An Historical and Archaeological View of the Molly Brant Property - Bazely, Susan M.; Earl Moorhead (1989)
During the summer of 1988 the field investigation component of the 'Kingston Archaeological Master Plan Study' was carried out. A survey along the upper portion of the Great Cataraqui River shoreline, just south of Belle Island, revealed evidence of the final abode of the Mohawk Matriarch, Molly Brant. A review of this initial assessment under the terms of the Kingston Archaeological Master Plan Study will be presented.

GIS at Khuzir Nuge XIV: The Use of GIS in Mortuary Archeology - Beames, Katherine (2001)
In October of 1998 the Baikal Archeological Project decided that the Khuzir-Nuge XIV site located on the west side of Lake Baikal in Siberia would benefit by being organized into a Geographic Information System (GIS). The purpose of this project was to bring together large amounts of tabular, spatial, pictorial and text data collected by a number of field workers in a format that was easily accessible for analysis and presentation. For Khuzir-Nuge XIV, ArcView was used because of its capabilities to link different data sets from the project. The application also represented the data visually, quickly and easily. Using the GIS will allow project researchers to undertake faster and more accurate analysis of features within the site. It will also provide an immediate visual aide, which would not be possible without the data organization provided by this approach.

New Initiative in Federal Shipwreck Legislation - Beasley, Thomas B (1989)
After several years of lobbying efforts by underwater archaeological groups throughout Canada, the Department of Communications has recently embarked upon a review of Federal Shipwreck Legislation. In particular, Part X of the Canada Shipping Act may be significantly revised. The new underwater archaeological legislation should be heritage based, providing an enforcement mechanism to protect and possibly enhance Canada's rich but fragile maritime heritage lying under water. British, American and Australian shipwreck legislation will provide models for this new federal initiative. Such heritage based legislation should protect for future generations our cultural resources lying underwater while enhancing our ability to learn about our past, and providing new recreational opportunities. This initiative is an exciting development for the diving, heritage and archaeological communities.

The Kwäday Dän Ts'ínchi Discovery from a Glacier in British Columbia - Owen Beattie; Brian Apland; Erik W. Blake; James A. Cosgrove; Sarah Gaunt; Sheila Greer; Alexander P. Mackie; Kjerstin E. Mackie; Dan Straathof; Valerie Thorp; Peter M. Troffe (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2000)
Glaciers and icefields in Northern North America have been exhibiting progressive retreat over the past several decades. One by-product of this phenomenon is the exposing of evidence for past human use of high altitude areas hidden by ice cover until recent years. The discovery in August, 1999, of well preserved remains of a young man, who perished over 550 years ago on an icefield in Northwestern British Columbia, is presented in this paper, along with initial descriptions and discussions of dating, the artifacts, human biology, and the procedures for stabilization and preservation. The paper also provides an outline of the variety of integrated research studies now underway relating to the goal of understanding who this person was, and the events immediately preceding and following his death.

The Native Peoples of Canada: An Annotated Bibliography of Population Biology, Health and Illness - Owen Beattie (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

Found! Human Remains – A Field Manual for the Recovery of the Recent Human Skeleton - Owen Beattie (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)

Patterns of cranial deformation on the prehistoric south coast of British Columbia - Beattie, O. (1981)
An analysis of 115 human skeletons from prehistoric sites located in the Gulf of Georgia region of British Columbia suggests the introduction of cranial deformation at around 2000 B.C. After this date., the patterns and extent of deformation change from a probable non-intentional form resulting from cradle board use to forms that are intentionally produced and possibly cosmetic in nature, By very recent prehistoric periods, cranial deformation is seen to be a universal feature among the inhabitants of Georgia Strait.

La recherche archéologique : outil de gestion ou moyen de destruction? - Beaudet, Pierre; Monique élie (1993)
La pratique de la fouille archéologique sans la justification d'une menace imminente - et fort sérieuse - est souvent considérée comme étant une activité destructrice. Cependant, la fouille alliée aux autres outils de gestion des ressources culturelles constitue peut-être le moyen privilégié pour assurer la meilleure conservation possible de documents irremplaçables et le plus souvent sans défense. Cette communication est l'occasion de s'interroger sur la validité d'une approche trop souvent réactive tant en ce qui a trait à la conservation des ressources qu'à la connaissance du passé.

Of Mud and Men: History of the Fletcher Site (DjOw-1), Southern Alberta - BEAUDOIN, Alwynne (2001)
Situated in the most arid region of the Canadian prairies, water has always played an important role at the Fletcher Site (DjOw-1). Water, the digging of a dugout, was involved in the site's recognition, and water, in the form of a lake and its associated resources, probably attracted Paleoindians to the locale around 9000 years ago. Indeed, waterlogged conditions at depth have preserved a fine record of plant and other macroremains from the early Holocene. The record supports a view of early Holocene water availability on the plains that forms a strong contrast with today. Since Forbis and his team worked there almost forty years ago, Fletcher has remained one of the most important Paleoindian sites in western Canada and it continues to contribute to our understanding of human occupation on the prairies.

Flag Fen: Prehistoric Fenland Centre - Alwynne B. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture - Matthew A. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Macroremains from the Fletcher Site (DjOw-1), Southern Alberta, and Implications for Early Postglacial Landscapes on the Canadian Plains - BEAUDOIN, Alwynne (1998)
Fine fraction analysis of matrix samples from Cody-complex levels of the Fletcher site (DjOw-1) has yielded abundant macroremains including seeds, plant fragments, mollusc shells, bird's egg-shell, insects, ostracodes, and faunal remains, dated around 9,300 yr. BP. Identified seeds include those from aquatic (Potamogeton, Zannichellia palustris) and wetland (Scirpus) taxa that suggest the presence of permanent, if somewhat brackish, water. At present, the area has few sources of permanent water on upland surfaces, especially in mid-summer. Other identified macroremains include Scirpus validus/autus, Ranunculus sceleratus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Hippuris vulgaris, Boraginaceae, Chenopodium spp., Graminae, Polygonum, Cyperaceae undiff., Typha latifolia seeds, and Rumex periaths. Molluscs include the aquatic taxa: Gyrsaulus spp., Promenetus exacuous, Armiger crista, Lymnaeidae, Physa, Pisidium, and Helisoma. The assemblage also includes a few specimens from land snails (Vallonia, Succinea, and Vertigo). Above the Cody-complex levels, there is a transition to clastic (windblown?) sediment which is essentially sterile. This sediment infilled the wetland hollow. The Fletcher site record is one of a series of new palaeoenvironmental records that also includes the Jenner and Weber Dugouts (constructed for cattle watering) in Southeastern Alberta. These sites have yielded wood, including aspen, dated between 10,150 and 9,800 yr. BP. Together, these three records are providing a more complete picture of early postglacial landscapes (ca. 11,000-9,000 yr. BP) in southern Alberta and indicate considerable differences from present landscapes. In particular, they suggest that early postglacial landscapes were well-watered, despite indications of climatic aridity from elsewhere. Water may have been derived from melting residual ice and permafrost contributions to groundwater. The Fletcher site shows that there may have been more (fresher) water sources on the Canadian Plains in the early postglacial than at any time since. Perennial water and productive wetlands may have been attractive for human occupants, especially in summer. This suggests that Paleoindian occupation patterns and land-use on the Canadian Plains may be quite different to those of later occupants.

Mapping the Past: A Database of Pollen Records for the Northern Plains - Alwynne B. Beaudoin (2001)
One component of SCAPE highlights Holocene landscapes and vegetation from the northern plains. Pollen records yield information about past vegetation and, by inference, climate and resources. As of January 8 2001, 149 palaeoenvironmental records have been identified from the SCAPE study area. Of these records, 102 deal with pollen; others focus on diatoms, ostracodes, geochemistry, pigments, or plant macroremains. Comparison of the pollen records has to take into account species-dependent response to environmental changes, variable plant migration rates, and local factors (e.g., substrate type) affecting plant distributions. Variable chronologic control is also an important consideration in extracting time-stratified patterns from these data. However, this database will be useful for generating regional pictures of landscape change, and recontructing vegetation at the five Holocene time-slices that are the principal focus of SCAPE.

The Fisher Site: Archaeological, Geological and Paleobotanical Studies at an Early Paleo-Indian Site in Southern Ontario, Canada - Alwynne B. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

The Landscape Context for Early Postglacial Paleoindian Occupation on the Northern Plains - BEAUDOIN, Alwynne; Catherine YANSA; Robert E. VANCE (1998)
Recently, palaeoenvironmental records, including new plant macrofossil evidence, from the Northern Plains (Alberta and Saskatchewan) have yielded information on the early postglacial landscapes (ca. 11,000-9,000 yr. BP) occupied by Paleoindians. Although coverage is patchy, the records suggest general patterns of vegetation and landscape development that provide the basis for a testable model. Specifically: 1) a recently-completed plant macrofossil record from the Andrews site, southern Saskatchewan, contains white spruce cones and needles at a level radiocarbon-dated from sprucewood to 10,200 yr. BP, 2) in Southeastern Alberta, the Jenner and Webb sites have yielded wood, including aspen, dated between 10,150 and 9,800 yr. BP, 3) in south central Alberta, the Fletcher site (DjOw-1), has produced seeds from wetland and aquatic plants dated around 9,300 yr. BP. Already-published pollen records from northern Montana show predominantly open, probably arid, landscapes between 12,000-10,000 yr. BP. Based on these observations, we propose the following scenario for a transect moving away from the Laurentide ice margin, extending from southern Saskatchewan, through southern Alberta to northern Montana, around 11,000-9,000 yr. BP: a) abundant residual ice and proglacial lakes, b) a belt of open spruce forest in newly deglaciated terrain beyond the ice margin, c) hummocky terrain with abundant kettles and melting ice,supporting perennial wetlands, surrounded by aspen, d) perennial wetlands probably surrounded by open grasslands, perhaps with some aspen in particularly sheltered or moist locations, e) grassland changing to open parkland terrain in the foothills. This transect roughly follows a trend of moisture-availability. Around 10,000-9,000 yr. BP, several records show a transition to clastic (windblown?) sediment that infilled wetland hollows. By this time, any residual buried ice and permafrost had melted. Further drying and sediment redistribution occurred during the Hypsithermal. Subsequent moisture increases, associated with cooler Late Holocene conditions were insufficient to produce permanent water bodies in these locales. This model suggests that there may have been more water sources on the Plains in the early Holocene than at any time since. Despite indications of climatic aridity, the Plains landscapes were probably well watered. Perennial water may have made these productive areas and attractive for human occupants, especially in summer. This model has implications for Paleoindian lifeways and occupation patterns in the Northern Plains.

Formule statistique multidimensionnelle pour définir les ensembles de végétation dans la zone à l'étude du pr - BEAUDOIN, Alwynne; Timothy Panas (2003)

American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Beringia - Alwynne B. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Sod House Structure Architecture of the 19th Century Labrador Métis - Matthew Beaudoin (2008)
The use of sods in house structure construction was common throughout the Labrador coast since the Labrador Inuit first entered the region. Since sod house structures are well suited for this environment, they were quickly adapted and used by a wide variety of different cultures and groups throughout Labrador. The use of sod structures by Inuit, seasonal fishers and permanent European settlers has littered the coast with sod house remains. This paper will discuss how the architecture of a recently excavated 19th century Labrador Métis sod house structure compares and contrasts to those of the other cultural groups in the region. Differences in the architectural features, house layout and methods of construction are apparent, and outlining these differences is the preliminary step in creating an archaeological definition of the Labrador Métis that could be used to help determine cultural affiliation of sod house structures on the Labrador Coast.

The Archaeology of Consumer Culture - Matthew A. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)

A Compendium and Evaluation of Postglacial Pollen Records in Alberta - Alwynne B. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

Challenging Colonial Narratives: Nineteenth-Century Great Lakes Archaeology - Jeff Seibert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

Archaeomalacology: Molluscs in Former Environments of Human Behaviour - Alwynne B. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Across a Great Divide: Continuity and Change in Native North American Societies, 1400–1900 - Matthew A. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

The Palynology of Archaeological Sites - Alwynne B. Beaudoin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)

Dissecting a signal for the Little Ice Age from environmental and historical data from central Saskatchewan. - Beaudoin, A. B.; D. Meyer; J. D. Gillespie; D. Russell (2004)
We are currently investigating whether the Little Ice Age (LIA) had a significant impact on landscapes of central Saskatchewan. Cooler temperatures and higher precipitation may have affected the composition and extent of vegetation types and the frequency and intensity of landscape-level processes, such as fire. By extension, changes in the characteristics of the landscape may have influenced the subsistence strategies of people living in these regions. Climate signals are available from proxy palaeoenvironmental indicators, phenological indicators, and documentary sources, especially Hudson's Bay Company journals, for the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, the interval that encompasses the height of the Little Ice Age. Most palaeoenvironmental records rarely yield data on the temporal scale (at least sub-decadal) relevant to human activities. In contrast, documentary sources yield a plethora of observational information related to climate, such as timing of break-up and freeze-up on major waterways. With judicious interpretation, these data can be compared to modern data for the same events. The comparison and integration of data from such different sources highlights interesting perceptual and interpretational issues.

Attributing Cultural Affiliation to Sod Structures in Labrador: A Labrador Métis Example from North River - Matthew A. Beaudoin; Richard L. Josephs; Lisa K. Rankin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)
The Labrador landscape is littered with the remnants of sod structures that cannot be readily associated with a specific ethnic group because of the rapid adoption of this type of dwelling by Labrador Inuit, Europeans, and culturally-mixed families. Sod structures occupied by culturally-mixed families of Labrador Inuit and Europeans, which are today known as Labrador Métis, have not been studied in detail. This paper outlines the excavation and analysis of one such structure: site FkBg–24, a nineteenth-century Labrador Métis sod structure. The results were compared with contemporaneous Labrador Inuit and European sites in order to assess distinguishing features of Labrador Métis families and to formulate an initial archaeological definition that can be used to identify Labrador Métis sod structures.

How can we find evidence of people in postglacial palaeoenvironmental records from Alberta? - BEAUDOIN, Alwynne (1998)
There are well over 100 palaeoenvironmental records from Alberta, spanning the range of the postglacial. Yet, of all the factors that are used to account for vegetation changes in these records, human agency is rarely invoked. Underlying much of the analysis is an implicit assumption that the contemporary landscape is 'natural' and the product of natural processes. Consciously or not, people are considered to be outside these natural processes. Human agency is only used as an explanation for vegetation changes in the Late Holocene, following EuroCanadian settlement. Perhaps this mirrors another implicit assumption, that only settlement and agriculture, with concomitant land clearance, can leave a signal in the vegetation record. Records will need to be sampled at much higher resolution than hitherto to detect the more subtle changes in vegetation likely to arise from the activity of hunter-gatherers. Fire history appears one of the most promising lines of investigation. Indeed there is considerable urgency in disentangling anthropogenic and climatic signals in the fire records from the perspective of land-managers concerned with reinstating 'natural' fire regimes in areas such as National Parks. There has also been remarkably little palaeoethnobotanical research in Alberta, although work at Saskatoon Mountain shows that there is great potential in favourable preservation locales. Perhaps this arises from palaeoethnobotanists' concentration on cultigens, which are unlikely to be present in Alberta. The challenge for both these disciplines will be to devise criteria for the recognition of plant use and vegetation modification by people where exotics are not present as an indicator of human presence.

Pedological research and its application to Boreal Forest archaeology Pedological research has much to offer in the evaluation of toil disturbances in - Beaudry, M. (1981)

The Archaeology of Colonialism: Intimate Encounters and Sexual Effects - Kiara Beaulieu (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)

An Archaeology of Asian Transnationalism - Kiara Beaulieu (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Archaeology in the Making: Conversations through a Discipline - Kiara Beaulieu (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

The Archaeology of Measurement: Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies - Kiara Beaulieu (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)

Comment les documents lient l'histoire à l'archéologie : l'exemple de Red Bay - Beauvais, Suzanne (1993)
Ce propos a pour but d'illustrer un autre exemple de la complémentarité de l'histoire à l'archéologie. Cette complémentarité s'est reflétée dans l'étude de documents notariés biscaïens du 16e siécle pour le projet du baleinier de Red Bay. La documentation provient de différents fonds d'archives de la province basque de Gipuzkoa en Espagne. à cette époque, la renommée des constructeurs de bateaux de la côte biscaïenne n'était pas à faire. Toutefois, jusqu'à récemment, aucune étude approfondie de leurs méthodes de construction n'avait été entreprise. Les fouilles menées à Red Bay donneront essor à plusieurs sujets de recherche dont celui-ci. Voici les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de la construction navale. Un examen minutieux de chacun des documents par sujet nous permit de réunir des détails trés intéressants sur la traite du bois, le gréement, l'architecture et la construction navale. Ces précisions nous donnérent une meilleure compréhension du rôle des divers acteurs impliqués dans cette industrie. Elles nous donnérent aussi une compréhension améliorée de la provenance et des lieux de transformation des matiéres premiéres, des modes de transport, des divers métiers impliqués, des lieux de construction, etc. En ce qui a trait à l'archéologie, l'étude de ces documents nous éclaira sur la méthode de construction des bateaux par le biais de l'étude des métiers, les outils employés, les noms des diverses piéces de bois, des éléments du gréement, leur fonction et localisation, données importantes pour permettre la reconstitution fidéle de l'épave. Ceci n'est qu'un échantillon des possibilités offertes par l'étude de ces documents. En effet, ces derniers regorgent d'informations de toutes sortes. Pour terminer, notre exposé vous en dévoilera les principaux thémes.

The Archaeology of Kinship: Advancing Interpretation and Contributions to Theory - Susan J. Beckwith (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2015)

The Archaeological Process in British Columbia: Help or Hindrance to First Nations? - BEDARD, Beth (1998)
In the last decade, Native communities have expressed dissatisfaction with the handling of native cultural heritage and archaeology in BC. In response, the Archaeology Branch, university researchers and consultants have taken steps to accommodate these concerns. This paper will examine some of the concerns as well as the measures taken by archaeologists and assess whether they align with native needs and perceptions. Based on this examination, some predictions for professional archaeology and First Nations are made.

A Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris L.) of Probable Pleistocene Age from Old Crow, Yukon Territory, Canada - B.F. Beebe (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)
A complete right dentary of a domestic dog, Canis familiaris L., recovered from Old Crow Basin, Yukon Territory, Canada, may represent one of the earliest known domestic dogs. The oldest known dog remains have been dated to approximately 12,000 BP. Although the Old Crow specimen has not been radiocarbon-dated, it is inferred to be Pleistocene in age on the basis of its stratigraphic position and staining.

La région Mezcala-Balsas et son intégration à la Mésoamérique préhispanique - Bélanger, Christian (1993)
Dans le cadre de cette présentation, nous aborderons l'histoire préhispanique de la région Mezeala-Balsas au Guerrero du point de vue particuliérement de sa position périphérique par rapport aux principaux centres de développement et de pouvoir en Mésoamérique et notamment à la région voisine des hauts-plateaux du Mexique central. à partir des données archéologiques et ethnohistoriques issues de recherches menées en la région Mezeala-Balsas, nous tenterons de cerner les caractéristiques internes et le développement de cette région et d'évaluer la nature des mécanismes qui ont permis le maintien à long terme de son intégrité culturelle tout en favorisant sa participation et son intégration à la Mésoamérique préhispanique. Notre propos se veut une réflexion théorique quant au caractére profondément mésoaméricain de ces sociétés périphériques du Guerrero préhispanique et de la nécessité d'une meilleure compréhension de ces processus régionaux d'adaptation dont la diversité et l'articulation fondent le concept de Mésoarnérique.

The Bradley Cemetery: A Moorehead Burial Tradition Site in Maine - William R. Belcher; David Sanger; Bruce J. Bourque (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)
The Bradley Cemetery was a large Late Archaic, Moorehead Burial tradition site in Bradley, Maine. The site has a long history of amateur digging and collecting as well as limited professional investigations. A radiocarbon sample on birch bark directly associated with an artifact excavated in 1969 has provided a new date of 4,580±120 years BP on this type of cemetery. The artifacts are similar to other cemeteries of this type; however, there is generally a lack of ground slate material.

Taphonomic Processes and Reconstruction of Maritime Behavior: A Case Study from the Roque Island Archipelago, Maine (USA). - William R. Belcher (2004)
A large sample of faunal remains from a shell midden on Great Spruce Island in the Roque Island Archipelago along the Downeast Coast of Maine (USA) has allowed several avenues of study to be implemented. This faunal assemblage represents a unique collection of terrestrial and marine species ranging from large sea mammals (unidentified whale) to large ungulates to small fish remains. This collection offers a unique opportunity to examine a seasonal occupation of an insular environment by the First Peoples of northern New England during the Ceramic (Woodland) period of 3,000 to roughly 1,000 years B.P. However, although a reconstruction of the maritime adaptation will be attempted, several distinct taphonomic issues are present within this assemblage. The sample consists of bulk unit gross-screened samples as well as fine-screened samples. Each of these yields different results as small bones, such as fish vertebrae of tom cod (Microgadus tomcod) tend to be under-represented in the bulk samples. Taphonomic processes include carnivore activity, excavation strategies, inherent preservation issues related to the bone density and varying soil pH throughout the midden. Shell middens in northern New England are not uniform deposits of shell and several lenses and strata on low or non-shell are present that create a significantly different preservational environment.

Stratigraphic Considerations of Housepit Construction Along The Maine Coast - William R. Belcher (1989)
Housepit remains are common in the Maine-Maritime region. Many have been recognized along the coastal zone of Maine and New Brunswick. Housepits present problems in the qualitative interpretation of stratigraphy. Aboriginal digging activities disturb, destroy and reorganize pre-existing strata. By digging into subsoil, no pre-existing strata would be damaged; however, subsoil could be re-deposited over other strata. Excavation of a pit into pre-existing shell midden or a pre-existing housepit disturbs cultural strata and their associated artifacts. To conceptualize digging activities, the term 'Building Episode' is used. Building Episodes consist of cultural and natural events leading to the development of archaeological remains referred to as housepits. Examples of building episodes and their implications for shell midden deposition are drawn from the Knox site, East Penobscot Bay.

Contexte environnemental et impacts environnementaux sur l'occupation préhistorique de Port au Choix, côte nord-ouest de Terre-Neuv - Trevor Bell; Joyce Macpherson; Renouf, M.A.P. (2003)

An Empirical Study of Probability Sampling Design - David R. Bellhouse; William D. Finlayson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
This paper presents preliminary results of an empirical study of probability sampling designs based on the study of seven attributes of collared rimsherds from six totally or almost totally excavated middens investigated during the 1975 rescue excavations at the Draper site. The results of this study suggest that the current practice of arbitrary selections of sampling designs and sampling fractions are inappropriate and recommendations for a more appropriate method of selecting sampling designs and fraction are presented.

A Re-Analysis of the Late Side-Notched Projectile Point typology for the Northeastern Plains - Belsham, Leanne; Andrea Richards (2004)
Since the inception of the Late Side-notched projectile point system in the 1960's by R.S. MacNeish, R. Forbis, and T. Kehoe, researchers have applied this typology to projectile points recovered from sites on the Northern Plains. These types have been used as relative temporal markers for different cultures on the Northern Plains. J. Ives and T. Peck re-evaluated the Late Side-notched projectile point system in the mid 1990's using sites from the Northwestern Plains. The result of this research was the development of two distinct point classes called Cayley series and Mortlach group. These classes represent temporal and geographic distribution of cultures residing on the Northwestern Plains. The traditional model for the Late Side-notched points and this new classification does not encompass projectile points from Blackduck sites on the Northeastern Plains. This presentation offers an analysis of side notched projectile points from selected Northeastern Plains sites including Brockinton, Stott and Hokanson. This evaluation serves to support the notion offered by Peck and Ives that some side notched points do not correspond with the existing typology particularly regarding the stylistic differences of points from Blackduck sites. Late Side-notched projectile point classification needs to be re-evaluated as a temporal and geographic marker for Late Precontact cultures occupying the Northern Plains region.

Macroscopic and attribute analysis of the lithic assemblage for the Jackson Site (DiMe-17) - Belsham, Leanne (2001)
A number of techniques used to study stone, have been applied to the lithic assemblage the Jackson Site, a Vickers occupation dated circa 330±60 B.P. An analysis using macroscopic properties and attributes for each tool and debitage class has been completed to determine tool and flake types and manufacturing techniques. Individual flake analysis, the examination of rock types, both local and exotic material use, and the use of heat treatment were employed in the research. Previous researchers have used the application of ultraviolet light to differentiate between Knife River flint and chalcedony and this technique has been evaluated. The results from the flake and tool analysis have been applied to a spatial study of the kill, midden, and habitation zones, of this kill/processing site in the Lauder Sandhills. By using lithic analysis, secondary utilization of the site is evident. Preliminary results are discussed in this presentation.

Proton magnetometer results from the early Jomon Yagi site, Hokkaido - Bennett, C. (1981)
A proton magnetometer survey of Yagi, a large early Jomon community of southwestern Hokkaido, was carried out by an international crew during the 1978 and 1979 field seasons. The survey, as part of the archaeological research at the Yagi site, was an attempt to identify distinct features and their areal variations in order to guide subsequent excavation. Extrapoloation from the correlations of the excavation results and their magnetic anomalies to areas not tested by excavation permits suggestions about the distribution of subsurface features and cultural debris within the Yagi site. This paper presents the theory of magnetic survey as applied in this situation together with the results of the survey at Yagi and an interpretation of the Yagi magnetometer data.

The Evolution of Archaeology in British Columbia: an Industrial User's Perspective - Bennett, Brad (2001)
Archaeology and the forest industry in BC were rapidly forced together by legislation in the mid 90's. The Forest Practices Code requires forest companies to search out and secure the services of archaeologists to ensure operations (harvesting and silviculture) are carried out in a manner that will avoid damage or uncontrolled alteration of cultural sites. Methodologies, standard practices, relations with local First Nations, and corresponding costs have varied substantially from project to project and from Archaeologist to Archaeologist. To meet legislative requirements, forest companies have been forced to accept these variations in order to continue to service the timber requirements of the various facilities. Legislative accreditation ensures membership standards (academic and practical experience) code of conduct, client responsibility, and appropriate discipline procedures. The end result would be a more cost-effective and professional service that would meet the needs of the client and local First Nations groups, and would protect important cultural resources.

The Smuland Creek Site (GdQn-1) and Implications for Palaeoindian Site Prospection in the Peace Region of Northwestern Alberta - Bereziuk, Darryl A.; Gordon M. Moore (2001)
CRM survey of a pipeline corridor stretching across uplands to the southeast of Grande Prairie resulted in the discovery of the Smuland Creek site. Preliminary testing yielded an artifact assemblage diagnostic of earliest prehistoric times in the Peace Region. The elevation of the site lies within the range of strandline features associated with the uppermost and earliest levels of Glacial Lake Peace (Bessborough Stage). Further survey in the immediate area resulted in the identification of an upland beach ridge that yielded additional prehistoric artifacts but no diagnostics. Previous archaeological research in the area has recognized potential associations between palaeoindian sites and younger phases of Glacial Lake Peace development (Clayhurst Stage). The new discoveries present evidence for earlier human presence in the region that may be associated with older, upland glacial lake features. The merits of this hypothesis are examined, and the implications for palaeoindian site prospection and predictive modeling in the region are discussed.

The Deer Mountain Locality: Evidence for Long Term Prehistoric Lithic Resource Extraction in the Swan Hills of North-Central Alberta - Bereziuk, D. A. (2005)
Cultural Resource Management (CRM) survey of proposed forest harvest developments in the Swan Hills has resulted in the discovery of the Deer Mountain Locality. Preliminary investigation has resulted in the discovery of 12 prehistoric sites centered upon Deer Mountain, a distinctive upland feature situated along the Grizzly Ridge escarpment. Both habitations as well as lithic procurement and reduction sites are represented. The recovered lithic assemblages are noteworthy for exhibiting high quality lithic raw materials that include abundant quartzites, some chert and a novel material type identified as 'Grizzly Ridge Silicified Wood'. The target geological source of the 'opalized' wood raw material has been tentatively identified along the nearby escarpment slopes. This local raw material comprises up to 90% of some lithic assemblages. Previous archaeological research conducted in north-central Alberta has tended to relegate the Swan Hills as a 'hinterland' area largely devoid of focused prehistoric human activity. The new discoveries present evidence for intensive prehistoric human habitation and lithic resource extraction within uppermost elevations of the Swan Hills. A description of the nature and context of prehistoric assemblages recovered from Deer Mountain and other nearby sites will be accompanied by an examination of pertinent geological factors that may have stimulated repeated human occupation of the area. Based upon these preliminary findings, an hypothesis is forwarded suggesting that this pattern of prehistoric human settlement was initiated during Early Prehistoric times, eventually leading to the establishment of local populations into wide-ranging prehistoric trade networks that extended as far as the Northern Plains

L'excavation et la conservation des matériaux gorgés d'eau: une symbiose parfois difficile, souvent compliquée et toujo - Bergeron, André (1989)
Of all the different types of conservation treatment, objects made of waterlogged materials constitute one of the most frustrating and difficult to treat, albeit the most gratifying when success is achieved. Using some samples of work done in the province of Québec, the author will try to outline the guiding factors well as the moral and ethical responsibilities behind the relationship between excavation and conservation, and the lack of liaison between the two disciplines.

Archéologie ET conservation, une mission impossible? - Bergeron, André (1993)
D'un point de vue strictement professionnel, la pratique de l'archéologie différe sensiblement de celle de la restauration. Ces deux disciplines présentent toutefois des analogies importantes, ainsi qu'un dénominateur commun: la culture matérielle mise au jour par l'archéologue. La perspective d'examen de l'archéologie et de la conservation-restauration n'est pas la même. Pourtant l'interaction qui peut en résulter est bénéfique sous plusieurs aspects, surtout lorsque l'on pense à la mise en valeur. Même si la situation s'est améliorée depuis 15 ans, il existe encore aujourd'hui beaucoup de problémes à solutionner et de nombreuses zones grises. Cette communication tentera d'effectuer un bilan de cette relation entre l'archéologie et la conservation, avec quelques suggestions pour l'approfondir et l'améliorer.

Basketry and Cordage from Hesquiat Harbour - Marianne Berkey (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Les Choix Alimentaires à Québec au XVIIIe Siècle : Étude Zooarchéologique d’un Assemblage Faunique Provenant des Latrines Ouest du Palais de l’Intendant (CeEt-30) vers 1722–1775 - Lauriane Bourgeon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)

L'archéologie en Colombie-Britannique( le statut des femmes - Kathryn Bernick; Sandra K. Zacharias (1993)
De récentes études réalisées en Europe, en Australie et aux états-Unis révélent que les femmes et les hommes s'intéressent de maniére différente à l'archéologie et que la définition du succés professionnel s'établit par rapport à l'homme. Cet article décrit, à partir de documents et d'expériences vécues, les différences dues au sexe dans les perspectives et les réalisations de l'archéologie en ColombieBritannique au cours du temps. Il présente les problémes engendrés par l'évaluation du statut, de la contribution et des résultats obtenus.

Wet-Site Investigations on the Northern Northwest Coast - Kathryn Bernick (2000)
Exploratory excavations in June 1999 added wooden fishing implements, fragments of a net, a ground slate point, and faunal remains to an assemblage of 5,000-year-old twined basketry that had been previously rescued from eroding intertidal deposits at a site in southeastern Alaska. The water-saturated deposits have also preserved remnants of a 2,000-year-old fish trap feature. Although the sample is too small to draw conclusions with confidence, stylistic characteristics and functional interpretations of the finds support reconstructions of intensive salmon fishing and cultural continuity in the Northern Tlingit area for the past five millennia.

The Status of Women in British Columbia Archaeology - Kathryn Bernick; Sandra K. Zacharias (1993)
Recent studies in Europe, Australia, and the United States show that women and men participate différently in archaeology and that the definition of professional success is androcentric. This paper documents gender-related differences in opportunities and achievements in British Columbia archaeology over time, using documentary sources and life experiences. Problems in measuring status, contribution, and achievement are addressed.

The Scowlitz Wet Site - Kathryn Bernick (1994)
Recent investigations of the waterlogged component at Scowlitz (DhR1-16W) in the Fraser valley of southwestern British Columbia, illustrate the socio-political complexities of the process of doing archaeology. Aboriginal administrators, individual band members, university educators, students, volunteers, wet-site archaeologists, conservators, and government managers see the project from different, intersecting perspectives. The concerned parties do not have the same goals for research, resource management, and public awareness. Thus, the methods as well as the results of the archaeological investigations reflect multiple, sometimes conflicting, lines of thinking. This paper attempts to mirror reality through simultaneous consideration of disparate viewpoints.

A Stitch In Time: Recovering The Antiquity Of A Coast Salish Basket Type - Kathryn Bernick (1998)
Basketry artifacts, which comprise some of the more culturally distinctive archaeological finds on the Northwest Coast, have been of little use in the Coast Salish area for tracking continuity into modern times. The introduction of coiled basketry very early in the post-contact era combined with a dearth of archaeological specimens from the past 1,500 years obscure the heuristic potential of basketry. New insight is provided by a waterlogged specimen made entirely in cross-stitch wrapping that was found at a site (DhRq 19) in the Fraser estuary. Dated to 900±100 BP, it is technologically analogous to baskets made with exotic materials (raffia) by Coast Salish basket-makers in Washington state.

Identifying Anthropogenic Deposits in Alluvial Settings - Kathryn Bernick (2006)
Environmental processes that shaped the landscape throughout antiquity and continue to do so today also affected the archaeological record. This is particularly apparent in alluvial settings. Excavations at the Scowlitz Wet Site (DhRl-16W) in the Fraser Valley illustrate that not all culture-bearing deposits represent in situ materials buried by accumulated sediments. A review of previous investigations at the Sunken Village site (35MU4) in the lower Columbia River region suggests that lack of attention to hydrological processes led to misinterpretation of cut-bank exposures and auger-test results. Addressing cultural questions with data from dynamic environments requires a research strategy that gives primacy to geoarchaeological reconstruction and determination of the stable landforms at the time of occupation.

Diagnostic Features of Marpole Baskets - Kathryn Bernick (1992)
Artifacts with numerous techno-stylistic attributes have great diagnostic potential, but recognizing the relevant features can pose a considerable challenge. Recent research in the Coast Salish area of the Northwest Coast identifies decorative patterns typical of patterns from the Marpole Phase (400 BC - AD 500). Zig-zag and chevron motifs are especially characteristic and often occur as part of rim construction and reinforcement wrappings. Replication of these attributes on a Marpole Phase stone bowl, as well as purely decorative imitation reinforcements, strengthen the conclusions indicated by inter-site comparisons.

Status of Women in British Columbia Archaeology - Kathryn Bernick; Sandra K. Zacharias (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)
Recent studies in Europe, Australia, and the United States show that women and men participate differently in archaeology and that the definition o f professional success is androcentric. This paper documents gender-related differences in opportunities and achievements in British Columbia archaeology through time. Problems in measuring status, contribution, and achievement are addressed.

WET SITES: REDISCOVERING FORGOTTEN FINDS AND FINDING OVERLOOKED DEPOSITS - Kathryn Bernick (1991)
Detailed background research provides essential direction for locating wet-site resources in the field, since they are seldom detectable by normal survey procedures. A search of field notes, unpublished manuscripts, artifact records and collections in selected repositories documented 28 wet-site components in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, where previously only eight were on record. The data indicate likely locations for additional water-saturated archaeological deposits in this region, including former sloughs and creek beds up to 2.5m below present-day alluvial surfaces, and modern intertidal river beaches in front of terrestrial habitation sites.

L'héritage du Corossol, Vaisseau du Roi - Bernier, Marc-André (1993)
Il y a trois cents ans, en novembre 1693, une violente tempête frappait une flotte de sept navires partie de Québec pour la France. Les navires, sous le commandement de Le Moyne d'Iberville, furent dispersés et le Corossol, l'un des six Vaisseaux du Roi à tenter la traversée, fit naufrage au « lieu appelé les Sept-îles dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent ». Seuls quelques matelots survécurent au désastre. En octobre 1990, des plongeurs amateurs remontérent à la surface des canons retrouvés à l'entrée du port de Sept-îles. Une intervention rapide des autorités permit de monter une prospection archéologique avant que le site ne soit davantage perturbé. Aucun vestige de la coque ne fut retrouvé et il semble que le navire ait été en grande partie détruit. Toutefois, les objets retrouvés tendent à confirmer que cette épave soit bien celle du Corossol. Ce site présente un cas intéressant de problémes qui ont trait à la préservation du patrimoine submergé et des dilemmes qui découlent de leur gestion.

Lake Baikal Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Evolutionary Theory - Bettinger, Robert L. (2001)
Behavioral or evolutionary ecology differs from the usual anthropological perspective in its focus on individuals rather than cultures. The motives, goals, and strategies of individuals are amenable to direct observation and analysis. It is unclear, by contrast, whether any culture as a whole has definable motives, goals, and strategies at all. In the Lake Baikal region of Siberia, we have access to a unique data set of discrete individuals from numerous mortuary sites. The ability to acquire detailed information about the life history of these individuals, in combination with the environmental and ecological history of the region, provides us with an archaeological opportunity to apply this perspective in unparalleled detail.

Subsistence and Culture in the Western Canadian Arctic: A Multicontextual Approach - Matthew W. Betts (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

The Pierce-Embree Site: A Palaeoindian Findspot from Southwestern Nova Scotia - Matthew Betts; M. Gabriel Hrynick; Alexandre Pelletier- Michaud (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)
The Pierce-Embree site is a recently discovered Palaeoindian findspot from southwestern Nova Scotia. Located on the Sable River Estuary, it is a formerly inland location which is now on the shore of a long inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. The site where the artifacts were deposited is now apparently destroyed because of sea-level rise and associated inundation/erosion. The fluted point and the spall-scraper recovered from the site are stylistically similar to artifacts dating to the Early and Middle Palaeoindian periods (12,900–11,600 cal BP). This discover y highlights the alarming impact of erosion on the archaeological record of Nova Scotia’s South Shore, and underlines the importance of community engagement and outreach when conducting survey projects.

évolution des économies de subsistance inuites dans le delta du Mackenzie, Territoires du Nord-Ouest - Matthew Betts; T. Max Friesen (2003)

AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Ontario Cultural Materials - Beukens, R.P.; L. A. Pavlish; Farquhar, R. M. (1993)
The opportunity of using small samples sizes and a variety of material types has improved the research opportunities for those investigators employing radiocarbon analyses as an aspect of their investigative programmes. The solutions to problems of chemistry are still of utmost importance to the reliability of the dating results. The final dendro-corrected result must also be seen in perspective as a probability statement. These issues are discussed within the framework of ISOTRACE results on a suite of samples from Ontario spanning the time range 7000 B.P. to A.D. 1650 and will examine radiocarbon results from the sites of Renshaw, Ball, Warminster, Ossossane, Mienburg, Kirch, Benson and others.

An Evaluation of Radiocarbon Analysis of Organic Tempering Agents in Ceramics - BEUKENS, Roelf (2000)
With the advent of the AMS approach to Radiocarbon dating in which individual atoms are counted, a great many more items became dating candidates as only milligram size samples were required. The Radiocarbon analysis of ceramic materials was high on this list and the success of the analysis of charred food remains in pottery is well documented. However, the analysis of organic tempering agents in ceramic materials has been plagued by many difficulties which are not immediately apparent to the analyst. This talk will discuss why these difficulties are intrinsic to the material, based on case histories of a variety of samples.

THE RADIOCARBON DATING OF SMALL UNCONVENTIONAL SAMPLES BY AMS - BEUKENS, Roelf (1996)
The advent of AMS Radiocarbon dating has made possible the analysis of small unconventional samples, such has cultigens, foraminifera and small gastropods, fibres etc. The success of these analyses is contingent upon knowledge of the organic constituents and their appropriate chemical processing. The lessons learned from the successes and particularly the failures will be discussed.

AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Archaeological Materials: Successes and Failures - Beukens, R.P. (1992)
The small sample size of AMS radiocarbon dating has changed fundamentally the preferred archaeological material requirements. In addition to the charcoal, wood and large bone samples, commonly used for conventional radiocarbon dating by beta-ray counting, a large number of different materials such as steel, ivory, silk, small bone fragments, antlers, narwhal tusks, seeds, pine and spruce needles, food remains, mud brick and walls, egg shells, paper and parchment, ropes, copper tools, etc., are now commonly dated. A decade of experience bas shown that a careful selection of these materials on the basis of their archaeological use or function as well as the careful chemical extraction and purification of the appropriate fractions has improved the accuracy and reliability of the dating results and has solved archaeological problems which could not be solved by conventional radiocarbon dating. These successes and some of the spectacular failures have created new insights into the suitability of some materials and the limitations imposed by sample contamination.

A Dorset surface habitation at DIA.73 (JfEl-30) - Bibeau, P. (1981)
This paper focuses on the analysis of a Dorset surface habitation on Diana Island, northwestern Ungava Bay. Analysis centres primarily on architectural remains and the lithic collection. These data are then compared with similar Dorset structures elsewhere.

Spatial Behaviour of Prehistoric Arctic Hunters: Analysis of the Site Distribution on Aston Bay, Somerset Island, N.W.T. - E. Bielawski (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1982)
Cultural and spatial analyses of prehistoric sites on Aston Bay suggest that behaviour was spatially patterned, and that the pattern changed through time. Early Arctic Small Tool tradition people were exploring adaptational possibilities, wintering on the coast and travelling inland during the summer. Dorset people, in contrast, used the coast as a stop on their journies between the sea ice and the interior. Thule people found the area relatively unsuitable for occupation. The relevance of the study for method and theory is discussed.

Spatial behaviour among prehistoric Arctic hunters - E. Bielawski (1981)
Four study hypotheses about spatial patterns in the archaeological site distribution on Aston Bay, Somerset Island, NWT are presented. These identify variables assumed to have affected site location choice made by early Arctic small tool tradition, Dorset Culture and Thule culture groups. The study indicates differences in spatial behaviour among the three prehistoric groups, adding to understanding of changing adaptation to the Arctic environment through time. The study also yields the conclusions that a regional approach coupled with systematic data collection and quantitative analysis reveals subtle variability in the Arctic archaeological record, and that anthropology provides the explanatory theory for interpretation of prehistoric spatial behaviour.

From Prehistoric Villages to Cities: Settlement Aggregation and Community Transformation - Gary Warrick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)

Archaeology, Society and Identity in Modern Japan - Jennifer Birch (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Rethinking the Archaeological Application of Iroquoian Kinship - Jennifer Birch (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)
Kinship is the primary idiom through which social and political relationships are constructed and maintained in Northern Iroquoian societies. As such, kinship terminology has often been invoked in explanations for organizational changes observed archaeologically. However, if overly generalized models of Iroquoian kinship are employed to explain the archaeological record we risk masking the variable and contingent nature of social relationships as they existed in practice. In this paper I will discuss the historical construction of Iroquoian kinship by cultural anthropologists and how archaeologists have applied the resulting models. I will also explore how the terms matrilineage and clan have been used to describe household and village organization and offer alternative suggestions for how kinship-based relationships might be more productively employed (and not employed) in archaeological interpretations.

Warfare in Cultural Context: Practice, Agency and the Archaeology of Violence - Jennifer Birch (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Rethinking the Archaeological Application of Iroquoian Kinship - Jennifer Birch (2008)
Kinship is the primary idiom through which social and political relationships are constructed and maintained in Northern Iroquoian societies. As such, it has often been invoked in explanations for organizational changes observed archaeologically. However, if overly generalized models of Iroquoian kinship are employed to explain the archaeological record we risk masking the variable and contingent nature of social relationships as they existed in practice. In this paper I discuss the historical construction of Iroquoian kinship by anthropologists and how archaeologists have applied the resulting models. I discuss how the terms matrilineage and clan have been used to describe household and village organization and offer alternative suggestions for how kinship-based relationships might be more productively employed (and not employed) in archaeological interpretations of Iroquoian society.

A Search for the Public Interest in the Cultural Resource Management Industry in Ontario - Jennifer Birch (2006)
The growth of consulting archaeology in Ontario over the past twenty-five years has resulted in a situation where professional practitioners now undertake hundreds of projects each year. New sites are revealed every day in the cities and neighbourhoods that we live in and the vast majority of these rediscoveries occur without receiving a ripple of acknowledgement in the community. This raises questions about accountability, and it has been suggested that archaeologists have an obligation to public education and outreach. The results of a recent survey undertaken among archaeological practitioners in Southern Ontario suggests that the current system of cultural resource management in this province is lacking in policies and practices that permit meaningful communication with the public.

Chronological Modeling and Insights on European- St. Lawrence Iroquoian Interaction from the Roebuck Site, Ontario - Jennifer Birch; Carley A. Crann; Jean-Luc Pilon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)
Advances in laboratory methods and chronological modeling have greatly refined the practice of radiocarbon dating, permitting more precise age-estimates for archaeological sites and materials than have been previously possible. This report presents new AMS dates on maize and bone collagen from a European-worked needle case from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian Roebuck site. Those dates are then re-presented within a series of Bayesian models to illustrate the benefits of chronological frameworks which include prior information. The results produce an estimate of Roebuck’s occupation as beginning cal A.D. 1474–1568 and ending cal A.D. 1524–1587 (2 sigma), placing the needle case in the very early protohistoric period.

The Lands Edge Also: Culture History and Seasonality at the Partridge Island Shell Midden - Jennifer C. Bishop; David W. Black (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)
The inter-relationships among stratigraphy, seasonality and culture history at the Partridge Island site, a prehistoric shell midden located in the Quoddy region of southern New Brunswick, dating between 2400 and 1550 B.P. are described and discussed. It is concluded that Early and Middle Woodland cultural components are represented at the site, and that distinct faunal assemblages, restricted to particular layers and representing particular seasons of occupation, are present at the site.

GIS and Artifact Classification at Urban Sites in Central Mexico - BISKOWSKI, Martin F. (1994)
Artifact classification and spatial analysis traditionally are distinct procedures. In large settlements containing considerable socioeconomic and ethic differentiation, however, artifact classificatory taxa developed without regard for context may be meaningful over only limited areas of the site. The analytical facilities available in different GISs allow one to integrate analyses of artifact characteristics more tightly with analyses of spatial context. This procedure has enhanced our ability to meaningfully classify maize-grinding tool in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico.

Teaching Complexity and Ambiguity in an Introductory World Prehistory Course - Michael S. Bisson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)
Teaching an introductory-level archaeology and world prehistory course in a university is challenging because the instructor must balance the need for comprehensive coverage against the risk of superficiality that would impede student understanding of the discipline. This paper is a personal account of the use of an interactive role-playing laboratory exercise to teach archaeological field and laboratory methods in a context of hypothesis testing. The interaction between theory and research design, and the potential influence of the archaeologists’ intellectual history on interpretation are strongly emphasized. The topics explored are the “Neanderthal problem” and the origins of complex cognition, interrelated issues which are subject to currently unresolved debate. This exercise has demonstrated that first-year students are capable of understanding and manipulating complex and occasionally conflicting data to produce an effective scientific argument. Although this has been a successful pedagogical technique, the labor cost to the instructor and the teaching assistants is very high.

Maritime Peninsula Lithic Material Acquisition and Exchange: Looking Through the Bliss Island Lens - David W. Black; Elissa L. Atkinson; Elizabeth N. Gorman (2006)
During the past two decades, exploring patterns of lithic material acquisition and exchange has become a significant focus of prehistoric archaeological research on the Maritime Peninsula. Studies have determined sources of specific lithic materials, as well as local and subregional exploitation patterns of those materials. Progress also is being made in tracing distributions of specific exotic materials, and defining suites of lithic materials within specific periods and subregions. Although the details are only now beginning to emerge, it appears that, through time, Native people participated in a series of lithic material acquisition and exchange systems. These systems varied in scale and duration; they sometimes developed within the Maritime Peninsula, and sometimes intersected it from outside. Here we examine variability in the lithic material assemblages of a single point in the Maritimes landscape-the Bliss Islands group, Quoddy Region, N.B.-produced through Native participation in lithic material acquisition and exchange systems from the Terminal Archaic through the Late Maritime Woodland.

The George Frederick Clarke Artifact Collection: Canoe and Portage Connections - David W. Black (2008)
Dr. George Frederick Clarke (1883–1974), a dentist and author, and an avocational archaeologist and historian, wrote the first book-length work devoted largely to the pre-contact archaeology of New Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary PhD by the University of New Brunswick. In 2006, his collection of 2700 artifacts and associated notes and records were donated to UNB by the Clarke family. Dr. Clarke's archaeological activities coincided with a time when little professional archaeological work was being conducted in the province, and many of the sites he found and explored were submerged, subsequently, beneath the head-ponds of hydro-electric dams. Thus, his work is important for its potential contributions to constructing regional archaeological history and for its place in the history of Canadian archaeology. One potential contribution is the light the Clarke collection may shed on the portage route between the headwaters of the Tobique and Miramichi river systems, which spans the traditional territories of the Wolastoqiyik and the Mi'kmaq.

PREHISTORIC SUBSISTENCE AND SEASONALITY IN THE INSULAR QUODDY REGION: BIOCHEMICAL, ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCE APPROACHES - Black, David B. (1991)
Prehistoric subsistence and seasonality in the insular Quoddy region, New Brunswick, are being studied through stable isotope analyses of carbonized encrustations on ceramic vessels, niche width analyses of vertebrate and invertebrate faunal assemblages, and season-of death analyses of soft-shelled clams and mammal teeth. This paper presents results to date from the application of these techniques. Data are drawn from nine sites (15 cultural/stratigraphic components) dating ca. 2400 BP to ca. 400 BP. Warm season occupations of insular locations, focused on the exploitation of littoral resources, predominate; however, there is evidence for changes in the intensity and scheduling of resource exploitation, and in the specific resources exploited, during this period.

'Strata as a Complex Patchwork": Stratification and Stratigraphic Analysis of the Weir Site - David W. Black; Becky A. Southern; Pamela E. Kaufman (1989)
The Weir site, located on the Bliss Islands in the insular Quoddy region of southern New Brunswick, is a large deep, complexly and distinctly stratified shell midden in an unusually intact state of preservation. The site was occupied from ca. 2400 B.P. to ca. 1200 B.P. An excavated area of 22m2 contains 15 major layers and features, most of which are internally stratified. The site has been analyzed using the techniques developed by Edward Harris, Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. In this paper the stratigraphy of the site is summarized, and some general issues in the stratigraphic analysis of anthropogenic deposits, such as shell middens, are addressed.

Rum Beach and the Susquehanna Tradition in the Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick - David W. Black (2000)
In 1972, Dena Dincause defined the 'Atlantic phase' as the earliest part of the Susquehanna tradition in southern New England, based, in part, on artifacts from an intertidal archaeological site in Massachusetts. In 1993, an intertidal site was recorded at Rum Beach on the Bliss Islands, Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Here I describe the Rum Beach site (BgDq24) and artifacts recovered from it, present evidence that the site represents a late Susquehanna tradition occupation of the Bliss Islands, and consider the implications of the site for understanding and further exploring the Terminal Archaic/Maritime Woodland transition in the Quoddy Region.

SOURCES OF EXOTIC LITHICS FROM LATE WOODLAND COMPONENTS ON THE BLISS ISLANDS - BLACK, David; Lucy Wilson; Shianne L. MACDONALD (1996)
The Bliss Islands archaeological site inventory includes three Late Maritime Woodland (CP4-CP5) components dating ca. 1,050-1,350 BP (ca. AD 600-900), which contain significant amounts of exotic flaked lithic artifacts and debitage. We have conducted hand-specimen examinations and thin-sectioned selected lithics to identify the materials represented, and have compared them to samples from known sources on the Maritime Peninsula, to determine the sources of the exotic lithics. Our research shows that, at least on the Bliss Islands, the use of most exotic lithics is restricted to a relatively brief period. We conclude that native people living on the islands at that time acquired lithic materials that originated from widely separated sources in northern interior Maine, interior New Brunswick, the Minas Basin of Nova Scotia, and, perhaps, from Prince Edward Island and Quebec

Sources géologiques et distributions archéologiques de chert translucide au Nouveau-Brunswick - David W. Black; Blair, Susan E.; Brent D. Suttie (2003)

Middle Archaic Sites and Artifacts from Charlotte County, New Brunswick - BLACK, David; Brent D. Suttie (2002)
Archaic archaeology in Charlotte County, New Brunswick, has long been essentially unexplored. Of the more than 200 registered archaeological sites in the county, fewer than 5% are located more than 500 metres from a marine shoreline; and, as a result of shoreline erosion, the coastal archaeological record is effectively truncated at 2500 B.P. Thus, archaeological research has focused on the Maritime Woodland and Historic period coastal sites. However, over the years, occasional Middle Archaic artifacts have been recovered from offshore in scallop drags. More recently, archaeological sites located on lake margins in the interior of the county have yielded Middle Archaic assemblages. Here we summarize the current state of Archaic archaeology in Charlotte County.

Rum Beach and the Susquehanna Tradition in the Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick - David W. Black (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2000)
In 1972, Dena Dincause defined the Atlantic phase as the earliest part of the Susquehanna tradition in southern New England, based, in part, on artifacts from an intertidal archaeological site in Massachusetts. In 1993, an intertidal site was recorded at Rum Beach on the Bliss Islands, Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Here I describe the Rum Beach site (BgDq24) and artifacts recovered from it, present evidence that the site represents a late Susquehanna tradition occupation of the Bliss Islands, and consider the implications of the site for understanding and further exploring the transition from Terminal Archaic to Maritime Woodland cultures in the Quoddy Region.

Kineo-Traveler Mountain Porphyry and Sea Mink Bones - David W. Black (2001)
For several decades, naturalists and historians have questioned whether the Sea Mink, Mustela macrodon, an extinct species whose distribution is centered on the coast of Maine, also lived in the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. A recent find of Sea Mink bones, associated with the Late Maritime Woodland component at the Weir site, Bliss Islands, helps to answer this question. The association of the bones with artifacts made from Kineo-Traveler Mountain porphyry, an exotic lithic material from central Maine, suggests these remains do not represent Sea Mink living in the Quoddy Region. Rather, they probably represent artifacts brought by Native people from Maine to New Brunswick about 1000-1200 years ago.

Seasonality of Modern and Archaeological Soft-Shelled Clams From the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick - David W. Black; Annette Wilkins (1992)
Recently, there has been some controversy regarding interpretations; of the seasonality of prehistoric shellfishing on the Northeast coast of North America. In this paper, a study of the seasonality of soft-shelled clams, Mya arenaria, the most common archaeological shellfish in northern New England and Maritime provinces sites, is reported. Eighty-eight modern clams from the Quoddy region, and 266 archaeological clams from 9 prehistoric sites in the insular Quoddy region, were thin-sectioned, and their growth patterns analyzed. A model of the annual growth cycle of the clams is presented. The seasonality of prehistoric shellfishing is interpreted in light of this model. In the insular Quoddy region, shellfishing appears to have been predominantly a spring/early summer activity; however, there is evidence for seasonality differences among sites and for changes in seasonality through time.

History, Geology and Archaeology of the Washademoak Lake Chert Source, Queens County, New Brunswick - David W. Black; Lucy A. Wilson (2000)
Belyeas Cove on Washademoak Lake, Queens County, is the only primary bedrock source of chert in New Brunswick known to have been exploited by Native people. The Washademoak Lake chert source was documented in the nineteenth century, but until recently received little attention from archaeologists or geologists in the twentieth century. Here we present preliminary accounts of the history, archaeology and geology of the source. Washademoak multi-coloured chert is found as lenses and nodules which occur in a limestone breccia within the Pennsylvanian-aged Cumberland Group (McLeod et al. 1994a). Native people living in the lower St. John River Valley used this chert to make flaked stone tools during the Woodland period. At present little is known about use of the chert during other periods, or of its distribution beyond the lower St. John Valley.

Here's Looking at You: Ancient Maya Mirrors, Part 2 (Iconographic and Epigraphic Instances of Iron Ore Mosaic Mirrors in Ancient Maya Art) - Marc G. Blainey; Healy, Paul F. (2008)
The most prominent occurrence of ancient Maya iron-ore mirrors beyond those excavated archaeologically arises in their depiction in artistic works. The images on painted polychrome ceramics demonstrate mirrors functioning as principal objects in the royal court. Within this elite context, the iconographic evidence demonstrates that the mirrors were meant to be gazed into, but exactly what this gazing indicates is a much more elusive consideration. A consistent patterning of depictions provides the basis for a typology of physical mirror styles. Furthermore, the contexts in which mirrors are represented relative to the associated human actors in the painted scenes suggests possible renderings of the emic function of these objects in ancient Maya religion and socio-political environments. Supplementing the iconographic evidence, the analysis of hieroglyphs associated with the luminescent qualities of mirrors will work towards an interpretive model of a reflective surface complex of ancient Maya cosmology.

Looking for Bliss: Excavations at an Early Loyalist Site in the Insular Quoddy Region, New Brunswick - Christopher R. Blair; David W. Black (1993)
This paper presents preliminary results of historic archaeology conducted as part of the Bliss Islands Archaeology Project, phase III. In spite of Black's concerns about the state of preservation of historic materials, and his pessimism regarding the likelihood of finding historic artifacts pre-dating 1850, last summer the authors surveyed and tested the Bliss Islands in search of early historic period occupations. Black's concerns were laid to rest when testing revealed the remains of a distinctly stratified, virtually undisturbed, early loyalist occupation dating ca 1783-1803. The site (BgDr-66) is believed to be part of the homestead of Samuel Bliss, the Loyalist Lieutenant : for whom. the islands are named. It is adjacent to one of the most attractive natural harbours in the region, and overlooks the West Isles and the marine approaches to Passamaquoddy Bay. Bliss specifically requested a land grant, of these islands from the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. With the support of Archaeological Services of New Brunswick, and a SSHRC grant to Black, University of New Brunswick fieldschool students excavated 20 m2 of the site under the authors' direction. A diverse assemblage of ceramic, metal and glass artifacts, construction materials and faunal remains, totalling ca. 15,000 specimens, was recovered. This material will form the basis for Blair's M.A. thesis in Material History at UNB.

Ordering the End of the Preceramic in the Maritime Peninsula: A Bayesian Analysis of Radiometric Dates - Susan Blair (2002)
Recent research in the estuary of the St. John River valley, of south-central New Brunswick, Canada, has expanded our knowledge of human settlement and behaviour during the Terminal Archaic (Preceramic) and Maritime Woodland (Ceramic) period. When this new information is added to a sequence provided by previously excavated sites (especially Fulton Island BlDn-12 and Cow Point BlDn-2), the result is a suite of 31 radiometric dates ranging from the Late Archaic (3980±70 uncal bp) to the Middle Maritime Woodland period (1590±40 uncal bp). Bayesian statistics can provide insight into relationships between these dates and our models for diachronic patterning in the archaeological record. Using results generated by BCal (a calibration and statistics software program administered by Dr. C. Buck on the University of Sheffield mainframe), I will discuss these relationships and what they suggest about continuity in the archaeological record, both within the lower St. John River sequence, and in terms of broader regional archaeological manifestations during this period of ambiguity in the regional archaeological record.

Feeling the Elephant: Early Maritime Woodland Components from South Central New Brunswick - Susan Blair (2000)
Recent research in the Maritime Peninsula has begun to weave together a coherent sequence that extends through most of the Holocene. However, the period from 3100 to 2200 years ago (the Early Maritime Woodland period) remains poorly understood, and has been represented primarily by chronologically suggestive surface finds, unique mortuary sites, and very few, small habitation sites. In New Brunswick, these finds have suggested broad macroregional linkages with complexes in Great Lakes basin and the central US, including such nebulous archaeological entities as 'Meadowood', 'Adena', and 'Middlesex'. This speculation has led some to characterize Early Woodland research as the proverbial blind men describing an elephant. To the one handling the trunk it is like a snake; to the one handling the leg it is like a tree, and to the one handling the tail it is like a stick... While this period remains enigmatic, recent excavations of sites in the Maritime Peninsula have presented researchers with new opportunities. The Jemseg Crossing site in south central New Brunswick affords one such opportunity. A partial mitigation of this site produced over 50 habitation features, most of which date to between 3100 and 2000 years ago. Preliminary analysis suggest that three phases can be distinguished within this period: a small early aceramic component (ca. 3100 to 2800 bp), a middle component (ca. 2800 to 2400 bp), reminiscent of Great Lakes Early Woodland complexes, and a late component (ca. 2400 to 2000 bp) showing local elaboration. This paper will describe the material from these periods and discuss changes and continuities in the patterning of technology, raw material procurement and settlement with an eye to developing a local framework and integrating it into a larger regional setting.

L'évolution du peuplement et de la technologie entre l'Archaïque terminal et le Sylvicole maritimien moyen dans la régio - Susan Blair (2003)

Public Archaeology at the Enclosure Provincial Park - Susan Blair (1992)
In recent years, the Archaeology Branch of the province of New Brunswick bas been actively pursuing a policy to develop an awareness of archaeology in the public, both at a local level and through tourism. This has been accomplished through a number of programs. This paper will discuss their development and implementation. A prime example of such programming is the Enclosure Provincial Park project. The Enclosure Provincial Park, on the Miramichi River, was the site of excavations in 1990 and 1991. These excavations revealed evidence of habitation in the 18th and 19th centuries by Acadian, Planter, Loyalist and later settlers. During both of these field seasons the public and the local community were involved in all activities at the site through volunteer programs, site tours, interpretation, and community events. This project and others like it are attempting to invest local groups in archaeology by developing direct links between people and the archaeological past. This paper will discuss this and other projects in terms of the shift from private to public archaeological research, and in practical terms, examining benefits and pitfalls of the potential for public involvement in both the excavation process and the narration of the archaeological record.

YHE NORTHEAST POINT SITE: A SINGLE COMPONENT OCCUPATION WITHOUT MIDDENS, ON THE BLISS ISLANDS - Christopher R. Blair; BLACK, David (1991)
The Northeast Point Site (BgDq-7) is the only known non-shell midden prehistoric site on the Bliss Islands. This site type is unusual in the Quoddy region, and thus, Northeast Point offers insights into aspects of prehistory different from those represented in shell midden sites. The site apparently represents a short-term, single component occupation dating to ca. 1400 BP. Organic preservation is poor; however, lithic artifacts and debitage occur at higher densities than in any of the other components sampled on the islands. This paper describes the location, structure and contents of the site, and discusses how interpretations of it have changed since its discovery in 1981.

Introduction to "Nurturing Archaeology in the Maritimes" and the Career of Chris Turnbull - Susan Blair; David W. Black (2006)
When Dr. Christopher Turnbull began his tenure as Provincial Archaeologist for New Brunswick in 1972, there was little in the way of archaeological policy, legislation, infrastructure, or research in the province. He personally assumed a mandate to build the best archaeological program in the country, and for the next 30 years, he pursued this goal with imagination, dedication and passion. He developed systematic, strong relationships with First Nations communities and individuals. He nurtured archaeological researchers, both within government, and within Canadian Universities. He created a structure and organization for the effective administration of heritage resource management. All this he accomplished with little acclaim or recognition. In this session we will review these accomplishments, and reflect on the significant impact that Chris Turnbull has had on Canadian archaeology.

Developing a Database for Evaluating and Exploiting Archaeological Site Information from Charlotte County, New Brunswick - Blair, Susan E.; David W. Black (1993)
During the past two years, the authors have been using the computer program PARADOX to develop a database for standardizing and organizing information concerning archaeological sites in Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Basic information was drawn from the Canadian Heritage information Network and has been supplemented by information from the records of Archaeological Services of New Brunswick, from published and unpublished reports, and from the authors' field reconnaissance. In its present form, the database consists of 37 fields containing descriptive, locational, geomorphological, chronological and excavation information on 195 formally recorded historic and prehistoric archaeological sites. The database has been designed as a research tool; examples of the types of questions that can be generated and addressed through the database are illustrated.

Inside the Jemseg Crossing Project - Susan Blair; Christopher R. Blair (2006)
Oral traditions and widely disseminated anecdotes often develop around large, complex excavation projects. In some cases, however, important stories are less widely circulated. In this paper, we will present an insider's view of some of the key events of the Jemseg Crossing Archaeology Project. This project was both contentious and innovative. It involved unprecedented levels of cooperation between the Province of New Brunswick, and Wolastoqiyik individuals and communities, and has been the largest mitigation project in Atlantic Canada to date. A key to the many successes of this project was the diplomacy, support and vision of Dr. Chris Turnbull.

Bulk procurement and transportation in the Saint John River valley - Blair, Susan E. (2008)
While archaeologists studying stone tool assemblages have devoted considerable attention to relationships among technology, raw material procurement and mobility, most of this attention has focused on the influence of mobility upon technology, and not on the influence of technology upon mobility. This particular focus has led to some oversimplifications in the modeling of hunter-gatherer socio-ecology and mobility, and an emphasis on pedestrian movements. In turn, this emphasis has significantly influenced our treatment of efficiency, reduction for transport, and technological organization. In this paper I discuss my recent research into technology and lithic reduction on the Maritime Peninsula, and examine some of the implications of bulk transportation with watercraft for analyses of hunter-gatherer mobility, lithic technology, and patterning in the archaeological record.

THE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT OF GRAND MANAN: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE GRAND MANAN ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT, PHASE II - Susan Blair (1996)
The Grand Manan Archaeology Project was conducted during the summer of 1995, and entailed collections research, survey and excavations conducted in the Grand Manan Archipelago, in southwestern New Brunswick. Research into private and public (museum) collections revealed traces of settlement extending back into the Archaic period. Extensive foot surveys and the partial excavation of two prehistoric archaeological sites augmented this information. The Newton's Point site (BeDq-11), a shell-free coastal site, produced lithic debitage and cultural material dating to the Late Maritime Woodland period (approximately 1,000 years ago). The identification of imported (exotic) and local materials suggests the role that Grand Manan played in the regional trade networks that developed during the Late Woodland period. The Baird site (BdDq-3) is an extensive, shallow shell-bearing site composed of several Maritime Woodland and historic period components. In addition, several previously unrecorded prehistoric archaeological sites were identified, but not excavated. This paper will present preliminary results of the Grand Manan Archaeology Project, and discuss the implications of this research for regional culture history.

The Bilodeau Site Near Missisquoi Bay: Postmolds, Fishbones and Corn Ear Motif - Blais, Judith (1992)
In 1990, during a survey, a Saint Lawrence Iroquoian pot sherd was found on the Bilodeau site. This site is located on the Pike River, five kilometres upstream from Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain. During the summer of 1991, the excavation of 30 square metres in the area of this find, revealed the presence of a fishing camp. More than 80 postrnolds were found, delimiting a small oval habitation. The analysis of the ceramics demonstrates the presence of the Saint Lawrence Iroquoians in the area around AD 1450. We will give here an overview of the findings and discuss the relations with Saint Lawrence Iroquoian data from southern Quebec.

The Prehistoric and Ethnographic Uses of Freshwater Bivalves on the Interior Plateau - Michael BLAKE (1973)
Three types of edible freshwater bivalves, Margaritifera margaritifera, Anodonta sp., and Goneidea angulata are present in archaeological sites on the Interior Plateau. Ethnographers report that mussels were rarely eaten, but archaeological evidence indicates that at one time large quantifies were gathered for food. Some hypotheses regarding the collecting and eating of freshwater mussels are offered: (1) The increase in mussel use as shown in several excavated sites seems to correspond to the start of the Altithermal at about 6000 B.C. During the medithermal, mussels became more difficult to obtain as their numbers diminished; (2) If Anodonta replaced Margaritifera as the predominant species, the taboo against shellfish eating might be explained by a preference for Margaritifera; and (3)During late prehistoric and early historic times mussels were collected towards the end of the winter when stored food supplies became exhausted.

Mounds for the Ancestors: Ancient Burial Practices in the Coast Salish Region - Michael BLAKE; Douglas R. BROWN (1998)
The construction of large-scale, permanent, and highly visible mortuary features has long been supposed to reflect the social and political dimensions of ancient societies. An example of such a mortuary tradition is the earthen burial mound and stone cairn complex which developed between 1500 and 500 years ago in the present-day Coast Salish region of the Northwest Coast. We suggest that this complex developed as a strategy to: (1) mark hereditary claims to economically important locations, (2) connect far-flung political networks of elites, and (3) differentiate between distinct social strata at the local level. Comparisons with similar mortuary complexes in other parts of the world suggest that cemeteries with visible mortuary monuments were often used to compensate for high settlement mobility, proximity to intensively used communication routes, and increased competition for settlement space and valued resources.

Topographic Landscape Modeling at the Stampede Site (DjOn-26), Cypress Hills, Alberta. - Blakey, Janet (2004)
Mazama tephra is used as a stratigraphic marker to reconstruct the natural landscape of the Stampede Site; circa 6800 yrs BP. Mazama tephra was deposited throughout southern Alberta during the Hypsithermal, a period when the climate of the Northwestern Plains was warmer and drier than present day. Because the geomorphic systems of the Cypress Hills are sensitive to climatic changes landscape reconstruction during this time interval is critical in furthering our understanding of natural landscape formation and human occupation at the Stampede Site. Geoarchaeological techniques utilized in developing this topographic landscape reconstruction model as well as the results of this study will be presented.

Re-Visiting Cultural Historical Models for the Central Alberta Parklands: A Case Study from Genesee - Blakey, Janet; Brian Vivian; Murray Lobb (2005)
In this presentation traditional Cultural Historical Landuse models for the Central Alberta Parklands are evaluated in the light of recent archaeological and paleoenvironmental investigations Lifeways of Canada has undertaken in Genesee in 2003 and 2004. Previous archaeological studies of the Parkland environment have placed an emphasis on the transitional nature of the region located between the open grassland Prairies to the south and the closed Boreal Forest to the north. In this sense the cultural history of the region is seen to be inextricably linked with fluctuations in climate and environment over the last 10,000 years or more. This approach has greatly influenced interpretations generated from the Genesee Historical Resource studies, which still stands as one of the most inclusive studies of cultural resources found in the Parklands of Alberta. Recent investigations at Genesee have allowed staff from Lifeways of Canada to return to this study area twenty years after the fact, and readdress the question of how accurate this Parklands land use model is.

à la redécouverte des paysages du passé : cartographie des anciens lits de riviére, des chutes, des plages et des grottes - Steve Blasco; Andrew Promaine; Jim Shearer; Mike Lewis; Bill Fox (2003)

Community Archaeology at Bonnechere Provincial Park and Murphy's Point Provincial Park - Blaubergs, Ellen (2006)
The evolution and results of a one-week integrated educational archaeology opportunity at Bonnechere Provincial Park in 2001 will be discussed and evaluated. This unique experiential program served as the catalyst for an even more structured and focussed approach at Murphy's Point Provincial Park in 2004 and 2005. Various complimentary program components will be highlighted and critiqued. These will be incorporated into a proposal for a "new community archaeology", and its pertinence to elementary school classes.

Access to Archaeology: The Ontario Archaeological Society's Education Resource Kits - Blaubergs, Ellen (1994)
In 1991, the Ontario archaeological Society received an Access to Archaeology Programme grant from the Federal Department of Communications to develop a series of education resource kits for schools. A most positive and productive alliance between the Region of Peel Museum and the OAS resulted in a series of kits which feature an overview of Aboriginal prehistory and contact with Europeans, as understood from archaeological investigation. The kits are distributed to schools and other groups by participating local Ontario museums in partnership with the OAS. This paper will outline the various phases which led to the official launch of the 'Discovering Ontario Archaeology' kit in 1992: design and assembly; promotion and administration; and distribution and maintenance. A 'DOA' kit, complete with reproduction artifacts, cultural booklets, teachers' directory, activity sheets and lesson plans will be available for examination during the duration of the CAA annual meeting.

Documentary Context and its Importance: Preliminary Research Into a Nineteenth Century Toronto China Merchant - Blaubergs, Ellen (1992)
Most documents, according to Robert Schuyler, give us direct insight into emic phenomena and indirect views of behaviour (etic). This paper will examine how these two dimensions have been considered and incorporated into research on one of Torontos most prominent nineteenth century China merchants, Glover Harrison, and his King Street shop 'China Hall'. A cracked maker's mark uncovered during the 1990 excavation of 'Gore Vale' in Trinity Bellwoods Park initiated an often unique search for this obscure cont-ributor to Toronto's commercial history.

Fire and Acid: Implications of South Italian Pastoralism for the Archaeobotanical Record - BOAG, Franca (1998)
Collections of ovicaprid faecal pellets from 4 flocks in diverse environments were undertaken over a year in semi-arid Basilicata, southern Italy. During the initial months of ethnographic field research, I became increasingly aware of the impact of sheep and goats on the landscape, particularly the flora. A number of informants indicated that one particular plant or another had been brought into pastures by their flock. This information and my observations of flocks moving in their daily pasture rounds across the highly varied mosaic of vegetational zones, led me to collect sheep and goat faecal pellets to investigate their contents for evidence of ovicaprids' roles in disseminating plants across environments. It also seemed probable that the effect of the ruminant digestive process on seeds is pivotal to understanding the composition of the local flora. Research undertaken by L. Salamone and E. Gambacorta at the Università degli Studi della Basilicata, and of L. Costantini (IsMEO, Rome) in Baluchistan provide supporting evidence of a mutualistic relationship between plants whose reproduction is largely dependent upon being consumed and digested, and the ovicaprids which consume them. This does not mean that 'coevolution leads to obligate mutualisms' (Blumler 1996:28), but rather that those seeds which survive and benefit from the digestive process have been selected for through grazing by ruminants, in addition to drought and fire. The goal of the faecal pellet analysis is to test the hypothesis that a number of pasture plant species, characterized by their resistance to ruminant digestion and a consequent enhancement of their reproductive success, have been selected for under sustained grazing pressure by ovicaprids. The current study is restricted to investigating which seeds survive intact in the faecal pellets, while a forthcoming study shall investigate the viability of these seeds. Finally, preliminary results from this study are compared to the archaeobotanical record in the area, with a brief discussion of the implications of these results.

Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy - Peter T. Bobrowsky (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

Armageddon in zooarchaeology, I: taphonomy - Bobrowsky, P.; J. Curtin (1981)
Zooarchaeologists are now focusing part of their research interests toward recognizing variations in patterns of bone distribution and morphology in both natural and cultural deposits. Field observations and experimental studies are widely used by researchers to identify those factors which variably affect recoverable skeletal remains and to recognize those similarities and differences which are manifest in the bone remains themselves. In this study we introduce the need for establishing a rigorous quantitative approach to taphonomic studies by examining variations in attritional states of a single element. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of a sample of scapulae from Banks Island, N.W.T. form an explanatory base. Results of this study are discussed in terms of existing accomplishments in taphonomy and purported goals of the discipline.

A postscript on maximization of artifact recovery: methodological musings on multiple mesh - Bobrowsky, P.; Ball, B. (1981)
In this paper we present results of a screening study which sought to investigate the effects of using different sized meshes for the recovery of archaeological data. The implications of using various sizes of screen mesh on types and frequencies of archaeological material are discussed within the confines of statistical sampling procedures. That the quality of results from archaeological excavations and the direction of interpretations of prehistory are closely linked with the methodology is difficult to question, yet the variety of opinions regarding which of the data recovery techniques is most accurate is considerable. Statistical sampling serves to elucidate this situation and provide some structure to the kind of archaeological interpretation that is based on retrieval systems. The goal of proper sampling centers on obtaining statistically valid samples of sites, features, or artifacts existing within a defined sampling universe. In all cases, properly executed sampling schemes assume that information recovery is complete. This working assumption can be accepted if the item in question can be recovered in total. This study examines the practical validity of these highly structured approaches to archaeological interpretation.

Intra and Inter-Assemblage Comparisons of Faunal Data Using Graphic and Moment Statistics - Peter T. Bobrowsky (1989)
All unbiased faunal assemblages can be shown to be lognormally distributed. This phenomenon is not unique to faunal remains, and it can be shown that this type of distribution is a common property of many other elements including artifacts and sediments. In fact, geologists have recognized for sometime that most sedimentary deposits show a lognormal distribution, but that each distribution can show minor variations. For example, modality, mean grain sizes, etc. can vary from sample to sample. Several parameters can be identified as characterizing individual sediment assemblages and quantitative descriptive measures have been developed to summarize these parameters. These measures include: median, mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis. The measures can be obtained through conventional moment statistical calculations or by graphic plotting methods. Both of these approaches have proven to be very useful in geologic studies and now occupy routine positions in geologic research. By analogy, the same parameters exist for faunal assemblages and, therefore, the same descriptors can be used to compare various faunal samples. This study illustrates the importance of using the above measures with historic faunal data from north-central Alberta.

Méthodologie appliquée aux déchets de fabrication en os : Reconstruire les chaines opératoires par l’approche technologique / Methodology applied to bone manufacturing waste: Reconstructing the chaine opératoire using a technological approach - Marie-Ève Boisvert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)
This article presents the technological approach applied to the bone industry by using the principles of mental refitting developed by Aline Averbouh (2001). The main purpose of this study is to present methodological guidelines for the classification of bone refuse and by-products with examples drawn from the analysis of bones worked by St. Lawrence Iroquoians at the Mailhot-Curran site, Saint-Anicet, Quebec. This will provide an empirical model adapted to the analysis of the chaines opératoires and to distinct categories of bone refuse, blanks, roughouts, and also finished objects. Ultimately, our aim is to demonstrate the relevance of considering bone refuse in the reconstruction of technological sequences, as well as in the understanding of socioeconomic and cultural systems.

Archéologie du sous-sol : La cave à charbon et à vins de la maison Lougheed de Calgary - Boland, Dale Elizabeth (2003)

Broken Bottles and Bison Bones - Boland, Dale Elizabeth; Michelle Schatz; Christine Cluney (2000)
This presentation takes a look at the activities of the University of Calgary's Programme for Public Archaeology at Fish Creek Provincial Park during the 1999 field season. We discuss public involvement in the excavation of a prehistoric bison kill site and an early historic settlement site within the Calgary area (Fish Creek Provincial Park). Included in the discussion are programme promotion and publicity, the geo-topography of the Fish Creek area, as well as historic and prehistoric background information on both of the excavated sites. Also discussed is the continuation of the program through volunteer work in the lab and undergraduate analysis of the excavated material. We have realized that Public Archaeology is an area deserving further academic study and application. There are numerous archaeological programs that cater to the public within the United States, through university programs and programs offered by museums, but have found Canada, especially Alberta, generally lacking in such programs. The expansion of this Programme for Public Archaeology will lead to an increase in the visibility of students, and the Department of Archaeology within The University of Calgary on a community, provincial, and (hopefully) regional scale. As well, this programme may create new avenues for funding and a greater understanding of Alberta's cultural heritage resources.

The Glenn Family Homestead: Nineteenth Century Settlers and Public Archaeology - Boland, Dale Elizabeth (2001)
Archaeological investigations at the Glenns' first cabin have been open to university students and the general public for three seasons. Excavations around the building's perimeter and, more recently, through the living floor have helped to reveal the character of the buildings' occupants and their use of the site since the 1870s. Public excavations and interpretations are considered for their validity and scientific relevance with regard to finds at the site. Other outreach efforts stemming from this site see the inclusion of historic archaeology in lessons to schoolchildren and the importance of context to historical interpretations in proposed reconstruction efforts.

Archaeology by Prescription: Ensuring the Protection of Cultural Resources through Forest Management Planning - Luke DALLA BONA (1998)
The protection of known cultural values poses few problems in forest management planning. Known sites are easy to protect because once they are located, they tend not to move around too much. As long as the location of the value can be placed on a map, an appropriate reserve can be identified to ensure its protection. Difficulties arise when protecting presumed values; that is, values predicted to exist through modelling efforts, but for which no physical evidence has been verified and no exact locations identified. Current archaeological predictive models applied in Ontario can result in up to 18% of a forest management unit as high archaeological potential, which in some cases can equal more than 150,000 hectares of unverified cultural value. This paper will introduce a discussion of methods for protecting cultural values which may not necessarily require complete avoidance of the value by the forest industry. It also discusses a range of cultural values currently being protected in Ontario, including the protection of social values as perceived and identified by native communities. Finally, this paper will discuss how it is imperative that all this information must be packaged in a manner that can be understood and implemented by forest planners, and in a language and format compatible with forest planning terminology and scheduling.

Explaining Prehistoric Activity Location in Northern Ontario - Luke DALLA BONA; Linda Larcombe (1993)
This paper presents the preliminary results of a research project developing models of prehistoric land use. It stems from an associated research project where predictive models of prehistoric activity locations are being developed in an area of northern Ontario. Presently, the Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction (CARP) at Lakehead University is conducting the research for this predictive modelling project where the development of predictive models of prehistoric activity location is the predominant research focus of this projet. These models however allow other aspects of prehistoric archaeological research to be investigated. While a predictive model of prehistoric activity location is a useful device for identifying potential archaeological sites, the methodology employed to develop a model can also be used to generate explanations why sites are located where they are. Previous archaeological research in the Black Sturgeon Lake area of northern Ontario has resulted in the identification of numerous archaeological sites ranging in age from historic to late Palaeo-Indian. Presently, a predictive model of prehistoric activity location is being developed for an area centering on Black Sturgeon Lake. using MAP II, a raster GIS, a 2400 km2 block of land has been digitized to a scale of 30m x 30m. Primary data layers include a digital elevation model, major water resources, minor rivers, minor lakes, and surficial geology. In addition, other data layers are being developed as a result of concurrent research into traditional boreal land uses. By examining the ethnographic and historic literature, many of the traditional uses of the boreal forest are being reconstructed. The different activities conducted by native people and the resources targeted by some of these activities are being translated into digital cartographie data. For example, Rogers (1966) describes the Mistassini Cree as congregating in large groups during the summer. The major activity at the time was fishing and later in the summer, berry collecting. One can confirm associations of existing archaeological sites with good fishing locations (through examination of fish productivity maps available through government agencies). Additionally, favourable berry picking areas can be identified. Blueberries tend to grow in specific areas. One variety can be found in predominantly moist woods, swamps and clearing while another variety grows in open, disturbed clearing. Using a GIS, areas with these characteristics can be identified in the study area and their association site locations can be evaluated. This paper will present the reconstruction of many of these land use activities. It is suggested that in addition to predicting where archaeological sites might be located, it is reasonable to expect that a model of catchment areas can be developed. Correlation of these catchment areas with specific site types may provide insight into the settlement system for the Black Sturgeon Lake area, and by extension the boreal forest north of Lake Superior.

Applying Predictive Models to 45 Million Hectares of Ontario - Luke DALLA BONA (1998)
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) identifies and protects cultural resources through the forest management planning process. The problem that presents itself to cultural resource managers in northern Ontario, as well as much of the rest of the Canadian boreal forest, is one where the resources are known to exist, but their exact locations are unknown. So how does one manage a resource that we know exists but we don't know where it is? In the late 1980s, MNR identified archaeological predictive modelling as a means of addressing this situation and, given available knowledge, providing the best statement regarding the likelihood of archaeological resource existence. The MNR sponsored three years of research and development that led to a first generation predictive model. This was followed by three years of pilot projects which served to expand the applied base of the model from the original research and development area in northwestern Ontario and also to develop various means by which existing Ontario government digital databases can be incorporated into the archaeological predictive modelling process. The MNR is now at a stage where it is ready to employ archaeological predictive models as a cultural resource management tool in all new forest management plans - an area encompassing 45 million hectares of forested land.

GIS-BASED HERITAGE RESOURCE PREDICTIVE MODELLING IN NORTHERN ONTARIO: A PILOT PROJECT - Luke DALLA BONA; Scott Hamikon (1991)
In 1990, Lakehead University began a pilot project studying the feasibility of developing predictive models of prehistoric settlement locations. More than 250,000 square kilometres of forest is leased for logging activities and virtually none of that land has been subjected to archaeological analysis. The project will organize its land base according to the Borden system to facilitate correspondence with archaeological management units. This has resulted in individual map sheets of 18.5km x 12km in size (608 rows x 397 columns per digital map). Each cell in the digital database represents 30m x 30m. This cell resolution allows for detailed mapping of the natural resource and archaeological database. In addition, LANDSAT TM data can be incorporated directly into this database. At the present time, two Borden blocks have been digitized: DhJf and DhJe. A variety of data layers have been generated including elevation, water resources, surface geology, drainage, transportation and utility corridors, and known archaeological sites. A preliminary predictive model has been generated but has not yet been subjected to field verification.

A Predictive Model of Prehistoric Activity Location for Thunder Bay District, Ontario - Luke DALLA BONA (1994)
This paper will summarize in fifteen minutes, three years of research conducted for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources by the Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. The result of this research is a predictive model of prehistoric activity location that combines two of the traditional methods for developing predictive models. An 'inductive archaeologist's model' and a 'deductive cultural model' are combined to develop maps presuming favourable locations for the existence of archaeological sites. Three examples of this model's application will be presented and avenues of future work will be discussed.

Visual Possibility Statements: A Preliminary Study into Predictive Modelling Using a Macintosh-Based Geographic Information System-Map II - Luke DALLA BONA (1989)
This paper will present the preliminary results of an investigation into the prediction of possible areas of site location based upon known locations of prehistoric sites in British Columbia's Thompson River Valley. A Macintosh-based Geographic Information System (GIS) called MAP 11 was employed to examine an area of approximately 725 square kilometers of the Thompson River between Spence's Bridge and Ashcroft. Archaeological information concerning known site locations, functions and temporal associations and 'natural variables' such as elevation and hydrology were each stored on a different digital 'map'. Using the GIS to essentially 'add' and 'subtract' these separate maps, an attempt was made to determine if associations exist between areas of site location and these 'natural variables'. The GIS was subsequently employed to identify localities exhibiting potential for these same associations. The resulting maps (labelled visual possibility statements) have the potential for providing insight into undiscovered areas of site locations.

Addressing Archaeological Predictive Modelling / Les modéles de prévision archéologique - Luke DALLA BONA (1997)
In February 1997, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) hosted a workshop that brought together a diverse group of archaeologists and professionals. The focus of this workshop was the use of predictive modelling as a resource management tool and the most appropriate way in which that tool could be used in a boreal forest environment. Discussions were topic specific and did not focus on the use of a specific computer technology. Although it was clear that GIS is an important tool for conducting predictive modelling, discussions did not focus on that technology. Rather discussions and presentations focussed on modelling issues. The technology was secondary. The result of this workshop was not a series of papers that trumpeted one's mastery of a particular analytical module in a specific GIS package. Rather it was about addressing archaeological predictive modelling: the types of data one should consider; the means by which one could verify a model (statistical as well as survey approaches); incorporating non-geographical data into models (social data); and the means by which one can take a model and apply it to the real world. GIS and technology figure into it, but are not the focus of it. This paper will summarize the results of that workshop and put it into the context of the MNR's archaeological predictive modelling program.

Helping Out the Foresters: Predicting Heritage Resource Localities - Luke DALLA BONA; Scott Hamilton (1992)
In June 1991, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction at Lakehead University initiated a research project to develop predictive models of prehistoric settlement location in the boreal forest north of Thunder Bay, Ontario. A GIS based predictive-modelling approach will be developed using a wide variety of sources including existing archaeological data, new archaeological survey data, informant data, ethnographic/historic data and geographical/geomorphological data. This paper will present the results of the first year of this project.

A Preliminary Predictive Model for the Western Lake Nipigon Watershed - Luke DALLA BONA (1993)
The Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction (CARP) at Lakehead University is entering the third year of a three year research program conducted for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. A predictive model of prehistoric activity location is being developed for an area centering on Black Sturgeon Lake, southwest of Lake Nipigon. Using geographic information system software, a 2400 km2 block of land has been digitized to a scale of 30m x 30m. Primary data layers include a digital elevation model, stream order, slope, aspect, rapids and waterfalls, eskers, drainage, and geology. In addition, other data layers are being developed as a result of concurrent research into traditional boreal forest land uses. By examining the ethnographic and historic literature, an attempt is being made to reconstruct the traditional land use patterns of the prehistoric inhabitants of the region. The different activities conducted by native people and the resources targeted by some of these activities are being translated into digital cartographic data which in turn is being used in the creation of a preliminary model of prehistoric activity location.

I Know Exactly Where I am: Using GPS in Archaeology - Luke DALLA BONA (1992)
In February and March of 1992, a global positioning system device (GPS) was evaluated for use by arch-aeologists in the heavy bush of northern Ontario. Archacological site locations were visited in and around the City of Thunder Bay. Locational readings were taken using the GPS device and these readings were compared with existing site records. The GPS was evaluated in a variety of terrain and vegetation settings for accuracy of the locational readings, ease of use and (important for archaeologists) durability.

A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT IN THE SOURIS RIVER BASIN, SASKATCHEWAN - Luke DALLA BONA (1991)
This research presents the results of the development of a predictive model for prehistoric settlement along the Souris River in southeastern Saskatchewan. The predictive model was developed using a visual possibility statement approach using a Geographic Information System. It was then tested with field survey and then subjected to subsequent revisions. The final predictive model accounts for between 77% and 87% of the sites in the study area. This paper presents a predictive model for the Souris River Basin in its final form with a discussion of the difficulties encountered in its development.

Traitement des zones à faible potentiel dans les modéles prédictifs utilisés dans la région des sables bitumineux - Tara Bond (2003)

Orientations actuelles et futures en archéologie à l'Université McMaster - Sarah Bonesteel; S.Brooke Milne; Christine Cluney; Bathurst, Rhonda; Meghan Burchell; Peter Bangarth (2003)

Souplesse du rôle assigné à chacun des sexes et intervention sociale en archéologie paléoesquimaude ancienne - Sarah Bonesteel (2003)

New Techniques for Recovering and Analyzing Ancient Human and Animal Hair - Robson Bonnichsen; Katherine FIELD; Walter REAM; Ervin TAYLOR; Kate RENDICH (1994)
Human and animal hair appears to be an important source of information that is routinely overlooked at some archaeological and paleontological sites. Hair has the potential to make contributions to our understanding of paleoecology, paleontology, and human prehistory. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the techniques and values of hair recovery by using a case study from the Mammoth Meadow site, southwestern Montana. Archaeological research conducted at the Mammoth Meadow site (24BE559) has led to the discovery of a deeply stratified workshop-habitation site with a Holocene and late Pleistocene archaeological record, which contains numerous flaked stone artifacts, animal bones, and features that date from the time of white contact to the end of the Pleistocene. A human and animal hair record occurs below a tephra lens that has been identified as Glacier Peak volcanic ash that is dated 11,000 yrs B.P. at a number of localities in the western United States. Hair and other organic remains including plant debris, fish scales, and feathers, occur in anaerobic silt and clay deposits at and below the water table. By using a process of pre-soaking sediments in sodium hexametaphosphate, it has been possible to disaggregate the hair from silts and clays and to use screen washing and flotation techniques to routinely collect human and animal hair. At the Center for the Study of the First Americans a series of related studies have been initiated. R. Ervin Taylor, U.C. Riverside is attempting to date hair keratin by AMS C-14 method. Drawing on Oregon State University Fish and Wildlife Department study skin collection, which contains over 8,000 specimens, Kate Rendich is: (1) developing comparative control samples of hair mounted on slides; (2) mounting hairs from, Mammoth Meadow; (3) using a video-digital imagery system to compare the known samples with unknown specimens. AdditionaIly, Walt Rearn, Agricultural Chemistry and Katherine Field, Microbiology, are attempting to determine if DNA can routinely be extracted from ancient hair. Results of these related projects will be reported at the conference.

Integrating Faunal Analysis - Robson Bonnichsen; David Sanger (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1977)
One of the most important sources of information for reconstructing man's adaptive response to prehistoric environments is the faunal remains found in archaeological sites. This paper develops the view that faunal remains are not randomly distributed in archaeological sites; they may reflect patterned human behavior and may covary with other classes of archaeological data. A computer based data banking system is presented which may be used as a rapid organizational tool for isolating patterns in large and small quantities of faunal data. The interpretation of variance calls for the use of an interdisciplinary approach which entails a high degree of interaction between specialists throughout the project during the planning stages and during the interpretation of analytical results. Case example analyses of data from the Passamaquoddy Bay Archaeological Research Project, New Brunswick, are presented. The study is concluded with the suggestion that the acceptance of data banking methods and standardized systematics may provide the key for shifting the focus of faunal analysis research. These methods may permit analysts to change their focus from site specific studies to the consideration of cross-culture comparative questions regarding man's utilization of the faunal resource.

The 2001 Mackenzie River Delta Heritage Resource Survey - Bosch, Katherine; Don HANNA (2002)
This paper is an overview of the Mackenzie River Delta Heritage Resource Survey undertaken by Inuvialuit Environmental & Geotechnical and Bison Historical Services in 2001. The main objective of the survey was to provide a greater understanding of known and potential heritage site distribution patterns on both Crown and Inuvialuit Private Lands within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in order to aid industry with planning and route selection. Traditional knowledge research from the communities of Inuvik, Tuktoyaktuk, and Aklavik was integrated with archival research to form the foundation for the field portion of the survey. The field portion of the survey consisted of a systematic aerial and ground reconnaissance of potentially sensitive terrain in areas where various natural gas exploration and development activities were planned for the winter 2001/2002 season. The Mackenzie River Delta Heritage Resource Survey resulted in the identification of 175 new sites, and the successful geo-location of 84 previously documented sites.

The Circle Unfolds: Towards an Understanding of the Traditional Cosmology of the Piik_ni and Sioux Peoples / 'Le cercle révél&eacu - BOSCH, Katherine A. (1997)
For many North American Native people, the circle represents the cycle of life. It is a symbol of infinity and interconnectedness. However, this belief transcends the boundaries of the physical world; its inception lies within the spiritual world. As such, there exists a reciprocal relationship between the spiritual and the terrestrial worlds and such a relationship is reflected by the American Indian through certain actions and rituals. It is my intent in this paper to examine the idea of numerical symbolism, and especially interpretations of the number 4, within the context of the sweat and the Sun Dance ceremonies of the Piik_ni and Siouan peoples and how such symbolism provides evidence of a connection for these people between themselves and their cosmos.

The Archaeological Legacy of Dr. Edward Van Cortlandt - Randy Boswell; Jean-Luc Pilon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)
The discovery of unambiguous evidence identifying the location of an ancient aboriginal burial ground on the shore of the Ottawa River in the core of Canada’s capital region has opened important new lines of inquiry relevant to the origins of Canadian archaeology, the formation of the country’s first museums and the role played by the Ottawa physician and antiquarian Dr. Edward Van Cortlandt in the early investigation and exhibition of Canada’s prehistoric past.

The Anthropology of Underwater Archaeological Sites - Botwick, Brad; Gary BREWER (1989)
The study of culture through the study of archaeological materials must be the goal of underwater archaeology as it is in terrestrial archaeology. This paper sets forth a taxonomic system for underwater sites based on cultural activities related to these sites' creation. The system, therefore, presupposes a goal beyond the study of artifacts in isolation from the culture which produced them.

A Dugout Canoe from Northeastern New Brunswick - Bourgeois, Vincent (2006)
A remarkably well-preserved dugout canoe was recently recovered from a coastal context near Val Comeau in Northeastern New Brunswick. Details of the canoe and the peculiar circumstances of its discovery are presented. Two radiocarbon dates ranging between 440 and 400 B.P. date the canoe to the early historic period. Also discussed are the implications of such a unique find within local and broader regional contexts.

Radiocarbon Dating and the Little Gap - Bourque, Bruce (2000)
The period between the end of the Susquehanna tradition and the appearance of Vintette I pottery in Maine remains a stark void in comparison to the millennia before and after it. One approach to understanding what may have been going on during the little gap is to examine the radiocarbon-dated components that appear to fall within its limits. Such an examination appears to offer little evidence that the gap is being narrowed by these new data.

DIETARY RECONSTRUCTION OF PREHISTORIC MARITIME PEOPLES OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA: FAUNAL VS. STABLE ISOTOPIC APPROACHES - Bruce J. Bourque; Harold W. Krueger (1991)
We present dietary reconstructions for seven coastal archaeological populations from Northeastern North America based upon stable isotopic ratios in human bone, including 13C/15C (collagen), 15N/14N (collagen) and 13C (apatite)/13C (collagen). These reconstructions are compared to others based largely upon faunal remains, but also upon palaeoenvironmental models. The populations range geographically from L'Anse Amour, Labrador, to Casco Bay, Maine, and in age from 7,500 B.P. to the early seventeenth century. Comparisons are made to Northeastern interior populations of comparable age. Our main goal is to estimate the importance of marine protein in the diets of these groups, and to use these estimates to assess current notions about maritime adaptations along the northwest Atlantic littoral. The relevance of these results for the ongoing discussion about postdepositional diagenesis of bone is considered.

A Model for Midden Formation at the Turner Farm Site - Bourque, Bruce (1989)
During the past two decades, archaeological excavations on the central Maine coast have examined numerous shell midden sites. Normally, excavators have made detailed observations on midden structure, including stratigraphic and plan drawings. In general, however, the sites sampled represent a small number of components dating after c. 2,500 B.P. and the areas opened at the larger, more complex ones have not exceeded 5% of the n-tidden surface area. The Turner Farm site represents a qualitatively different case. Its numerous components, which date between c. 5,000 B.P. and the early historic period, present a uniquely long sequence of generally well stratified deposits. Furthermore, excavations carried out there between 1971 and 1978 were extensive, opening a total of 25% of the midden's surface area. Therefore, the Turner Farm excavation allows observations on long term midden formation processes that are not possible from smaller excavations at younger sites. These include factors influencing relative shell abundance, degree of shell fracturing, discreteness of horizontal patterning and post-depositional movement of artifacts.

A Late Archaic Sequence for southern Maine the Small Stemmed Point tradition, the Laurentian tradition, the Moorehead phase and the Susquehanna tradit - Bruce J. Bourque (1993)
Archaeological research at several sites in southern and central Maine are summarized, and comparisons are made to the Archaic strata of the Turner Farm site. These data allow new insights into the relationships among long-standing constructs such as the Small stemmed point tradition, the Laurentian tradition, the Moorehead phase, and the Susquehanna tradition. They also clarify relationships with the Maritime Archaic tradition of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Early Archaic Nettling Settlement Patterns in North-Central Ohio - Bowen, LE. (1992)
Since Stan Wortner discovered the Nettling site north of Lake Erie in 1965, extensive survey has shown that initial Early Archaic (ca. 9000 BP) Palmer-like Nettling points occur over an area of about 70,000 km2, centered roughly on modem Lake Erie. Four base camps, each at least as intense as the Nettling site itself, each of which have yielded at least 200 points and 200 endscrapers, have been identified within a 10, 000 km2 tract in north-central Ohio, south of the western end of Lake Erie. They are 1) the Trapp locality at the upper rapids of the Sandusky River, 2) the Chapman locality on the Sandusky River near the mouth of Sycamore Creek, 3) the Demuth locality on the west branch of the Huron River, and 4) the Fulk locality at the Savannah Lakes, a glacial kettle complex at the head of the Vermilion River.

Petrographic Analysis of Prehistoric Ceramics: Methodology and Results - Carolyn Bower (1973)
This paper investigates the use of petrographic analysis (the microscopic study of thin sections) to solve problems concerning prehistoric ceramic ecology, defined as the place of pottery in the lives of the people who made and used it. The approach is distinct from analyses which produce types meaningful for chronological or stylistic studies. Petrographic analysis is a specialized technique which defines paste types effectively and accurately. The paste types are the data which can be quantified and used to answer questions about prehistoric ceramic ecology. The paper deals with problem orientation, what questions can be asked, how to design a test, how to sample the collection, how to make and analyze the thin sections, and what results may be expected. Two specific illustrations are given from my researches in Northwestern Plains pottery, and the pottery of the Sierra Blanca region of New Mexico.

Caribou Remains at Thandl‰t: Archaeology and Paleoecology of Some Well-Preserved Sites on Ice Patches in the Southwestern Yukon - BOWYER, Vandy; Gerald W. KUZYK; Donald E. RUSSELL; Richard S. FARNELL; Ruth M. GOTTHARDT; P. Gregory HARE; Erik BLAKE (1999)
In 1997 well-preserved prehistoric organic artifacts and faunal material were discovered melting out of a permanent snow patch in the Kusawa Lake area of the southwestern Yukon. Radiocarbon dates on caribou fecal remains from stratified deposits within the snow patch indicate that these animals were present in the area at least 2500 years ago, although they are absent in the region today. A wooden dart/arrow shaft recovered from the edge of the snow patch dates to 4300 years ago, and is a rare example of mid-Holocene organic technology in North America. The exceptional preservation of archaeological remains and high quality paleoenvironmental data at the Thandl‰t site offers a rare opportunity to explore a number of questions regarding human use of montane sites, the ecology of prehistoric caribou, and implications of climate change on caribou populations.

Phytolith Analysis in the Parklands: a Species-Diagnostic Candidate for Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) / Analyse des phytolithes des prairies-p - Matthew Boyd (1997)
The potential of phytolith studies in areas of poor pollen and plant macrofossil preservation has been understood for some time. While this may be the case, phytolith studies in North America have generally focused on a narrow spectrum of plant types– mainly native grasses, and cereals (e.g., maize). With regard to efforts directed towards paleoenvironmental reconstructions, this has meant that past vegetation communities which are not dominated by grasses are effectively 'invisible' at present (especially where pollen and organic macro-remains do not preserve in sufficient quantities). In an effort to close this gap, the author presents some preliminary suggestions for a distinctive trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) phytolith type. If the distinctiveness and exclusivity of this type is borne out in further research, application may provide a means of tracing the boundaries of the Aspen Parkland over time. Archaeologically, it may then be possible to more accurately situate sites within this `transitional' vegetation zone for purposes of inferring natural resource procurement strategies, seasonal rounds, etc.

Le lac glaciaire Hind et le complexe de Folsom - Matthew Boyd; Garry Leonard Running IV; Karen Havholm (2003)

Holocene Paleoecology of the Lauder Sandhills, Southwestern Manitoba: Preliminary Botanical Results - Matthew Boyd (1998)
A cutbank of the Souris River in the Lauder Sandhills is currently undergoing micro- and macrobotanical analysis in order to help clarify the postglacial vegetation and climatic history of southwestern Manitoba. The early end of this sequence – represented by a section of gyttja with exquisite organic preservation – is the focus of this preliminary analysis. In general, results are suggestive of a pattern of Holocene succession broadly consistent with interpretations for adjacent areas. The evidence of extreme fluctuations in available moisture is given particular attention, and is interpreted according to more general climatic trends seen throughout the early- to mid-Holocene. As well, some attention will be paid to the paleoecology of certain key plant species on the postglacial landscape. These results, in addition to expanding the database of a very poorly studied area, have paleoenviromental implications extending beyond the local area.

A Late Holocene Prairie Fire Record from Southwestern Manitoba: Archaeological Implications - Matthew Boyd (2001)
Despite recent interest in the North American Holocene fire record, evidence for the deliberate burning of prairie by Plains hunter-gatherers has not previously been demonstrated. Through the analysis of phytoliths preserved in a sequence of dated paleosols in the Lauder Sandhills, Southwestern Manitoba, a local grassland fire record is reconstructed for the past   4000 years. Rather than suggesting climatic 'forcing', an apparent peak in fire frequency shortly after   2500 BP may correspond to the deliberate burning of prairie by Sonota-Besant hunter-gatherers. This practice, which is clearly documented in the historic record, may have functioned as a means of making bison herd movements more predictable.

Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Lauder Sandhills, Southwestern Manitoba - Matthew Boyd (1999)
This paper presents a broad overview of environmental change and its relevance to the archaeological record in the southern basin of a former glacial lake in southwestern Manitoba. Plant microfossils, macrofossils, and geomorphological data indicate that, throughout the Holocene, the ecological history of this area represents the complex interaction between both large-and small-scale natural processes (e.g., climatic trends, sand sheet mobilization and dune formation, aquifer hydrology, etc.). The postglacial thermal maximum, for example, is shown to have a more complicated effect on the timing of grassland colonization in the basin in comparison to the surrounding uplands of the Manitoba Escarpment. Understanding the character of small-scale ecosystem variation provides a means of accounting for the timing of McKean occupations in this area.

Building a Geoarchaeological Framework for the Assiniboine Delta: Initial Results - Matthew Boyd (2004)
The Rossendale Gully site lies in a small underfit valley on the southeastern Assiniboine Delta. Previous radiocarbon dates on buried organics from this site were important in establishing the deglacial chronology of southern Manitoba (Preston et al., 1955; Elson, 1967; Teller, 1989). A new coring program was initiated in order to: (1) reconstruct early Holocene vegetation dynamics following the final regression of glacial Lake Agassiz across the delta; (2) correlate the Rossendale sequence with other Campbell-level deposits; and (3) model the broad relationship between late Paleoindian land-use and the history of Lake Agassiz in this region. In July 2003, 14 cores were collected from the region using a hydraulic Geoprobe. The longest core obtained was 13.25 m. A preliminary stratigraphic sequence is identified, composed of >12 m of offshore silt interbedded with at least eleven cycles of turbidite deposition, locally overlain by an early Holocene organic unit at the Rossendale Gully site. In general, this sequence documents the final regression of Agassiz from an earlier highstand phase (radiocarbon dates pending), followed by the first colonization of the delta surface by wetland vegetation  9.5 ka BP. This suggests that the southeastern delta was not available for human settlement until the late Paleoindian period.

Pleistocene Landscape Features and Plano Archaeological Sites upon the Kaministiquia River Delta, Thunder Bay District - Wayne C. J. Boyko (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Lost Cities of the Ancien Southeast - Wayne C. J. Boyko (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)

Laser ablation as a method for assessing the effects of microbial diagenesis on stable isotope analysis - Brady, Allyson; Christine White; Fred Longstaffe; Gordon Southam (2004)
Post-depositional alteration of skeletal material is a problem that has long plagued isotopic analysis of archaeological material. Diagenesis, the term used to describe the post-depositional alteration, may be physical, chemical or biological in nature, and calls into question the reliability of isotopic data. Specifically, microbial diagenesis has the potential impact of altering isotopic signatures in skeletal material through decomposition by soil microorganisms. The objective of my thesis has been to identify diagenetically altered areas within bone and determine to what extent the isotopic signals have been altered. Modern bone and dentition samples were subjected to microbial degradation in a natural environment and the extent of bacterial colonization of differing skeletal tissue layers was identified using scanning electron microscopy. Areas recognized as potentially having undergone microbial diagenesis are targeted for isotope analysis using a CO2 laser ablation system; ideal for spot analysis on rare or small specimens. Archaeological samples were also analyzed in an attempt to identify patterns in the colonization or offsets in isotope values over time. Variation in the degree of colonization of differing areas of the bone and also in the carbon and oxygen isotope values obtained from altered versus unaltered areas is investigated. These results not only further our knowledge of the process of biodegradation but allow for more accurate isotope analysis of archaeological material through the creation of a diagenetic profile within skeletal material resulting from microbial diagenesis.

Faded, but not Lost: An Exploration of Rock-Art Patterning Using Digital Technology in the Torres Strait Islands, Northeast Queensland, Australia - Brady, Liam (2006)
Rock paintings from the Torres Strait islands in tropical far northeast Queensland are subject to a harsh coastal weathering regime. Many of these fragile images have faded due to accelerated coastal processes such as water and salt damage and are no longer visible to the naked eye. The systematic application of computer enhancement techniques to rock paintings recorded across Western Torres Strait over a four-year period has identified a previously undetectable north-south pattern in the proportion of faded paintings recovered using this technique. This patterning, taken in combination with a north-south division in Western Torres Strait geology, is used to reveal broader spatial and temporal patterns in the Torres Strait region. I argue that this systematic recording methodology attends to the preservation and conservation aspects of rock-art research, and can also be used to inform researchers of new or previously unidentifiable trends into the patterning of rock-art across space and through time.

Archaeological Investigations on the Dawson and Klondike City Hillsides - BRAND, Michael J. (1999)
Typical of late 19th century mining camps, the population of Dawson City during the boom years contained a relatively large group of transients. Natural constraints on the limits of the townsite, and the high demand for land as the stampeders arrived, resulted in the occupation of the steep hillsides along the eastern margin of Dawson and the southern edge of Klondike City. Previous archaeological research by Parks Canada archaeologists on the Dawson hillside, suggests that these areas were inhabited by transients, who came seeking a fortune to return home to a better life. This paper presents the results of the 1998 season of the Dawson City Hillside Archaeology Project, which recorded structure platforms and surface artifacts on the Klondike City hillside and portions of the Dawson City hillside. This research provides insights into the lives of the transient people who lived there and the means by which they interacted with the rest of the community.

The Arctic Voyages of Martin Frobisher: An Elizabethan Adventure - Michael Brand (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Metal Container Reuse and Transience During the Klondike Gold Rush - Michael Brand (2004)
This paper examines metal container reuse in the context of transient habitation sites in Dawson City, Yukon. Many individuals who joined the Klondike Stampede came north hoping to make a quick fortune and return home. Investigation of cabin platforms on the steep hillsides surrounding Dawson City, Yukon, suggests that their occupants during the gold rush era were largely transients. Surface artifact assemblages associated with cabin platforms indicate that the reuse of metal containers was a relatively common activity. Items manufactured from discarded tin cans on the hillsides tend to be related to structures and basic household activities. The varieties of reused artifacts are described and comparisons are made with other sites associated with the Klondike Gold Rush.

A tale of two data bases - Brandon, J. (1981)
Computer data base management systems are becoming increasingly in vogue for archaeological research applications. Abundant literature exists pertaining to computer data base techniques in archaeology in particular describing coding schemes, data manipulation procedures and analytical software. However, to archaeologists proposing to adopt such systems much less information is available detailing the accompanying problems introduced to the process of 'doing archaeology'. Two examples of large-scale data base management systems used to analyze archaeological data from Batoche National Historic Site in Saskatchewan and the Lubbub Creek site in west-central Alabama are briefly compared. Emphasis is placed on key parts of the process prone to error resulting in user grief and the means of coping with them are discussed. It is proposed that the problem areas highlighted are likely to be encountered by researchers implementing such systems and can be avoided. Among the aspects to be addressed are sources, rates and effects of data base error; user behaviour; and the availability and suitability of software.

Public Historical Archaeology at Chimney Coulee / L'archéologie historique publique à la coulée Chimney - BRANDON, John D. (1997)
The Chimney Coulee Site (DjOe-6) in the Cypress Hills of Saskatchewan contains components representing virtually every historical theme in Western Canadian 19th-C history. These include at least two precontact occupations, a large hivermant Métis village probably occupied in the 1860s and 1870s, a Hudson's Bay Company post (1871-72) and the North-West Mounted Police Eastend post (1877-1180). Public archaeology programs were run in the Coulee in the summers of 1994 and 1995. Quite by chance, theses occurred simultaneous with the Eastend Tyrannosaurus rex palaeontological excavations and tourism boom. Both grant-based and 'user-pay' methods of funding the project were utilized and the efficacy of both are discussed. Of the several occupations represented, the HBC post built in a Métis longhouse style was the main focus of investigation. The archaeological findings are presented.

Learning at the Source: A Comparison of Rhenish Stoneware from Ferryland, Newfoundland to Museum Originals in Germany - Brandon, Nicole E. (2002)
The popularity of Rhenish stoneware during the 17th and 18th centuries is observed time and again during excavations of colonial sites and shipwrecks. The ubiquitous Frechen Bartmann bottles and Westerwald blue-grey tankards are the most common vessels. This reputation supercedes their interpretive value, however, since they are not studied as widely as they are recovered. The Ferryland site, Newfoundland, provides a wonderful assemblage of Rhenish stoneware spanning two centuries. Complimenting the bottles and tankards are Frechen drinking pots and jugs, and ornately decorated baluster jugs produced in Raeren and the Westerwald. A research trip to the Rhineland provided an opportunity to view a range of complete vessels and open communication with European colleagues. Moreover, examining the source of Rhenish stoneware affords a new perspective on the role and use of these wares in the colonies.

Internship Experience in Archaeological Collections Management: Improving the Status of McMaster's Research Collections - Eliza Brandy; Matthew J. Seguin; Meghan Burchell (2008)
In September of 2007 the Department of Anthropology at McMaster University initiated the 'Collections Management Plan'. After decades in storage the materials recovered by archaeological field research conducted in 1960's and 1970's have been re-excavated from their cardboard matrix. The necessity for this came from a need for more storage space for existing materials, but most importantly it came from a recognized responsibility to maintain the collections and their potential for furthering research into Ontario's archaeological history. The objective is to develop and maintain a comprehensive database of excavated sites which will enable us to provide researchers with access to materials and information pertaining to the collections. It has also provided an opportunity to engage current undergraduate students with the changing practices of Canadian Archaeology. We hope that this research will reach the broader archaeological community and present opportunities for learning more about the history of this extensive collection.

Laurel in Northern Manitoba: A Ceramic Synthesis / La culture Laurel dans le nord du Manitoba : les informations livrées par des céramiq - BRANDZIN-LOW, Vera (1997)
This paper discusses a synthesis of information obtained from northern Manitoba Laurel ceramics recovered between 1970 and 1995. This project has revealed an unexpected high number of sites with Laurel components in northern Manitoba. A higher than realized Laurel representation in all of Manitoba appears to be the emerging pattern. Some regionalism of the study area Laurel is suggested based on observed differences in decorative attribute frequencies. A temporal framework based on decorative attribute trends places the northern Manitoba Laurel within the middle to late period of the recognized Laurel existence. Thermoluminescence dating of selected sherds has produced a maximum range of dates beginning early at 40 B.C. and extending to A.D. 1469, a late date beyond the normally accepted temporal limit for Laurel.

Links Between the East Aftican Acheulian and MSA– Experimental Manufacture of Large Flake Blanks - Brantingham, Jeff (1993)
The Acheulian tradition of East Affica comprises the second of two widely distributed and long lasting Early Stone Age industries appearing around 1,6 million years ago and lasting until approximately 0,2 million years ago. Being the second empirically distinct stone tool culture, the Acheulian industry maybe studied in reférence to technological precursors as well as technological descendants. Contrary to the common belief that the Acheulian is set apart from its precursors by it being a bifacial technology, it has been suggested that the diagnostic bifacial hand axes have been fashioned from large flake blanks and that it is the ability to produce large flake blanks of consistent size and shape that is the diagnostic character of the Acheulian. The large flake blank may represent a considerable advancement of technology over the preceding Oldowan industry, which was characterized by a quasi-opportunistic flaking of stone and tool types whose shape was more dependent on raw material constraints than on functional or stylistic considerations. The large flake blank also may foreshadow the technological regularity of the Middle Stone Age, which was characterized by the intentional use of prepared cores to produce maximally regularized flakes as blanks for tools. The status of the Acheulian between the Oldowan and MSA traditions of East Africa is explored through experimental manufacture of large flake blanks. Questions of the cognitive ability, behaviour and cultural evolution of the Acheulian hominids are addressed in light of these experiments.

Archaeological Investigations at a Prehistoric Village Site on Drummond Island Michigan - BRANTSNER, Christine N. (1994)
During the summers of 1991 and 1992, field crews from the Michigan Sate University Department of Anthropology conducted excavations at the Cloudman site on Drummond Island, located in the St. Mary's River Valley of Michigan's eastern Upper Peninsula. Excavations revealed that the site contained occupationally stratified deposits dating from the Middle Woodland, Late Woodland, and protohistoric/contact periods. Analysis of the ceramic assemblage indicates strong connections with other Michigan and Ontario groups. The location of the Cloudman site along the boundary between major eastem and western cultural traditions underscores its importance for understanding prehistoric social and cultural dynamics in this region of the Upper Great Lakes.

Performance Characteristics of Rock-Tempered Iroquoian Pottery - Greg Braun (2008)
Traditional analyses of Iroquoian pottery have focused on decorative attributes, with little attention given to its manufacture. In recent years, some research has suggested that an examination of manufacturing characteristics can make valuable contributions to our knowledge of Ontario Iroquoian society. The main goal of this paper is to investigate several aspects of pottery production through replication and experimentation. Previous research has suggested that at some Iroquoian sites, potters were tempering their clay with various types of rock, some of which required more effort to process than did others. I therefore wish to investigate whether the choice to expend more effort in the acquisition of certain tempers was primarily informed by a desire for certain performance characteristics, such as heating efficiency or resistance to thermal shock. If these tempers do not provide any performance benefits, it may be that the decision to use certain rocks over others as temper was influenced by "non-functional" or social concerns.

INAA and Obsidian Hydration Dating of Mayan Bladelets from Cahal Pech, Belize, C.A. - Brett, Jeremy (1992)
Obsidian bladelet fragments were collected in the 1988 field season with Trent University at the Mayan site of Cabal Pech which is a ceremonial and administrative centre occupied in the Late Preclassic and Late Classic periods. Trace element analysis of these samples resulted in provenience information relating to known obsidian sources for the Central American region, and a relative chronological placement of architectural phases at the site by means of hydration rim dating. The C-14 dating of lirnestone plaster samples from the site was also attempted but with limited success. These resulting dates were far too early to be possible due to the dilution effect of geological carbonates, however the dates were appropriate for a relative chronology and in agreement with the obsidian hydration dates.

Developing a Geographic Information System For Inventory Management in Saskatchewan / Création d'un systéme d'information g&ea - Gary BREWER (1997)
Overview of the current status of, and directions for, the development of the GIS at the Heritage Branch - Archaeological Resource Management. Some initial applications of paleo-environmental mapping and site location predictive modelling.

Walking the Wire: CRM in Saskatchewan Goes Online - Gary BREWER (2001)
This paper provides an overview of the creation of Saskatchewan's online development screening system. Over the past ten years the Heritage Unit of Saskatchewan has completed heritage sensitivity reviews of all of the provincial Crown lands as well as the quarterly mineral rights sales. The land held by the Crown and managed by Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food totals some 80,000 quarter sections. The mineral rights sales include deeded as well as Crown lands and currently stands at just over 17,000 quarter sections. All of these reviews have been maintained in electronic databases. While these databases have served for internal purposes, the Internet and digital mapping technologies have created a cost-effective vehicle to provide this data in a graphic and easily accessible format for developers and heritage consultants.

The Inuit in Southern Labrador: A View from Snack Cove - Brewster, Natalie (2005)
For many years the nature of Inuit occupations in southern Labrador during the Contact Period has been debated. European Written accounts from this time period suggest a sustained Inuit presence in southern Labrador, yet archaeological evidence of this remains elusive. This paper will focus on a 17th century Labrador Inuit fall/winter dwelling from Snack Cove 3 in order to address the nature of Inuit occupations in southern Labrador during the early Contact Period.

Here for a Reason: The Dundas Islands as a Gateway Community - Brewster, Natalie (2008)
This paper examines the important role that the Dundas Islands played in the context of the northern coast of British Columbia. For hunter-fisher-gatherers living in this region salmon and eulachon represented both dietary staples and highly valued trade commodities. There is a volatile history of conflict on the northern coast that may be related to efforts to control the abundant Nass and Skeena River fisheries where these resources were procured. Furthermore, the settlement choices of the region's inhabitants reflect a similar endeavor. Though they are a marginal resource area, intensive settlements were maintained on the Dundas Islands. The strategic location of the islands along transportation routes to both rivers provided a means to both defend and control access to the fisheries.

Multi-Site Faunal Analysis at the Dundas Island Group - Brewster, Natalie (2006)
A multi-site analysis of faunas is used to understand the long-term subsistence practices at the Dundas Island Group. This method of analysis can give insight into subsistence over the entire region, as well as variability between sites and site types. Preliminary faunal data from a series of shell midden sites present a profile of fish use at the Dundas Island Group and suggest the relative importance of salmon, herring and eulachon. These findings are compared with existing views and evidence of the pattern and development of fishing economies in the adjacent Prince Rupert region.

Assessing Rock Art Erosion with Portable Laser Scanners - Jack Brink (2008)
Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park (WOSPP), in southern Alberta, is home to a large collection of Aboriginal rock art images. Numerous erosional forces are destroying the images. However, recent research indicates that some forms of rock art weathering can be delayed through implementation of both passive and active conservation treatments. Implementing these treatments raised the issue of how to asses their effectiveness. Portable laser scanning offers promise, not just for detailed recording of rock art, but also for charting the progress of conservation experiments. This paper describes conservation methods at WOSPP and reports on two laser scanning episodes, spaced over 27 months. Comparison of the two scans suggests that erosion is taking place on short time intervals, and that greater weathering is occurring on the surface not treated with chemical consolidants. While all rock art will ultimately disappear, there is hope for extending the life of select images.

The Stories of Buffalo Bird Woman: Lessons in Bison Carcass Use and Abandonment - Jack Brink (2001)
Gilbert Wilson's book The Horse and the Dog in Hidatsa Culture (1924) provides compelling accounts of Contact Period bison hunting, especially the stories of his prime informant, Buffalo Bird Woman. In particular, she recounts a long and complex pedestrian buffalo hunt, using dogs and travois, which took place in about 1870. Buffalo Bird Woman provides a unique view on bison hunting, butchering, processing, caching, consumption and transport. She also gives a voice to complex decision making processes that her group grappled with concerning the differing strategies of searching for new kills as opposed to continued reliance on cached food. Analysis of the use and discard of bison carcass parts by Hidatsa hunters indicates a preference for portions associated with greatest weight of fat and marrow, not weight of muscle tissue or muscle plus fat tissue. On the other hand, certain habits of carcass discard or retention appear to be idiosyncratic and defy modeling with indices of nutritional utility. The tales of Buffalo Bird Woman provide a realistic charting of the fate of skeletal elements and help us understand the formation of archaeological assemblages.

Saving Face: Experiments in Rock Art Conservation at Writing-On-Stone - Jack Brink; Ian A. CAMPBELL (1999)
Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park has one of the largest concentrations of Aboriginal rock art found anywhere in western North America. Much of the rock art suffers - or has been completely lost - as a result of erosion of loosely cemented sandstone bedrock. An on-going research project has investigated ways to strengthen the near-surface bedrock using the product CONSERVARE OH. Results indicate that this silica-based product penetrates the sandstone to a depth of about 3 cm and provides an increase in rock strength of about 300%. It is concluded that CONSERVARE would be effective in retarding erosion of certain rock art panels but would not be No deleterious effects of CONSERVARE have been observed, although it is noted that the product may interfere with some future research such as attempts to date rock art. Studies designed to monitor the long term effects of treatment with CONSERVARE have been initiated. Application to actual rock art surfaces has not yet taken place. Preliminary consultation with First Nations groups indicates approval of use of this technique to help prolong the life of rock art.

The Highwood River Site: a Pelican Lake Phase Burial from the Alberta Plains - Jack Brink; Stuart J. Baldwin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)
This report provides a site description of the Highwood Burial site in southern Alberta. The burial was that of a young individual, about 10 years old, whose body had been defleshed prior to burial. Interment had been in a small, sub-surface pit excavated into the bank of a high river terrace. The bones had probably been covered with red ochre and placed in a bundle. Also placed with the burial were grave goods consisting of a Pelican Lake projectile point, several other lithic tools, eleven perforated grizzly bear claws, several dozen perforated bison teeth, freshwater calm shell beads, a piece of native copper, and several exotic marine shells. A radiocarbon date indicates that the burial took place some 2,725 years ago. The Highwood site is compared with a number of other burial sites from the northern Plains, and it is concluded that a systematic manner of interring the dead was practiced in this region during the later part of the Middle Prehistoric Period. The most common, and potentially diagnostic, traits of this burial pattern are presented.

Ancient Nomads of the Eurasian and North American Grasslands - Jack Brink (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Bison Carcass Utilization at Kill Sites from the Great Plains - Jack Brink (1994)
Quantitative measures of marrow and bone grease for bison have been produced by Emerson (1990) and Brink. Combined, these indices provide a new tool for the examination of faunal utilization at bison kill/butchery sites from the North American Plains. It is assumed that bones with the greatest amount of marrow and grease were preferentially processed. Testing this assumption for marrow at a number of bison kill sites reveals a large number of sites that conform to the prediction but a substantial number that contradict the expected pattern. Comparing bone grease content with faunal representation indicates a similar pattern of conformance with expectations at some sites but not others. Further analysis reveals that sites where optimal utilization of marrow is not evident are the same sites where maximum grease extraction was conducted. It is concluded that: (1) indices based on food quantity have the potential to elucidate seemingly contradictory patterns of faunal use, and (2) that subsequent stages of faunal utilization, such as grease rendering, can obliterate patterns of primary use, such as marrow extraction.

Another Look At Bison Bones From The Wardell Site - Jack Brink (1998)
Excavations at both the kill and associated processing areas of the Wardell site afford an opportunity to chart the decision making processes of initial and secondary bison butchering. Comparison of skeletal elements between kill and butcher site reveal patterns apparently related to maximizing the recovery of marrow and grease. Broken and complete leg bone frequencies at the kill are predicted by marrow content, while grease content predicts leg bone counts at the processing area. Combined marrow and grease value of elements is seen to predict removal and destruction of bones from the kill and camp areas.

Pleistocene Horse and Possible Human Association in Central Alberta, 12,700 Years Ago - Jack W. Brink; Christina I. Barrón-Ortiz; Kathy Loftis; Robert J. Speakman (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)
Materials recently collected from the shoreline of the Brazeau reservoir in west-central Alberta include a number of Paleoindian artifacts and a set of six articulated mandibular teeth from the genus Equus. The heavily weathered horse teeth were identified as most similar to the caballine equids that became extinct in North American at the end of the Pleistocene. An average of four AMS radiocarbon dates place the age of the teeth at ~12,700 calibrated years before present. Early style artifacts recovered from the reservoir include two fluted points, a biface cache, and several other Paleoindian points. No artifacts were directly associated with the teeth, but nearby fluted points are likely coeval and suggestive of an association. The presence of Pleistocene horse 12,700 years ago directly within the Ice-Free Corridor (IFC) has a bearing on the debate concerning the timing of the opening of the IFC and on the environmental conditions within the corridor. Data presented here indicate an open IFC in west-central Alberta by at least 12,700 years ago and an environment fully capable of supporting large game animals, and by extension human hunters.

Parameters of Caribou Biology and Hunting Strategies - Jack Brink (1992)
Due to the extreme scasonality of environment caribou undergo dramatic changes in body composition. During winter body growth slows or ceases, total body weight declines, fat reserves are severely diminished or exhausted, and muscle tissue is mobilized to provide energy and protein to vital functions. Seasonal patterns of caribou carcass composition differ according to age and sex. Calves are very lean at birth, remain lean through most of the summer, but by autumn have accumulated considerable fat. By the end of the flirst year fat levels in calves are similar to those of adults. Mature males are fattest in the fall but lose most of their stored fat during the rut and enter the winter in poor condition. Mature females are also fattest in the fall, are affected little by the rut, and enter winter in excellent condition. Despite the energy demands of gestation, pregnant females are often fatter than barren cows and maintain greater fat deposits into spring. At parturition the onset of lactation creates severe energetic demands on the dam and females are in poorest condition in mid summer. Dry cows are fatter at this time. The physiological need for fat in the diet of hunters inhabiting northern. latitudes led to a well documented preference for the fattest animals. Patterns of caribou energetics and carcass composition were likely exploited to yield maximum return of high energy food. Archaeological verification of selective hunting and butchering can be achieved through sexing of bones, determination of seasonality, and probably delineation of the conditions of pregnancy and lactation. An example from the Plains of North America demonstrates a strong correlation between bioenergetics of bison and historic period hunting patterns. It is suggested that a similar correspondence may be found in the Arctic literature.

Disappearing Dreams at the Zephyr Creek Rock Art Site, Alberta - Jack W. Brink (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)
Discovery of a set of 1965 photographs of the Zephyr Creek rock art site, in southwestern Alberta, calls for reconsideration and reinterpretation of the site. Comparison of the early photographs with others dating to the past four decades establishes that rock art was made as recently as the mid-twentieth century, and that these images have eroded extremely rapidly. The former fact supports the argument that many of the images were made by local Stoney people who reside a few kilometres away and who were known historically to have been aware of the site. The latter fact is explained by speculation that the images were made with a pigment composed of local, iron-rich clay rather than traditional red ochre. Some of the images at Zephyr Creek may be depictions of structures associated with sundance ceremonies held by local Stoney. Historic records of rock art at the site from the early 1900s likely pertain to pictographs that are no longer visible. On-going use of a rock art site in the past century is a rare occurrence, and indicates continuation of ceremonial activity at a known site by a known group.

The Children of Dunbow: Closure on a Sad Burial Incident - Jack Brink; Rhonda DeLorme (2001)
The St. Joseph (Dunbow) Mission school, southeast of Calgary, was operated by the Oblate Fathers from the 1880s to about 1920. Intended to teach Native children useful western skills and to discourage traditional culture, children were recruited from many tribal groups including all three Blackfoot Nations, Cree, Tsuu T'ina as well as Metis. Inevitably, increased contact with Euro-Canadians also led to an increase in disease and many Native children died while at the school. Locating family members in a timely manner was not always possible and several dozen children were buried at a cemetery established on the banks of the Highwood river near the Dunbow school. In recent years the river has cut into the banks beneath this cemetery sending caskets and bones downstream. This situation created a dilemma for all involved - the Church, Aboriginal people, government departments, the local landowner. Who is responsible for unmarked, unregistered burials and human remains? Can or should anything be done, or should nature take its course? This paper chronicles several years of events surrounding the story of the Dunbow cemetery, and how Aboriginal groups and resource managers worked together to bring a dramatic conclusion to this unfortunate situation.

Archaeology and Pedology at the Smoky Site, Alberta - Brink, J.W. (1976)
This paper deals with several types of analyses undertaken at an archaeological site in the eastern slopes near Grande Cache, Alberta. The aeolian soil is examined in terms of particle size, and rates of deposition and/or erosion as suggested by radiocarbon ages. The methods and results of two experiments are presented: one dealing with paleo-magnetic sampling and analysis; the second with measuring the processes and effects of frost heaving. The applicability of these tests at other sites is discussed.

The Sjovold Site: A River Crossing Campsite in the Northern Plains - Jack Brink (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1997)

Small sites in the northern Alberta mountains and foothills - Brink, J. (1981)
Archaeological surveys and excavations in the Grande Cache/Wilmore wilderness region of Alberta have identified small sites as a dominant expression of the prehistory of the area. The nature, location and content of these sites is discussed. The sites are compared to the larger, excavated sites from the same region, and relationships explored. Comments on the meaning of these small sites in a regional prehistoric context are offered.

A Non-finite Radiocarbon Date on Charcoal at the ‘Dorset’ Palaeo-Eskimo Site of Cape Ray Light (CjBt–1), Newfoundland, Canada, with Remarks on Acceptable Ages, Material Sources, and Environment - Ian A. Brookes (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Public Archaeology with a Doukhobor Descendant Community - Brooks, Meagan (2006)
In the summer of 2004 partnerships between the Doukhobor and Saskatchewan archaeological communities created, "The Doukhobor Pit-house Public Archaeology Project", featuring the participation of Doukhobor descendants in the excavation of two Doukhobor sites. Using qualitative data including questionnaires, daily journals and interviews, the project was evaluated to determine the impact the archaeological experience had upon the changing Doukhobor community. The results of the evaluation demonstrated the successes, failures and benefits of the project for the community. However themes indicating pathways to success are applicable not only to the Doukhobor community but also to future public and descendant archaeology projects. These themes provide a deeper understanding of how archaeology can provide Canadian communities with a voice in the creation, maintenance and celebration of their past.

The Squaw Rockshelter (33CU34): A Stratified Site in Cuyahoga County, Ohio - Brose, David S. (1993)
The Squaw Rockshelter site (33CU34), located along a tertiary tributary to Lake Erie in Northeast Ohio, contained stratified sealed deposits. A small remnant dated 9240±160 B.P., yielded fragments of a human skeleton, unifacial and bifacial scrapers, unstemmed lancoolate points, and a corner-removed indented-based point. Additional lanceolate and bifurcate-base points have been recovered eroded from this site. The early Archaie lithic assemblage included both Plano projectile points of the Great Lakes region and corner-notched types of the Southern Appalachians. This site has provided evidence on the relationships of these point styles and the early Holocene cultural complexes from the lower Great Lakes region.

A Museum in the City: the Site of the Founding of Montréal - Brossard, Jean-Guy (2002)
Pointe-à-Calliére, a museum about the archaeology and history of Montréal, shelters and explains significant « in situ » archaeological remains; traces of human occupation predating the founding of Montréal, up until today. Following 10 years of existence and, soon, 2 million visitors, the Museum has begun a process to renew its interpretation of the remains. Our current challenge is to propose to the general public a renewed reading of the complex archaeological sites that are located on the spot where Montréal was founded and to explain the evolution of the city. We will here examine our approach from three directions. We will begin by reminding ourselves of the intentions of the originators of the museum: orientation, themes, expression in the circuit, discussion, and museographic choices. Next we will critically evaluate the past 10 years to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the equipment. On this basis we will finally explain the process for renewing the explanation of the remains and the new orientations that are guiding us.

Lithic Analysis of the Akpatok 1 site (JcEb-1), Ungava Bay - Brossard, J.-G. (1981)
This paper presents a technological analysis of a small surface collection of lithics gathered from two poorly defined architectural units. These units, designated structures A and B, are composed of ambiguous block and slab concentrations situated on the surface of the 9 m.a.s.l. gravel beach and are separated by a distance of approximately 20 metres. The homogeneity of raw material (a beige chert) and the high proportion of flakes are of special interest. Structure A is analyzed completely and in detail while structure B is only sampled. The spatial distribution of different debitage categories and other complementary analytical data of A allow the definition of specific activity areas. Certain comparisons between the two units suggest hypotheses concerning occupation of the site.

Des vestiges à la ville, l'expérience de Pointe-à-Calliére - Brossard, Jean-Guy (1993)
La réalisation des expositions de Pointe-à-Calliére, Musée d'archéologie et d'histoire de Montréal, donna l'opportunité à des historiens et à des archéologues de confronter leurs approches. Une thématique historique globale fut d'abord développée par l'équipe d'histoire, menant au choix du théme principal Montréal, carrefour d'échanges et de commerce . Quand vint le temps d'interpréter in situ les sites archéologiques que le musée abrite, les archéologues furent alors plus directement impliqués. Leur perception des vestiges aux sites comme des parties résiduelles des différentes époques de la ville, approche propre à une archéologie dite urbaine , modifia sensiblement les interprétations. Durant sa visite du musée, le visiteur est donc théoriquement nourri d'un discours résultant d'une approche historique et d'une approche archéologique . L'objectif principal est ici de cerner plus spécifiquement l'apport de cette derniére. Qu'en résulte-t-il pour la compréhension de l'évolution de la ville? Cette réflexion ouvre sur la diffusion via le discours d'animation s'adressant directement au publie visiteur.