maritimes Region - Douglas E. Rutherford (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)
The Middlesex Phase is examined, considering the possible reasons for its appearance in the Maine-Maritimes region. The evidence for diffusion and migration are compared, suggesting the former as a more likely source. Comparison is drawn between Middlesex and the preceding burial tradition in the region. Lastly, the use of the term 'Middlesex' is questioned.

Neither Seen Nor Heard: Looking for Children in Northwest Coast Archaeology - April Ruttle (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)
Children were a significant part of all past populations, yet they are often overlooked in archaeological inquiry. The reasons for this absence involve both conceptual and practical obstacles: the transposition of present-day, Euro-American understandings of the child as dependent and incapable, and the difficulty of identifying clear archaeological signatures associated with children—particularly in prehistoric contexts. In this paper, I focus on the archaeology of the Northwest Coast region, finding only limited ethnographic accounts of children, and virtually no mention of them in the archaeological literature. After discussing the factors that contribute to the invisibility of children in archaeological interpretation in general, I argue that there is no justification for assuming children in the ancient Northwest Coast were non-productive. I present archaeological and ethnoarchaeological research—from the Northwest Coast and other regions—that may point the way for future analyses of child life in the ancient Northwest Coast. In particular, foraging models and faunal analysis can be used to reflect the distinctive subsistence strategies of children.

A Possible Thule Carving of aViking from Baffin Island, N.W.T. - Deborah Sabo; George Sabo III (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)
A wooden figurine recovered during archaeological excavations on the south coast of Baffin Island in 1977, was probably made by a prehistoric Thule culture Eskimo in the 13th century A.D., and is thought to be a depiction of a Viking man from Greenland. The clothing style shown on the figurine compares well with front-slit or gored tunics and yoked hoods of the l1th through 13th centuries. The carving also wears a cross on the chest. Reference to the Norse Sagas supports the contention that Viking Greenlanders landed on Baffin Island, which is probably the land mass referred to by them as 'Helluland'. Although this artifact suggests contact between Baffin Island Thule people and Vikings from Greenland, there is insufficient evidence to discuss the significance of such contact.

Discerning Regional Variation: The Terminal Archaic Period in the Quoddy Region of the Maritime Peninsula - David Sanger (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)
While the recognition of cultural regionalism in the Maritime Provinces is not new, the over-extension of Northeast-wide macro traditions may have resulted in a lack of focus. The Terminal Archaic (ca. 3800–3000 BP) in the Quoddy Region of New Brunswick and Maine may be a case in point. A consideration of the Susquehanna tradition in Maine indicates that it is not a useful integrative device for the Terminal Archaic of the Quoddy Region. Rather than affiliating with the late Susquehanna tradition, sites in the Quoddy Region affiliate more with the Saint John River. Geographical circumscription, in the form of bold sea coasts that inhibited east-west coastal communication, may be involved. Canoe travel up the St. Croix River and into the Saint John and Penobscot Rivers linked the Quoddy Region with interior, riverine-oriented populations. The end result was the development of a regionally distinct littoral zone adaptation.

Gilman Falls Site: Implications for the Early and Middle Archaic of the Maritime Peninsula - David Sanger (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)
Between 1985 and 1993 a great deal of new data on the Early and Middle Archaic of Maine has been published. The information has implications for the Maritime Peninsula region as a whole. One of the recently analyzed sites is the Gilman Falls site, located on the Stillwater River, Maine. Zone 3 at the site is a Middle Archaic quarry and workshop that features the extraction of local metamorphic bedrock and its manufacture into numerous rods and other artifacts. Unlike some other sites of comparable age, Gilman Falls Zone 3 has an artifact assemblage that permits better use of negative evidence and the recognition of artifact classes that might go unnoticed in smaller collections. The demise of the low population model for the Early and Middle Archaic, and the recognition of a distinctive lithic technology, requires a re-examination of existing Archaic culture types for the Maritime Peninsula region.

Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1982 - David Sanger (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Newfoundland and Labrador Prehistory - David Sanger (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1977)

People and Culture in Ice Age Americas: New Dimensions in Paleoamerican Archeology - Jolyane Saule (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2020)