Two Possible Hide Processing Stones from FbNp-1 in Wanuskewin Heritage Park, Saskatchewan - Forner, Cheryl (2004)
Lithic use wear analysis was applied to a sample of cobbles recovered from FbNp-1 in Wanuskewin Heritage Park. The use wear analysis was completed to test existing methodologies used to microscopically analyze ground stone tools as applied specifically to hide processing stones. Interpretation of the analysis indicates that at least one, and possibly two, of the cobbles can be interpreted as hide processing stones. An ethnographic literature review into hide processing procedures on the Plains has also uncovered two possible hide processing stone tool categories. These tools have been referred to as braining stones and graining stones. Braining stones were used in the tanning process to aid in the application of a brain tanning mixture. Graining stones were used in the softening and graining process to soften and add texture to the hide. A combination of the literature review and lithic use wear analysis has allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of these tools and their uses. These types of tools are often overlooked in archaeological analyses.Their misidentification may lead to the misinterpretation of activity areas and site usage.

Perakhóra 1972 - John M. Fossey (1973)
The first excavations, in 1965, on the prehistoric site by Lake Vouliagméni, Perakhóra revealed a series of deposits from Early Bronze I and transitional Early Bronze I/II. In 1972, at two higher parts of the site, sequences from Early Bronze II were recovered. In the principal area investigated a sequence of three EB II phases appeared. In the earliest the site was a pottery production centre: no kilns have been identified with certainty as yet, but a large dump of wasters accrued. The dump was subsequently he building was obviously of some importance, but its exact function escapes us as yet. The site was then levelled off again in order to construct a large, well built complex of rooms of which only part of the plan has yet been recovered. Finally this building appears to have been burnt down and the site abandoned until the 7th century B.C. when a small farmstead occupied, probably briefly, the same position. Subsequently the site lay unoccupied to the present day.

Pre-contact Pottery Tempering Practices at Sipiwesk Lake, Manitoba: The Effects of Grit Tempering on Drying and Firing - Kent D. Fowler; Kate Basco; Mostafa Fayek (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)
This report presents the results of an experiment designed to examine the effects of grit tempering on the shrinkage of clays used to manufacture Middle and Late Woodland pottery from Sipiwesk Lake in northern Manitoba. A single previous experiment by Corenblum and Syms (1977) using clay from southern Manitoba found that grit tempering had little effect on the shrinkage of clays; it was proposed that the use of temper by pre-contact potters may have been a practice driven by cultural choice as opposed to technical necessity. Our experiment analyzed the plasticity and shrinkage of clay briquettes and tiles from Sipiwesk Lake in northern Manitoba that were untempered or tempered with different proportions of a grit (10–30 percent) composition comparable to that used by pre-contact potters. Our study shows that adding grit temper increased the plasticity of raw clays (their workability) and reduced the amount of shrinkage experienced during drying and firing. Our conclusions directly contrast Corenblum and Syms’ findings, but do confirm grit temper is not necessary to successfully manufacture a Middle or Late Woodland pot. Based upon these new data we then address the theoretical issue of whether it is useful to distinguish “cultural choice” from “technical necessity” as alternative explanations for manufacturing practices.

The Ritual Use of Pottery in an Early Southern African Farming Community: Data Versus Speculation - FOWLER, Kent (2001)
The spatial distribution and association of artifacts and features provides a basic form of evidence for identifying patterns of artifact use. Archaeologists working on southern African Early Iron Age (250-1100 AD) societies commonly assign unusual objects ritual functions and attribute the discard patterns of certain objects to ritual activity. Rarely are these objects integrated into discussions of broader patterns of production, use and disposal at sites. Thus, alternative explanations of their function and disposal have been overlooked. A spatial analysis of ceramic data from the site of Ndondondwane in South Africa is presented to examine these hypotheses. Results indicate that the use and discard of ritual objects may be attributed to factors other than ritual ones, and that ceramic sculpture may be better interpreted within the sociocultural context of iron smelting. Based on these new data, models of continuity and change in the later prehistory of southern Africa are reexamined.

Traces of Childhood: Defining Children in the Mortuary Record / Traces de l'enfance : enfants et documents funéraires - FOWLER, Kent (1997)
In this paper I express several considerations that should be made when defining 'children' in the mortuary record. There are three issues involved in defining children in the mortuary record. The first involves the physical identification of children. The second concern is how the mortuary treatments accorded children are analyzed and described. The third issue involves how we translate material remains and patterns into social behaviour. To socially define children, the social rank and status of children must be determined within the social boundaries of the society they belonged. In this paper I address these problems by using a new methodology that allows the social rank and status accorded children to be described (cf. Fowler 1997a, 1997b). A recent analysis of mortuary remains dating to the Greek Neolithic period (6500-3200 BC; Fowler 1997a, 1997b) serves as an example of how children may be socially recognized through mortuary activity. I suggest several possible reasons why children are give mortuary treatments, alternative to adults. Despite the variability in mortuary ritual, I suggest that the treatment of children in the mortuary record is governed by the same social rules of membership and exclusion directing the disposal program of adults. I also argue that the meaning behind the differential treatment of children at death cannot simply be explained by biological factors alone. Rather, as with adults, the social rank and status of children play a key role in defining: 1) their relationships to each other; 2) their relationships to other members of the community; and 3) the general prohibitive and customary constraints on social behaviour, which characterizes the structure and organization of a society.

The Archaeological Identification and Interpretation of Pottery-making Locations: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Data from South Africa. - Fowler, Kent D. (2004)
Identifying the location of past pottery-making activities provides the primary data for inferring the social organization of production. Ethnoarchaeological accounts from Mesoamerica and South America have provided a number of material correlates for identifying the kinds of facilities used in pottery-making, the resulting debris, and the use of space in domestic production. However, similar studies have not been undertaken outside these regions. This study presents a set of criteria derived from an ethnoarchaeological study of amaZulu ceramic production in South Africa. The ethnographic model is compared against data from a nearby archaeological settlement dating to the ninth-century AD. The results of the study suggest that the ethnoarchaeological criteria are useful for identifying ceramic production areas within past settlements, and that a better understanding of the spatial organisation of production may potentially allow more detailed inferences to be made about labour organisation and the identity of artisans in early southern African farming communities.

Owls and Orenda - William A. Fox (1993)
While subsistence activities dominated Native peoples' day to day lives to varying degrees throughout their annual cycle of hunting, gathering and/or horticulture, another health-related issue rernained an insidious constant. Throughout the Northeast, the fear of witchcraft has been a pervasive influence at both a personal and community level. Among no group has this been more true than the Iroquois. The issue of identifying evidence of witchcraft in the archaeological record will be explored using ethnographic, ethnohistoric and archaeological data.

Thaniba Wakandagi Among the Ontario Iroquois - William Fox (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)
Stone disc-style pipes, while relatively common on late pre-contact sites in what is now the midwestern region of the United States, are rare in the Northeast. Eight disc pipes from Ontario are described and then considered in the context of reported specimens from the Great Lakes and Ohio River drainage basins. Given the exotic nature of this pipe form in terms of Ontario Late Woodland assemblages, the potential routes and rationale for their transmission to Ontario are considered in light of archaeological and ethnographic data from throughout the study area. The rationale for the presence of disc pipes outside of the northern Mississippi drainage heartland' is considered further from a symbolic standpoint, and two separate interaction vectors are proposed to explain their Ontario distribution. One specimen may speak to a surprising destination of refugee Petun and Odawa peoples following their mid-17th-century dispersal by the Five Nations Iroquois. '

Historical Property Analysis for One St. Thomas Street, Toronto - Amy Fox (2008)
My research examines this history and occupation of One St. Thomas Street, Toronto, Ontario through the application of 'property archaeology'. In 1844 five wooded houses were built which were then demolished to make way for a multi-million dollar condominium. With the aid of the Toronto Archives, City Directory, City Assessment Rolls, the Archives at Victoria College, and records from Goad's Fire Insurance maps I detailed the historical ownership, land use and value, and even a failed business venture attempted with the property. Patterns visible in the city's record show this property sample acted as a microcosm for demographics changes and are still occurring in this downtown neighbourhood at the intersection of Bay and Bloor streets.

Shaking the Earth: Turtle Shell Rattles Among the Ontario Iroquois - William A. Fox (2002)
Turtle shell rattles from archaeological contexts in southern Ontario are considered in light of ethnohistoric and ethnographic evidence from eastern North America concerning their specific ritual affiliations. This evidence is combined with that derived from other artifact classes to illustrate the substantial connections which existed between tribes of the Neutral Confederacy and nations to the south during the first half of the seventeenth century.

Ontario Cherts Revisited - William Fox; Patrick Julig; Dan Long (2006)
An overview of current knowledge concerning Northern and Southern Ontario chert sources is presented, focussing on characterisation/identification and knapping quality. An attempt is made to clarify some of the chert type terminology established by Fox, some 30 years ago, which continues in use in the literature.

Horned Panthers and Erie Associates - William Fox (2001)
Ethnohistoric, ethnographic and linguistic evidence is applied to the interpretation of particular artifact classes from Late Woodland sites in the Lake Erie drainage basin, in an attempt to better understand the spiritual beliefs of resident Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking groups.

Miskwabik, Metal of Ritual: Metallurgy in Precontact Eastern North America - William A. Fox (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Structure and Regional Diversity of the Meadowood Interaction Sphere - William Fox (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)

People and Parks - William Fox (1994)
The last twenty-five years have witnessed a progressively consultative approach on the part of Canada's Federal Government in the establishment and management of National Historic Sites and National Parks. Ten years ago, the first comprehensive claim involving northern Aboriginal peoples was settled with the Inuvialuit of the western Arctic. While CRM issues were not a significant concern in this claim, they have increased in importance to the point where sixteen pages of the Nunavut Final Agreement implementation contract are devoted to archaeology and its practice. The present parks Canada commitment to cultural resource co-management with local Aboriginal communities extends far beyond the northern claims areas, as witnessed by the range of initiatives outlined in this presentation.

The Lakehead Complex–New Insights - W.A. Fox (1976)
During the 1975 field season, a short project was undertaken to test an hypothesis generated by earlier research. Survey of Knife Lake in Quetico Provincial Park produced evidence indicating Native quarrying of siltstones extending back to late Palaeo-Indian times. Additional evidence from the boundary waters area to the east suggests contact between the Lakehead Complex and more southerly lithic industries.

An Upper Great Lakes Archaeological Odyssey: Essays in Honor of Charles E. Cleland - William A. Fox (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

The Serpent's Copper Scales - William A. Fox (1992)
A considerable literature exists concerning the form and distribution of native copper artifacts in eastern North America, particularly during the Archaic through Middle Woodland periods. Some studies relating to the sources and artifact types utilized by Mississippian societies are available, however, little has been written concerning native copper use among Woodland groups. Historic references are unfortunately brief and provide few insights into the importance of this raw material to the First Nations. Trace element analyses of copper artifacts from sixteenth and early seventeenth century sites in Ontario have provided new information on the distribution and use of native copper at this critical period in the Great Lakes region. Archaeological data are combined with ethnohistoric and ethnographic observations to better understand the significance of this metal in protohistoric Woodland society.

L'axe nord-sud du cuivre - William A. Fox (2003)

Excavations at the Caradoc Site (AfHj–104): A Late Paleo-Indian Ritual Artifact Deposit - William A. Fox (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Where East Meets West: The New Copper Cultures - William Fox (1992)
Trace element analyses of metal artifacts from sixteenth century archaeological sites in Ontario have provided new evidence concerning not only the initiation of European contact, but the character of the contemporary Native metal working industry. Fifteenth through seventeenth century native metal artifact forms are compared with assemblages of reworked European metal in an effort to determine the degree of paradigmatic continuity evidenced in the manipulation of those materials.

Fragments from Antiquity. An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900–1200 BC. - Peter D. Francis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

Archaeological Research In The Snake Indian River Valley: A Parks Canada-University Of Alberta Partnership - Peter D. Francis; Caroline HUDECEK-CUFFE (1998)
During the summers of 1996 and 1997, the Department of Anthropology at the University of Alberta taught their archaeology field school in Jasper National Park under a partnership agreement with Parks Canada. As part of the on going Snake Indian River Threatened Sites Project, the field school continued with the excavation programme begun by Parks Canada archaeologists at a stratified site located on the north terrace of the river valley. The approximately one metre of aeolian silts covering the terrace contain evidence for at least four cultural components. The upper occupation is characterized by fire broken rock and hearth features while middle and lower occupations consist of lithic debitage and several discrete lithic work stations. Radiocarbon dates and recovered projectile points suggest that occupations occurred during the Early, Middle, and Late Prehistoric periods. Given the rarity of stratified archaeological sites in the national park, continuing analysis of the assemblage and further work at the site will provide extremely valuable information concerning the precontact occupational sequence of the Jasper National Park area.

A Possible Simon Fraser Signature Site, Stuart Lake, British Columbia - Peter D. Francis; John E. P. Porter (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)
In 1975, a pictographic inscription attributable to Simon Fraser was discovered on Stuart Lake, British Columbia. Thereafter, two Parks Canada archaeologists photographed the inscription site. The visible remains were compelling, but there was no certainty in determining exactly what was recorded on the rock face. A recently developed software programme called DStretch, designed specifically to analyze digital images of rock art, was used to enhance the evidence. The analysis improved significantly the surviving details of the inscription. This paper discusses several lines of evidence for what might be an incidental but interesting addition to one of Canada’s most famous fur trade era explorers.

Politics and Planning: A Fur Trade Era Reburial at Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site of Canada - Francis, Peter; Thomson, Sharon; Pat McDonald; John E. P. Porter (2005)
During the course of construction activities in 1969 at the Seafort Gas Plant within the boundaries of what later became Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site of Canada, a Fur Trade Era burying ground was discovered. The interred remains of 13 individuals were removed from the construction site with one more being recovered in 1971. Following initial analyses, the human remains were placed in storage at the Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta. In September 2002, the human remains, as well as funerary artefacts recovered through later archaeological mitigation at the gas plant were reinterred at a new location within the boundaries of the National Historic Site. This paper discusses aspects of the reburial process including local, Aboriginal and Metis concerns, archaeological research concerns, Parks Canada policies, the various factors that affected the decision making, and how the reburial eventually unfolded.

Problémes de recherche et de gestion concernant les lieux de sépulture des lieux historiques nationaux rattachés au commerce de - Peter D. Francis; John E. P. Porter (2003)

Sowerby Snowshoes: Fragile and Informative Remains in a Hostile Environment - Franck, Ian; Dave Schaepe (2005)
The recent discovery of a complete pair of precontact snowshoes (250 BP +/70) in a rockshelter near Hope, B.C. is the first of its kind known in the Pacific Northwest. The snowshoes, made entirely of cedar boughs and bark, provide fascinating information with respect to: technology; the preservation of normally perishable artifacts within protected landscape microfeatures; and the use of upland areas during winter months. The use of snowshoes in such an environment would allow the wearer to cover great distances over terrain which would normally be severely broken or sodden. This should prompt the investigation of areas not conventionally surveyed and encourage investigators to seek out elusive pockets of preservation in an otherwise hostile environment.

The Fish Fauna of the Charlie Lake Cave Site, HbRf -39 - S. Gay Frederick (1994)
The Charlie Lake Cave Site, radio-carbon dated to between 10,700±120 B.R and 1400±400 B.R, is the oldest known, well-dated habitation site in the northern interior of British Columbia. Excavations undertaken at the site in the 1980s and 1990s by Dr. Knut Fladmark and Dr. Jon Driver of Simon Fraser University, recovered extensive samples of well preserved faunal material, including bones of mammals, reptiles, birds and fish. The mammalian, reptilian and avian remains are reported elsewhere. This paper discusses the fish remains recovered from Stratigraphic Zones IIa through IV. 1,235 specimens of the 2,157 fish bones recovered in the 1983 excavations were examined. Of these, 770 specimens were identified to species, genus or family. Fully 98.5% of the identified elements are from a single genus, Catostomus. Cultural, depositional and biological variables are considered as explanations for the strikingly singular nature of this fauna over 10,000 years.

Fur Seal Remains from Ts'ishaa Village, Barkley Sound, B.C. (DfSi 16) - S. Gay Frederick; Crockford, Susan; Becky Wigen (2001)
The 1999 and 2000 Tseshaht Archaeological Project excavations at Ts'ishaa Village on Benson Island, Barkley Sound, B.C., provided evidence of the hunting of fur seals in Barkley Sound over the past 2,000 years. The fur seal remains from this site include a number of individuals classed as young juveniles. This paper explores the implications of the presence of young juveniles in the archaeological sample in terms of precontact Barkley Sound fur seal population structure, pupping habits, migratory behaviour, species affiliation and interaction with human populations. Biological studies of fur seal ecology and behaviour as well as historical and ethnographic information relating to fur seal presence and exploitation in the Barkley Sound region provide a context for the analysis.

Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex: Distant Outliers and Accurate Solstice Alignments - Freeman, Gordon R.; Phyllis J. Freeman (1992)
The Majorville complex contains solstice sun rise and set lines up to 1800 in long, marked by small cairns or large rocks. Some of the lines point to the sun's first or last flash on a horizon 20-30 km distant; others look uphill to a horizon 800-1800 in away. The uphill lines serve when a band of cloud obscures the more distant horizon. At the Majorville site we have found the distant horizon to be clear about one third of the time, but with the two levels of siting lines we find one or the other clear about half of the time. Near a solstice the sun rise and set points move along the horizon slowly; it takes nine days to move the last diameter to the solstice position. It takes three days to move the last 0.1 diameter. At Majorville one of the summer solstice rise lines runs 1.8 degrees north of the intersection of the northern slope of the Medicine Wheel Hill with the distant horizon. The sun rise occurs at this intersection on about 4 June, which provides a seventeen day countdown to the solstice. We have found five lines that mark the summer rise, two that mark the summer set, one that marks the winter rise and three that mark the winter set. Of greatest significance were the summer sun rise and the winter sun set.

Site- and local-scale processes at the Stampede Site, Cypress Hills, Alberta and the Below Forks site, Saskatchewan - Freeman, Andrea K.L.; Garry L. Running IV; BEAUDOIN, Alwynne; Dion Wiseman (2001)
Geoarchaeological studies have been initiated at the Stampede site, a 7,000+ year old multiple component archaeological site located on the northern slope of the Cypress Hills upland, and the Below Forks site, a second multiple component site located at the confluence of the north and south Saskatchewan rivers. Site- and local-scale alluvial and colluvial processes have had a significant impact on the preservation of archaeological resources at these sites. The relative influence of each of these processes is examined. The scale at which Holocene sedimentary inputs might have influenced site settlement and use is currently under investigation.

Nematodes on archaeological sites in Canada: past, present, and future effects on soil development and archaeological site preservation - Andrea Freeman; Garry L. Running (2004)
Native earthworms were removed from glaciated areas of North America during the late Pleistocene. Re-colonization by Native species, following glaciation was excessively slow. The lack of earthworm fauna in many parts of the Canadian landscape has had a significant impact on soil development on archaeological sites. Moreover, the introduction of European exotics by a wide variety of unintentional means has a great impact on surface soil development. Soil defaunation and recolonization impacts are critical to understanding soil development over time, the environmental records available from past soil development, and the preservation of surface components on archaeological sites.

Observational Archaeoastronomy at Stonehenge: Winter and Summer Solstice Sun Rise and Set Alignments Accurate to 0.2 o in 4000 BP - Freeman, Gordon R.; Phyllis J. Freeman (2000)
For several centuries it has been assumed that observations of Solstitial Sun Rises and Sets, if they were made at Stonehenge, were made from inside the Sarsen Circle looking outward. The outlying Heel Stone is in approximately the Summer Solstice Sun Rise direction when viewed from the centre of the Sarsen Circle. The fact that the Solstitial Sun rises Northerly of this line, and 4000 years ago rose still more Northerly of it, has been excused by the assumption that the observations were ceremonial, and the inaccuracy of 2 o did not matter. Our long-term experience at a site in Alberta has shown that Sun lines were accurate to 0.1 o to 0.2 o, so we wondered whether the Stonehenge people in Britain had been as fussy. During three study visits to Stonehenge, in the Decembers of 1995 and 1997, and June 1999, we discovered that accurate lines in 4000 BP were obtained by standing far outside the Sarsen Circle, and looking through narrow gaps between the Circle and Trilithon Stones, to the Sun Rise or Set on the horizon beyond. The Heel Stone was not a foresight for the Summer Solstice Sun Rise, but was an observation position for the Winter Solstice Sun Set into the side of a burial mound 1 km away, on the far side of the Sarsen Circle. We have recorded Solstitial Sun Rises and Sets through Stonehenge in both December and June. The lines 4000 years ago were 0.94 o farther away from due East and West, and traversed the Circle in the manner that we will show. The Rise and Set lines crossed over the middle of the Altar Stone.

Multiple Observation Lines for the Summer Solstice Sun Rise in the Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex - Freeman, Gordon (2001)
The central part of the Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex is constructed on three hills of equal height, 919 m above MSL, along a NE - SW line, 1.9 km between NE and SW summits. The Majorville Medicine Wheel is on the NE summit. A smaller Medicine Wheel is on the middle summit. A cairn is on the SW summit. The hills are functionally connected by multiple observation lines for the Summer Solstice Sun Rise (SSR) and for the Winter Solstice Sun Set (WSS). The present paper displays several SSR lines. I will submit a paper about several WSS lines to Chacmool 2001. One SSR line is from the cairn on the SW summit to a cairn 1.6 km away on a West shoulder of the NE hill. Observed from the top of the back cairn, the foresight cairn nearly touches the distant horizon, about 30 km away. A 1.7 km SSR line contains three visible pairs of rocks along its length, and ends at the Majorville Cairn. Three other lines will be demonstrated.

Observational Archaeoastronomy at the Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex: Winter and Summer Solstice Sun Rise and Set Alignments Accurate to 0.2o - Freeman, Gordon R.; Phyllis J. Freeman (2000)
The Majorville Medicine Wheel is actually a Sun Cairn surrounded by a Rayed Ring. It is the central construction of an enormous Sun Temple that extends over about 100 square kilometres. There are auxilliary cairns on the site that make up, among other things, an accurate calendar. On occasion I have been asked why people who followed the bison would have wanted an accurate calendar. The answer is that the Sky is a map that is fascinating, and some people are drawn to read it. I have found no evidence that people who lived here five or ten thousand years ago were less intelligent than us. Examine an Eden or Scottsbluff point. It is possible that while Europeans and Asians were advancing in technology, Americans were advancing in philosophy. When mortal conflict arises between technologists and philosophers, the technologists win. We will display some of the Solstitial Sun Rise and Set lines at the Sun Temple near Majorville that have put the subject of Archaeoastronomy on a sounder, empirical foundation. Techniques developed at the site near Majorville have been applied at Stonehenge, and greatly improved the archaeoastronomy of that Sun Temple. We continue to urge Archaeological Survey of Alberta officials to designate more of the Majorville site.

The Ancient, Accurate Calendar near Majorville, and the Gregorian Fix - Freeman, Gordon R. (2002)
The date of an equinox, when the Sun crosses the Equator, cannot be determined by direct observation except from the Equator. The date of an Equalnight, which is 12.0 hours long, can be determined by direct observation of the Sun and stars, everywhere except in a four degree band that straddles the Equator. The Equalnights South of the Equator have dates different from those North of the Equator, due to refraction of low angle light by the atmosphere, and the width of the Sun's disk. Between AD 1488 and 1522 several European navigator/explorers sailed around the South tips of Africa and South America. They navigated by the Sun and stars. Evidently they discovered the Equalnight date differences. The date at which to celebrate Easter was in question. Six Popes struggled for 40 years to rectify the calendrical problem. There were two problems: to bring the calendar back into phase with the motions of the Sun and Moon; to fix the date of Easter everywhere on Earth. The subsequent papal bull of Gregory XIII, in 1582, stated, in part: II. . . . concerns the annual recurrence of Easter and other festivals, which depend upon measurement of motions of the sun and moon. IV. This fact (that the date of Easter is out of phase with the annual motions of the sun and moon), that indisputably requires that calendar restoration be fixed by law, . . . up to now couldn't be done, . . . and did not preserve uninjured the ancient rites of the Church (that was the first concern in this restoration). As a result, dictionaries in most European languages contain definitions equivalent to the following from OED and Merriam-Webster: equinox - either of two times of each year (about 21 March and 23 September) when the sun crosses the equator and the day and night are equal in length all over the world. But there is no date on which the day and night are equal in length all over the world. The durations of day/night on an equinox vary from 12h07m/11h53m at the equator to 24h00m/00h00m at the poles. At the SUN TEMPLE near Majorville the day/night durations at an equinox are 12h10m/11h50m. These dates are not marked in the 4500 year old calendar. But the dates of the 12.0h day/12.0h night are marked unambiguously. Two of the several Equalnight Sun Set and Rise lines will be shown, with a series of Sets and Rises passing through them. The 4000 year old calendar in Stonehenge also marks the Equalnights. These discoveries will result in corrections to definitions of 'equinox' in all European languages, and will introduce two new words, Equalday and Equalnight.

Sacred Glyphed Boulders Near Viking, AB, and the Iron Creek Meteorite: Sites and Objects - Freeman, Gordon R.; Phyllis J.FREEMAN (1994)
Glyphed boulders in what is now Alberta were in ancient times placed on the highest hills in their vicinity. We have studied nine such sites, from Viking (111.613°W, 52.990°N) to Foremost (111,469°W, 49,403°N). Two are described here. The sites are a major part of the artifacts. The Viking 'Ribstones' are on the summit (744 in above sea level) of a gently rising hill, 16 km SE of Viking. The summit was artificially extended by 4 in to the NNE; two glyphed boulders are on the E side of the extension. The boulders form an open ended V which points to a lake 5 kin SSE, and to Wolf Ears Hill 26 km SSE, which is the probable site from which the Iron Creek Meteorite was taken in 1886. The style of the engravings on both boulders is cup and groove (probably the most ancient style in North America, Grant 1967). The dominant feature in high angle light is the grooves. In low angle light the cups gain prominence. Combinations of light and shadow make features that change with time of day and season. The grooves are satiny smooth. Some cups are moderately smooth and others are roughly pecked.The Iron Creek Meteorite is now in the Provincial Museum, Edmonton, in the display of minerals. The location of its venerable site has been the subject of speculation for more than 30 years. Considerable evidence now indicates that the site was the summit of Wolf Ears Hill (705 in above sea level, 10 km NE by E of Lougheed). The hill has a long N-S axis, and there is a large 'North marker rock' 3 km, 359° from the hole in the summit.

MAJORVILLE MEDICINE WHEEL COMPLEX: MARKING THE 12.00 HOUR DAY, NOT THE TRUE SOLAR EQUINOX - Freeman, Gordon R.; Phyllis J. Freeman (1991)
Medicine Wheel is a name given to several kinds of circular or radiating patterns of stones placed on the ground by man. It is unlikely that all kinds of medicine wheels served the same purpose (Brumley 1988). The Majorville Medicine Wheel in Southern Alberta (50.586? N latitude, 112.410? W longitude) has associated with it outlying rock lines and cairns that accurately mark the sun rise and set points on the solstices and on the observed equinoxes. The point of the sun's first flash on the horizon is the rise position, and the point of the last flash on the horizon is the set position. These points move northward from December to June, then move southward again after the summer solstice. Near an equinox the sun rise and set points at Majorville move along the horizon by 1.3 sun diameters per day. Near a solstice it takes nine days to move the last diamcter to the solstice position. We determine the sun rise and set points photographically to within less than one sun's diameter, and sometimes to within a fifth of a diameter (0.1?), along alignments up to 2km long. Rock alignments at Majorville mark the sun rise and set points three days before the vernal equinox and three days after the autumnal equinox. These days are within two minutes of being exactly 12 hours long. The lens effect of the atmosphere causes the length of the solar equinoctial days to be about 12 hours and 10 minutes long at Majorville. The position of sunrise on the 12.00 hour day is marked by a spoke in the Medicine Wheel, which points to a large white limestone in the East House 61m away, and to a configured part of the eroded river bank 1100m away. Rocks have slid down the eroded bank from the sightline position. The sun rises over the horizon about 30km distant. A more spectacular 12.00 hour day sunrise marker involves two V sights of rocks separated by 70m, on the west side of the Medicine Wheel hill. The sighting line is tangent to the Wheel. Because one is looking up the shaded side of the hill, the sun becomes visible in the nested bottoms of the V's a half hour after the first flash on the distant horizon. Thus, one can observe the equinox sunrise even if the distant horizon is overcast to a depth of several sun diameters. The 12.00 hour day sunset is marked by a spoke of the Wheel which points to a small cairn on a hillock 1100m away and to a ripple on the horizon about 10km distant. The important part of the Majorville Medicine Wheel site covers 13km. It is 20,000 times larger than previously thought. The area protected by Alberta Government designation has been increased from 0.16km to 0.65km. The designated area should include all of sections 2, 3, 10 and 11 in township 19, range 18, west of the 4th meridian, and also the E half of 4-19-18-4 and the steep banks on both sides of the Bow River in sections 1, 12, 13 and 24 of 19-18-4, and the banks in sections 24, 25, 34 and 35 of 18-18-4.

Assessing the Culture and Language of Logging: An Anthropological Perspective on BC Interior Forestry Archaeology - FRENCH, Diana (1998)
With the implementation of the archaeology section of the BC Forestry Practices Code, archaeologists have been faced with many new challenges. This paper will present an anthropological perspective on the practice of Interior forestry archaeology. The relevance of research strategies commonly employed in applied anthropology to contemporary archaeological consulting will be discussed. Certain approaches are more conducive to the incorporation of the perspectives and concerns of First Nations, as well as those of forestry practitioners. Archaeologists have had to devise new methodologies for working in different types of survey units, including operations areas, cutting permits, and cut blocks. In some types of terrain, the latter are frequently in a mutually exclusive distribution to archaeological and traditional use sites. The need to consider the results of investigations beyond the context of Forest Districts boundaries and Forestry Development Plans is demonstrated. Lastly, archaeologists like ethnographers must be aware of the role they play in translating and writing about culture. Archaeological reporting should be sensitive to the potential long term implications for First Nations, as well as to meeting the needs of the forestry industry.

Sheep, Goats, Geep, or Shoats? An Applied Anthropological Perspective on the Nature of CRM - Diana E. French (2004)
This paper will present an applied anthropological perspective on the nature of applied archaeology. Emphasis is on the development of CRM in British Columbia. The perspective is that of a hybrid anthropologist/archaeologist, who combines research and cultural resource management working collaboratively with First Nations. Historically, there has been a tendency to emphasize the differences between compliance and research archaeology. Contemporary applied anthropological literature will be used in this discussion to illuminate some of the points of convergence.

Images of Archaeology in North American Videos - Diana E. French (2005)
Visual anthropology is the study of how aspects of culture are represented and interpreted in film, video, photography, and computer based multi-media. While it has been a major developing area of interest in anthropology, the significance for archaeology has been widely overlooked. This paper will critically evaluate a selection of films about archaeology, made for educational purposes in North America. It will examine features commonly considered in anthropological analyses, such as voice, content, and selective editing. It is concluded that for the most part little attention has been paid in the past to the nature of the representations of archaeologists and their discipline. Film aesthetics, entertainment value, and marketability often supersede the need for more culturally sensitive and appropriate images. Gender bias is rampant. The voices and meaningful representations of indigenous and other peoples whose cultures are the focus of these films, are most frequently missing from these visual documents.

Archaeological Investigations in the Traditional Territory of the Cheslatta Nation, Central B.C. - FRENCH, Diana (1999)
This paper presents the results of archaeological investigations undertaken in the traditional territory of the Cheslatta Carrier Nation. Excavations at two major village sites on Cheslatta Lake, and survey of a number of smaller lakes throughout Cheslatta lands are summarized. Pre-contact and traditional use sites are ubiquitous and numerous. Long-term occupation of the region, and an extensive trading network are evidenced. A distinctive socio-economic adaptive strategy is also reflected in the archaeological record.

Documenting Aboriginal Trails: Issues and Perspectives from Southern Interior British Columbia - Diana E. French (2002)
This paper will evaluate the various approaches used by geographers, historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and foresters in documenting aboriginal trails. Methodological challenges in finding and recording trails in the field will then be discussed. The importance of First Nations input is emphasized. Lastly, perspectives on the significance of aboriginal trails as indicators of pre-contact land use, and the utility of identifying these networks for heritage resource management purposes will then be presented.

Erasing Ethnicity: The Case of the Chinese Lepers of D'Arcy Island - FRENCH, Diana (1992)
The paucity of ethnic markers in the archaeological record of a predominantly Chinese leper colony is explained. This institution was located on Big and Little D'Arcy Islands, British Columbia, between 1891 and 1924. The isolation of the colony and administrative policies are dominant factors contributing to the blurring of Chinese ethnicity. Other significant processes include the status of the incarcerated victims, refuse disposal patterns and historically documented site abandonment practices.

Distribution and aboriginal use of the sub-order Pinnipedia on the Northwest Coast as seen from Makah territory, Washington - Edward I. Friedman; Carl E. Gustafson (Bulletin, 1975)

The Unanticipated Legacy of Howard G. Savage: Reflections on Teaching, Learning, and Practising Zooarchaeology in Ontario - T. Max Friesen; Alicia L. Hawkins; Suzanne Needs-Howarth; Trevor J. Orchard; Frances L. Stewart (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2023)
Dr. Howard G. Savage, one of the founders of zooarchaeology in Canada, taught the Faunal Archaeo-Osteology course at the University of Toronto from the 1970s to the 1990s. Hundreds of students completed the course, taking away a solid appreciation of zooarchaeological data generation, representation, and analysis. In this article, we consider why the course had a profoundly positive influence on so many students and examine how Dr. Savage’s legacy lives on in zooarchaeology in Ontario. We then interrogate the appropriateness of transferring lessons of an undergraduate course into professional approaches and find that this transferring has indirectly resulted in an arbitrary and insufficiently large sample size appearing in government guidelines for professional archaeologists. Similarly, practices that were deemed appropriate in a university course context, such as a tendency to not identify fish vertebrae, have carried over into professional standards and practice and have resulted in biased zooarchaeological datasets. We argue that accepted practices within zooarchaeology in the province need to be revised and strengthened.

Cache Point and the Origins of Inuvialuit Culture: A Preliminary Report - T. Max Friesen (2000)
Although the recent culture history of the Mackenzie Delta region is becoming relatively well known, the origins of Inuvialuit lifeways remain obscure. This paper will present the results of three field seasons at the Cache Point site, on the East Channel of the Mackenzie River. Cache Point is the best-preserved early Neoeskimo archaeological site in the region, and as such, it offers a unique glimpse of early Inuvialuit beluga hunters. While analyses of architecture, artifacts, and fauna are ongoing, a preliminary picture of precontact social and economic organization is emerging, and will be outlined here.

Archaeology and Modern Climate Change - T. Max Friesen (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Of Moose and Maggots: Experimental Breakage of Decomposed, Fresh and Frozen Longbones by Pressure and Percussion - T. Max Friesen (1989)
Despite the importance of fresh 'spiral' fracture of bone to zooarchaeological interpretation, many factors potentially affecting bone breakage are poorly understood. The experiments reported here consist of controlled breakage of small samples of bone while altering a number of variables, including holding position (single or double anvil), nature of applied force (static or dynamic), age of bone when broken (fresh or weathered), and temperature (frozen or unfrozen). Bone fragments resulting from breakage episodes were compared on the basis of continuous and discontinuous data.

Dry Bones: Re-Thinking Binford's Drying Utility Index - T. Max Friesen (1999)
Although Lewis Binford's concept of food utility has been widely cited, applied, and critiqued by zooarchaeologists, a number of related procedures outlined in Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology remain poorly understood and underutilised. One such concept is the Drying Utility Index, which predicts which carcass portions, with attached bone, will be selected for storage by drying. This index is potentially important, relating as it does to many key issues in hunter-gatherer and pastoralist archaeology, including subsistence, mobility patterns, storage, and seasonality. However, the Drying Utility Index has not been widely used by zooarchaeologists, at least in part because the calculations involved in its derivation are extremely complex. The primary purpose of this paper, therefore, is to present a new drying index which is significantly easier to calculate than Binford's, yet which retains all of its key attributes. This new index is then applied to caribou bone samples from two regions: Binford's Nunamiut data from northern Alaska, and the contents of three caches from the Barren Grounds of Canada, near Baker Lake, Nunavut. In both cases, the new index predicts the observed element frequencies as well as, or better than, the original drying index. As a result, the new index should prove applicable to element distributions from a wide range of archaeological contexts.

Dr. Howard Gordon Savage 1913–1997 - T. Max Friesen; Frances Stewart (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1998)

Application of Mandible Thin-Sectioning Techniques to the Study ofPrehistoric Beluga Whale Hunting in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories - T. Max Friesen; Charles D. Arnold (1993)
The economy of the late prehistoric Mackenzie Inuit was based on a great diversity of resources, including the seasonally abundant beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). This paper is based on examination of beluga bones recovered from Gupuk, a large prehistoric site in the Mackenzie Delta. These analyses will be used to characterize prehistoric methods of beluga procurernent, and to determine the significance of this species to the diet of the Mackenzie Inuit. Emphasis will be placed on the examination of incremental structures observable in thin-sectioned beluga mandibles, which will be used to establish an age profile of the hunted population.

PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DISTRICT OF KEEWATIN, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES - T. Max Friesen (1991)
The barrenlands of the Keewatin District northwest of Hudson Bay, exhibit a complex prehistory which includes five distinct archaeological traditions: Palaeo-Indian, Archaic, Pre-Dorset, Taltheilei and Caribou Inuit. People of all traditions shared an economic focus on caribou; which provided not only food, but also the skins, antler, bone and sinew which were required for clothing, shelter, and subsistence technologies. Investigations near Baker Lake during the 1988 and 1989 field seasons have yielded significant new components to the known site distributions of the Taltheilei (Dene) and Caribou Inuit traditions. Settlement patterns associated with these two populations indicate major distinctions between their respective caribou procurement systems. These distinctions are interpreted here in terms of technological, environmental and social factors which affect the mobility and spatial distribution of northern hunter-gatherers. This study also reveals potential inadequacies in previous archaeological survey strategies in the barrenlands.

PATTERNS OF MEAT STORAGE AND TRANSPORT INFERRED FROM THREE CACHES NEAR BAKER LAKE, NUNAVUT - T. Max Friesen (1996)
Large-scale storage of meat is a crucial component of many hunter-gatherer subsistence systems, and often entails the construction of specialized caches. However, our ability to reconstruct past storage behaviour is limited by the fact that caches are usually emptied by their builders, leaving little zooarchaeological evidence behind. This paper reports on the contents of three caches near Baker Lake, Nunavut, which are remarkable because their contents were never retrieved, leaving a large sample of bones derived from a minimum of 14 caribou. The observed element distributions are discussed in terms of meat utility indices, transport costs and ethnographically-documented patterns of caribou butchery.

The Last Imaginary Place: A Human History of the Arctic World - T. Max Friesen (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Variation in Subsistence Among Inland Inuit: Zooarchaeology of Two Sites on the Kazan River, Nunavut - T. Max Friesen; Andrew M. Stewart (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)
Animal bones from two sites on the lower Kazan River, Nunavut, were analyzed in order to interpret regional patterns of subsistence and seasonality. The Itimniq-Muskox' site, which contains a multi-seasonal occupation, yielded a high frequency of muskox bones, in addition to the expected bones of caribou, smaller mammals, fish, and birds. It is interpreted as representing a relatively early Inuit occupation, possibly around the time of the earliest year-round settlement of interior regions. The Piqqiq site is a well-known fall caribou crossing site. Bone samples from crevices beneath two boulders adjacent to the main site revealed a caribou-dominated economy, representing the archetypal Caribou Inuit subsistence pattern. Together, these sites provide an initial baseline of information relating to regional and chronological variability within past barrenland zooarchaeological assemblages.'

Refinement and Application of Beluga Whale Mandible Ageing Techniques - T. Max Friesen; James M. Savelle; Thomas G. SMITH (1994)
One of the principal methods currently used to investigate prehistoric hunting techniques involves the construction of mortality profiles based on growth layers in the teeth of hunted animals. However, archaeologists have paid much attention to the fact that in addition to teeth, the bones of some vertebrate taxa also contain annual growth layers. Research reported here builds on earlier published evidence that beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) mandibles incorporate regular annual growth layers. For the present study, thin-sections were cut from eight beluga mandibles of known age, in order to determine the most reliable location on the mandible for observation of growth layers. This methodology was then used to establish a mortality profile based on over 50 beluga whale mandibles recovered from Elwin Bay, the site of a large-scale historic whale hunt on Somerset Island, Northwest Territories.

Les longues maisons du site de Cadfael : les regroupements dans l'île Victoria (Nunavut) au Dorsétien tardif - T. Max Friesen (2003)

Protohistoric Settlement Patterns in the Interior District of Keewatin: Implications for Caribou Inuit Social Organization - T. Max Friesen; Andrew Stewart (1992)
Inuit of the interior District of Keewatin were named 'Caribou Eskimo' by Birket-Smith in 1929, due to their profound reliance on caribou for food, clothing, shelter, and technology. In part because of this adaptation, they have generally been portrayed as among the most primitive and simple societies in the Canadian Arctic. This portrait is based on ethnographic research conducted after major epidemies and drastic reductions in caribou populations had decimated Inuit societies of the Keewatin. This paper, based on two recent archaeological projects in the District of Keewatin, presents Inuit site distributions for two areas: Aberdeen Lake on the Thelon River, and the lower Kazan River. Both areas yielded settlement patterns characterized by significant variability in site size, complexity, and function. These data indicate that the Inuit of interior Keewatin were able to maximize their social interaction in ways more complex than are indicated by the ethnographic record.

The Qikiqtaruk Archaeology Project 1990-92: Preliminary Results of Archaeological Investigations on Herschel Island, Northern Yukon Territory - T. Max Friesen (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)
The Qikiqtaruk Archaeology Project was initiated in 1990 as an exploration of Inuvialuit prehistory and history on Herschel Island, northern Yukon Territory. Herschel Island is important to the development of Inuvialuit society for two primary reasons: 1) for much of the past millennium, the island was a centre of Inuvialuit settlement, trade, and interaction with Euroamericans; and 2) several archaeological sites on Herschel Island are relatively large and well-preserved, while virtually all other coastal sites on the Yukon North Slope have been lost to erosion. During three field seasons, nine Inuvialuit structures were completely excavated, ranging in age from the late Thule period to the early twentieth century. This report presents a preliminary description of four Inuvialuit dwellings which represent four different periods of occupation. The architecture, traditional artifacts, and imported Euroamerican trade goods recovered from each context provide an illustration of the changing nature of Inuvialuit society on Herschel Island.

Regional Analysis of the Archaeology of Grasslands National Park using GIS / Analyse régionale, à l'aide d'un SIG, de l'a - FRIESEN, Nathan (1997)
Grasslands National Park lies along the U.S. border in south western Saskatchewan. In keeping with federal policy on national parks, the park was surveyed to provide an inventory of the park's cultural resources. As a result, over 3000 sites were located and recorded. Patterns of archaeological site location were analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the results will be presented in this paper.GIS was used to compare the location of archaeological sites with various themes in the environment, such as site distance from water, and site location on different classes of slope, aspect, and elevation. Models of important food plant areas, as well as preferred bison and antelope habitats were developed; and these were added to the themes compared to site locations. GIS was also used to look at the geological processes in the park, and how these have potentially affected site visibility.

New Dates on the Nelson River Site: Implications for the Thule Migration - T. Max Friesen; Charles D. Arnold (2006)
The Thule Inuit migration eastward from Alaska is one of the great events in the Arctic past, yet many aspects of this process, including its timing, remain unclear. In this paper, we present new dates for the earliest known Thule sites in the Amundsen Gulf / Beaufort Sea region: Nelson River and Washout. This region acted as a "bottleneck" through which Thule migrants would have to pass, and therefore accurate dates for these two early sites have important implications for our understanding of the timing, rate, and nature of the Inuit peopling of the Eastern Arctic.

Washout--The Final Chapter: 1985-86 NOGAP Salvage Excavations on Herschel Island - T. Max Friesen; Jeffrey R. Hunston (CAA Occasional Paper No. 2, 1994)
The Washout site on Herschel Island, northern Yukon Territory, is one of only a few prehistoric Neoeskimo sites on the Yukon North Slope, and has yielded the earliest known Thule component in the greater Mackenzie Delta region. This report outlines NOGAP salvage excavation of two archaeological features at Washout, performed during the 1985 and 1986 field seasons. The first feature is a late prehistoric semi-subterranean house which yielded a diverse artifact sample and a faunal sample dominated by ringed seal bones. The second feature contained a small artifact sample and poorly defined structural remains which preclude conclusive interpretation. However, the faunal sample, which contains a preponderance of fish bones, may indicate a warm-season occupation. This new information contributes substantially to current understanding of prehistoric subsistence and settlement variability in the Mackenzie Delta region.

A Tale of Three Villages: Indigenous-Colonial Interactions in Southwestern Alaska, 1740–1950 - Kristen D. Barnett (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)

Rancher Archaeologist: A Career in Two Different Worlds - Laurie Milne (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)

Prehistoric Native Americans and Ecological Change: Human Ecosystems in Eastern North America Since the Pleistocene - Gayle J. Fritz (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)

Ancestral Engineering: Bringing an Engineering Perspective to Archaeological Investigation - David W. Fritz; David S. Strong; J. Tim Bryant (2008)
We have long felt those whom modern society has named "Engineers" have played a significant role in the evolution of cultures and civilizations. Working with manual tools and the materials that nature provided, archaeological evidence has shown that practical, innovative, and esthetically beautiful creations were produced by our engineering ancestors. As with most effective research, understanding the past can lead to optimizing the future, and we propose that it is beneficial to study engineering and design in this context. In this paper we will discuss what we have termed "Ancestral Engineering", and describe the rationale behind the initiative. Two main themes have emerged; engineers helping archaeologists to integrate engineering expertise into their investigations, and archaeologists helping engineers to extract engineering design practice and methodology from other cultures. We propose and will begin to develop a concept of some archaeological materials as "engineered products" as opposed to "artifacts", within this framework. Several initial project ideas are discussed and a suite of Research Questions is proposed. We believe this is an emerging field, with significant opportunity to develop collaborative relationships with interested engineers, archaeologists and anthropologists to pursue discussions and potential research in this field.

Images de la Préhistoire du Québec - Bruce G.Trigger (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)

A Typology for Cypriot White Painted Ceramics: Chronology vs Regionalism - Laura Gagne (2008)
White Painted Wares, while not found in great numbers in any excavation, are the hallmark of the Middle Bronze Age on Cyprus. This makes them a critical marker for chronology. Paul Åström created the typology used today as his PhD thesis which was published in 1957. Åström examined material that came mainly from tomb groups, created a seriation of types based on both shape and decoration. This typology is used today to assign new finds to established types, but recently there have been some questions raised about the accuracy of Åström's work and its usefulness with newly excavated material, especially from settlement sites. The results of a preliminary petrographic analysis of the fabric of sherds from two sites on Cyprus raises the possibility that some of the types listed by Åström may be due to regional differences rather than chronological ones.

Sex-based Activities and Dental Pathology Among Late Woodland Iroquoians - Gagné, Gérard (1993)
Research on dental pathology of prehistoric populations has been a major topic among physical anthropologists. However, very few specialists have considered the influence of sex-based activities on oral health even though recent ethnographic works have shown such relations. The goal of this communication is to explore the relation between oral health and sex-based activities among the Late Woodland Iroquoians.

Problématiques de la conservation des pétrogrammes du site Nisula - Ies peintures rupestres en Amérique du Nord - Louis Gagnon (1993)
Nous examinerons les principales problématiques relatives à la conservation des peintures à l'ocre rouge du site Nisula. Ainsi, en plus de faire un sommaire de l'état de conservation, nous devrons nous interroger sur les moyens privilégiés pour en prolonger l'existence ou à tout le moins la mémoire. Ce site d'art rupestre qui vraisemblablement fut identifié et cartographié, il y a déjà plus de 250 ans (1731-1733) parle missionnaire Jésuite, Pére Pierre-Michel Laure, a pu se conserver jusqu'à nos jours sans actions humaines extraordinaires. Pourtant, la redécouverte récente et les recherches conduites pour sa sauvegarde et son interprétation ne constituent-elles pas une menace réelle pour ce site d'art rupestre? En effet, la médiatisation des travaux et l'éventuelle accessibilité du site à de pseudo-spécialistes ou à de simples curieux ne sont-elles pas à craindre pour la survie du site Nisula? Sans pour autant prôner un statu quo, quel type d'action peut-on prévoir pour la conservation et la mise en valeur d'un tel site localisé en bordure d'un lac fréquenté par de nombreux amateurs de pêche sportive ?

Scratching the Surface: 10 years of U.S. National Park Service Investigations in the Noatak National Preserve, Northwest Alaska - Robert Gal; Steven L. Klingler (2002)
Solecki, Irving, Foote, Anderson and Hall conducted limited and dispersed archaeological investigations in the Noatak National Preserve, Northwest Alaska. When the 2.65 million hectare Preserve was designated by the U.S. Congress in 1980, only 136 archaeological sites had been reported within its boundaries. In 1992 the U.S. National Park Service began systematic reconnaissance-level surveys and test excavations in the Preserve; nearly 1,500 sites are now recorded. The annual progress of the U.S. National Park Service survey effort is presented as a back-drop for new archaeological sites radiocarbon-dated to the early and mid-Holocene. These new data, which significantly augment the stratified record at the Onion Portage Site in the Kobuk Valley National Park, Northwest Alaska, are provisionally synthesized. Congeners of these new early and mid-Holocene Noatak assemblages can be expected to occur as far east as the northern Yukon Territory.

Maisons denbighiennes au Noatak National Preserve, Nord-Ouest de l'Alaska - Robert Gal; Steven L. Klingler (2003)

Axing Assumptions: Reconsidering Uses and Users of Fourteenth- to Fifteenth-Century Wendat Ground Stone Celts - Tiziana Gallo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2024)
Throughout the world, archaeologists traditionally attribute ground stone celts to woodworking and, by extension, to the masculine realm. This paper challenges the application of this universalizing, functionally narrow, and androcentric narrative by engaging with ancestral Wendat (Huron) ground stone celts through the writings of Wendat authors, early contact ethnohistory, ethnoarchaeology, and experimental archaeology. Use-wear analyses conducted on celts sampled from three Wendat villages occupied between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries reveal traces of different gestures and contact materials. Beyond field clearing and construction, ground stone celts were an integral part of various aspects of ancestral Wendat village life, including the transformation of trees, plants, soils, and animals. By exposing the traces that testify to these various encounters, this article expands ancestral Wendat ground stone celts’ functional and gendered attributions, bringing to light the complex diversity contained within this understudied yet normalized object category.

Les Iroquoiens du Cap Tourmente : Le site Royarnois et la province de Canada - Tiziana Gallo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2024)

Home is Where the Hearth is - Garden, Mary Catherine (1992)
The Benares estate is a nineteenth century farmstead located in Mississauga which has been home for over 150 years to the Harris family. In addition to good documentary evidence, there is a wealth of oral tradition from living descendants of the family. Much of this revolves around two fires which occurred in the mid-1800's. The problem of integrating the oral history and documentary evidence with the archaeological data to establish context is not uncommon on historic sites. Focusing on the 1836 summer kitchen, which survived the fire(s), the specific problems encountered in applying the oral histories and the documents to the archaeological evidence at the Benares estate will be discussed.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DIETS OF THE OFFICERS AND THE ENLISTED MEN AT HISTORIC FORT YORK (AjGu-26), TORONTO - Garden, Mary-Catherine E. (1991)
Archaeological excavations undertaken since 1987 at Fort York, a multi-component British Military site founded in 1793, have uncovered both a midden associated with Enlisted Men and a filled areaway adjacent to the ca. 1815 Brick Officers' Mess. Faunal material from the midden and the Officers' Mess was compared to determine if status differences could be detected within the faunal sample. Results suggest that there are notable differences in the subsistence patterns of the Officers and the Enlisted Men living under similar conditions. In addition, there is some indication that increases and decreases in the relative frequencies of key species within the Enlisted Men's sample can be linked to documented historical events.

Nisga'a Social Organization as Reflected at the Kincolith Cemetery - GARVIN, Richard (1998)
This paper presents some of the results of a recording and conservation project at a little known, historic cemetery located at the mouth of the Nass River, 100 km north of Prince Rupert, B.C. The cemetery was established in conjunction with the founding of Kincolith Mission in 1867 by the London-based Church Missionary Society. With the introduction of Christianity and the rituals of Christian burial, traditional Nisga'a interment practices were deemed unacceptable. The ideals of Victorian England and the deeply held Judeo/Christian concept of a bond between the body and soul, even after death, necessitated a sanctioned resting place for those who had 'died in the faith'. Accordingly, the Kincolith Cemetery was established as 'God's half-acre' for the community, and it has functioned as such up to the present day. The first portion of the paper examines both the spatial and temporal distributions of grave markers at the cemetery. In traditional Nisga'a society, descent and kin recognition are centered around matrilineal clans organized into larger phratries. At Kincolith, the resident missionaries began converting, baptizing, and re-naming individuals according to the protocol of the Church Missionary Society. A Victorian, patrilineal system of descent and kin reckoning was imposed on the residents of the community. Assuming that individuals are buried beside those whom they consider to be their kin, the distribution of grave markers at the Kincolith Cemetery provides an opportunity to gauge the effect of this reorganization on traditional Nisga'a society. The second part of the paper explores the use of grave markers as surrogate mortuary poles which display customary rights to rank and privilege. Many of the grave markers at the Kincolith Cemetery embody traditional, high ranking, clan crest names in their construction, thus demonstrating and validating rights of possession and inheritance.

Culture Contact and Syncretic Behaviour on the Lower Nass River, B.C. - GARVIN, Richard (1999)
This paper presents some of the results of a recording and conservation project under taken by Okanagan University College at a little known, historic cemetery located at the mouth of the Nass River, 100 km north of Prince Rupert, B.C. The cemetery was established in conjunction with the founding of Kincolith Mission in 1867 by the London-based Church Missionary Society. With the introduction of Christianity and the rituals of Christian burial, traditional Nisga'a interment practices were deemed unacceptable. The ideals of Victorian England and the deeply held Judeo/Christian concept of a bond between the body and soul, even after death, necessitated a sanctioned resting place for those who had 'died in the faith'. Accordingly, the Kincolith Cemetery was established as 'God's half-acre' for the community, and it has functioned as such up to the present day. In traditional Nisga'a society, descent and kin recognition are centered around matrilineal clans organized into larger phratries. At Kincolith, the resident missionaries began converting, baptizing, and re-naming individuals according to the protocol of the Church Missionary Society. A Victorian, patrilineal system of descent and kin reckoning was imposed on the residents of the community. Assuming that individuals are buried beside those whom they consider to be their kin, the distribution of grave markers at the Kincolith Cemetery provides an opportunity to gauge the effect of this reorganization on traditional Nisga'a society. In addition, grave markers are used as surrogate mortuary poles which display customary rights to rank and privilege. Many of the grave markers at the Kincolith Cemetery embody traditional, high ranking, clan crest names in their construction, thus demonstrating and validating rights of possession and inheritance.

Évolution des complexes funéraires des Premiéres Nations Nisga'a et Haisla, côte Nord-Ouest du Pacifique - GARVIN, Richard (2003)

The 1996 Kincolith Cemetery Project / Projet du cimetiére Kincolith, 1996 - GARVIN, Richard (1997)
This paper presents the preliminary results of a recording and conservation project at a little known, native, historic cemetery located at the mouth of the Nass River, along the B.C./Alaska boundary. In conjunction with the Gingolx Band Council (Nisga'a First Nation) the project was undertaken with the goal of simply defining the actual size of the graveyard, both spatially and in terms of the number of interments. It soon became apparent that the cemetery contained a wealth of information pertaining to a variety of cultural groups. The paper will discuss; 1) the discovery of the remains of the second Hudson's Bay Company fort on the west coast of B.C., Fort Nass (1831- 1834), at the cemetery, 2) the discovery of high ranking Nisga'a chiefs intered at the cemetery, 3) the recovery of headstones which are valuable and vibrant examples of Nisga'a art (i.e., clan crest figures carved in marble), and 4) a small Japanese section of the cemetery where a Japanese war memorial dated to June 1918 is located.

Anthropological Archaeology at the Gingolx Cemetery - GARVIN, Richard (2000)
This paper explores some of the results of the Gingolx Heritage Restoration Project, a multi-year research/conservation project on the lower Nass River, near the Nisga'a village of Kincolith (Gingolx). Kincolith was established in 1867 by Christian missionaries to whom traditional Nisga'a burial practices were seen as pagan. In addition, the missionaries began converting, baptizing, and re-naming the local converts according to the protocol of the British Church Missionary Society. In essence, a Victorian patrilineal system of record keeping and kin reckoning was imposed on the residents of the community, one which continues to this day. However, in traditional Nisga'a society, descent, inheritance, kin recognition, and rights of possession are centered around matrilineal clans organized into larger phratries. The stylistic, temporal and spatial distributions of the Gingolx Cemetery grave markers provide an interesting window into the organization of traditional Nisga'a culture and how that may have changed over time.

Agricultural Resource Use and Corel/Periphery Relations in the Penoles Region, Oaxaca, Mexico - GARVIN, Richard (1994)
This paper will focus upon prehispanic agricultural resource use in a high altitude, marginal zone of the Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca. The study area is located between 350-400 km south of Mexico City in an area long referred to simply as Los Penoles. The Penoles region forms a boundary zone between the Mixtec culture to the north and west and the Zapotecs of the Valley of Oaxaca to the east. Archaeological survey of the area has revealed a long history of occupation in the region and of contact with neighbours; on all sides. The evidence also points toward the development of a local Penoles polity in the Formative period which by the mid-Postclassic was comparable in size to petty kingdoms which had evolved in the Valley of Oaxaca. The paper explores how the Penoles population was able to support itself in such a marginal environment for agriculture and the nature of their contact with other groups.

Dangerous Goods: The Coastal-Interior Grease Trade - GARVIN, Richard (1999)
Gastrointestinal problems have always afflicted human populations. The major factors involved are overeating, allergies, nutritional deficiencies, infection from parasites or micro-organisms, and poisoning by food or toxins produced by bacteria. Most people are at least familiar with the signs of potential botuligenic food poisoning in commercially processed foods. However, the reality is that since 1940, well over 90% of the reported and confirmed cases of botulism in Canada have occurred among the aboriginal populations inhabiting the Pacific and Arctic coastal regions. These outbreaks are linked directly to traditional foodstuffs, usually produced in small, isolated communities. This paper examines how and why these intoxications occur, and the foods involved. Of particular interest are recent tests undertaken with the assistance of Health Canada in determining the potential risk of botuligenic intoxication caused by eulachon grease, a fish oil which was, and is still, a highly valued and traded item between the coastal and interior First Nations of B.C.

FLAGSTONES, COBBLESTONES AND ROOF SLATES: SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY STONE CONSTRUCTION AT FERRYLAND, NEWFOUNDLAND - GAULTON, Barry (1996)
In the small fishing community of Ferryland, excavations along a section of the sheltered inner harbour known as 'The Pool' have unearthed the remains of numerous seventeenth-century stone structures and features, including a large complex of stone walls, flagstone and cobblestone floors and thousands of roof slates. These well-preserved structural remains provide a unique opportunity to study seventeenth-century colonial architecture. Initial construction of these buildings occurred shortly after George Calvert, later the first Lord Baltimore, established the colony in 1621. Artifactual evidence, structural additions and the construction of new buildings indicate a continuous occupation of this site throughout the seventeenth century. This paper focuses on describing the stone structures and their associated features, and dating the complex stratigraphic layers to establish a sequence of construction, occupation and destruction.

The Upper Island Cove Petroglyphs: An Algonquian Enigma - Barry C. Gaulton; Bryn Tapper; Duncan Williams; Donna Teasdale (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)
Small lichen-obscured petroglyphs carved onto a rock face on the outskirts of the community of Upper Island Cove (UIC), Newfoundland have been known to residents for at least 75 years. The glyphs are comprised of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures as well as Roman-type script. Photogrammetry and Highlight-Reflectance Transformation Imaging were employed to document and analyse the inscriptions as well as to interpret the sequence of carving. Stylistic comparisons with similar petroglyphs in northeastern North America appear to situate the Upper Island Cove example within the cultural traditions of Algonquian- speaking peoples. The UIC carvings are thought to date to the historic period, yet when and by whom these petroglyphs were carved remains uncertain. Their age, however, is of secondary importance to their cultural attribution, as they are the first Indigenous petroglyphs recorded on the island of Newfoundland.

The Kwaday Dan Sinchi Discovery: Cultural Dimensions and Research - Sarah Gaunt; Sheila Greer (2001)
As the government ultimately responsible for the Kwaday Dan Sinchi find, Champagne and Aishihik First Nations' (CAFN) work efforts related to the discovery have been driven by various goals. One has been finding out who this long ago person was. We introduce the variety of research approaches that are being pursued in an effort to link him culturally, and the initial results from these efforts. This includes studies on his belongings and other artifacts from the glacier area, and ethnohistory and oral history research. Community education and consultations are an equally important consideration for CAFN, in attempting to find modern meanings for the long ago person found.

Change and Continuity in Early Nineteenth-Century Foodways in Québec City’s Lower Town - Solène Mallet Gauthier; Allison Bain; Heather Trigg (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)
Plant and insect remains found in a privy structure were analyzed to gain insight into foodways of Québec City’s Lower Town inhabitants in the early nineteenth century. We use dietary practices as a window to examine how the population of the St. Roch neighbourhood responded to changes taking place in the decades that followed the instauration of the British regime and how these changes may have influenced different aspects of their food consumption practices. Through comparisons with assemblages from two French-regime sites as well as from three later nineteenth-century sites, we find that a certain continuity characterizes the plant consumption of Québec City’s French-Canadian population. We address some of the challenges of this research, as it is difficult to distinguish between consumption as a choice related to identity versus more practical considerations such as availability and access.

Survey Déjà Vu: Lessons Learned from the Archaeological Re-mapping of a Métis Overwintering Settlement - Solène Mallet Gauthier; William T. D. Wadsworth (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2023)
Although the advantages of archaeological remote sensing have long been known, the techniques have still not been fully incorporated into standard archaeological practice. Drawing upon the example of an archaeological remote sensing survey conducted in April 2022 and subsequent excavation in July 2022 at the Chimney Coulee site (DjOe-6) in Saskatchewan, we demonstrate the value of the integration of remote sensing methods early and throughout an entire project. Over the span of five days, we were able to use drone-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and orthoimagery, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and magnetic gradiometry alongside more traditional archaeological survey methods to survey the site and locate two probable late nineteenth-century Métis cabins. The use of remote sensing techniques allowed for the efficient identification of future excavation areas and comparisons to previous mapping work and generated new questions about the site. This paper provides a methodological example of non-invasive archaeological survey for non-specialists and demonstrates how students and early career researchers can play an important role in the advancement of Canadian archaeology by experimenting with new ways of conducting archaeological survey and mapping.

Les passages voûtés de l'escarpe et la construction de l'enceinte ouest de Québec au milieu du 18e siécle - Gauvin, Robert (1993)
La mise au jour d'un passage muré dans l'escarpe du bastion Saint-Jean, constitue une découverte importante en regard de notre connaissance de certains aspects liés à la construction des ouvrages défensifs de la Ville. Les nouvelles données recueillies, en association avec celles provenant des interventions antérieures et la documentation d'époque, démontrent que ces passages temporaires faisaient partie intégrante du projet élaboré par l'ingénieur français de I,éry. Leurs présences permettaient en effet d'obtenir un accés plus direct au chantier avec tous les avantages qui s'y rattachent.

Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe. The Story of Blue Babe - V. Geist (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

Traditional Use Study Program of British Columbia, Canada - GELEAN, Shannon (1998)
The Canadian Constitution and Court of Appeal rulings have mandated that Provincial Governments are legally required to prevent the unjustifiable infringement of aboriginal rights. The Provincial TUS Program recognizes the value of identifying and evaluating Traditional Use Sites for the purpose of resource management planning. Although the TUS does not specify aboriginal rights, it serves as a framework for determining what traditional uses of the land fit within the legally established framework. This paper will look at how the program has evolved in the current political and legal context and how it fits into overall resource management planning.

Introduction to Rock Art Research - Daniel Gendron (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Fouilles récentes au site de Tayara (KbFk-7) - Daniel Gendron; Pierre M. Desrosiers; Noura Rahmani (2003)

Once Were... Shamen? Kiinatuqarvik: A Multidisciplinary Project of Unique Dorset Petroglyphs - Daniel Gendron; Daniel Arsenault; Louis Gagnon; Claude Pinard (2000)
In 1996 a multidisciplinary project named Kiinatuqarvik (an Inuit word meaning 'faces appearing on the rock') was initiated by the Avataq Cultural Institute following a request from the Kangirsujuaq Community. The Avataq archaeologists were joined in their endeavor by researchers from Laval University and elsewhere. Right from the onset, this long-term project became a multidisciplinary research programme aimed at documenting, studying and protecting the various rock-engraved locations, as well as to construe their place, functions and meanings in the development of local and regional history, especially from the Dorset period onward. Also, one of the main objectives has been to assess the state of preservation of these unique Eastern Arctic sites in the perspective of developing a procedure for the conservation and the responsible management of those non-renewable cultural resources. For the first 3 years, the fieldwork mainly focused on one of those petroglyph sites: Qajartalik (JhEv-1). Although this site had been partly analysed during the 1960s, the visual content (petroglyphs per se) had not been fully recorded, and, overall, the archaeological potential still remained to be carefully exploited. Since this rock engraving site is also an important component of a soapstone quarry, studying the site's activity areas and their surroundings might yield significant clues about its past exploitation, both for economical and ideological purposes, especially during the Dorset period. This paper will present some of the results we obtained so far. In particular, the authors intend to address some questions related to the relationships between the site's physical and symbolic components with regard to the Dorset occupation in this region, and to its presumed shamanic nature when compared with the Dorset religious domain as a whole.

The Nunavik Petroglyph Project: A Summary of the First Two Field Seasons /Le projet des pétroglyphes du Nunavik: un résumé des de - GENDRON, Danielle (1998)

PUBLIC AWARENESS AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN NUNAVIK - Daniel Gendron; Tommy WEETALUKTUK (1996)
No abstract submitted

Boulder Field Archaeology in Nunavik: Methodological and Interpretative Issues / L'archéologie des champs de blocs au Nunavik: Problë - Daniel Gendron (1999)
Over the last 15 years, the Avataq Cultural Institute has identified and excavated a growing number of archaeological sites located in boulder fields, and most of these sites are Early Palaeoeskimo in origin. Traditional excavation methods and techniques had to be adapted to this particular setting. This paper will discuss briefly these methodological issues, as well as their impact on the interpretation of the archaeological remains.

Haudenosaunee (Six Nations) and Archaeological Perspectives on Site Preservation in Southern Ontario - General, Paul; Gary Warrick (2006)
Land development in southern Ontario causes the excavation of over 100 Indigenous sites per year. It is rare that sites are preserved when threatened by development, despite the "conservation ethic" that demands that archaeologists place site preservation before excavation. Site significance criteria guide archaeologists in making decisions on which sites will be "saved" through excavation. Indigenous peoples in Ontario have different site significance criteria and perspectives on site preservation. The Haudenosaunee (Six Nations) believe that archaeological excavation of ancestral sites should be a last resort, especially for any sites with the possibility for burials. If it is not possible to protect and preserve ancestral sites, the Haudenosaunee would like to be consulted because their site significance criteria give precedence to sites that are not always the largest, oldest, or densest. Consultation with the Haudenosaunee and other Indigenous communities in southern Ontario needs to become part of standard archaeological practice.

Native North Americans and Archaeology: Struggling for Middle Ground - George, Brandy E. (2006)
The relationship between archaeologists and First Nations groups in Canada is an increasing concern and an important issue is whether this relationship can be called a "partnership" in which both benefit. This is a topic discussed in detail by both archaeologists and First Nations, but not from the perspective that I wish to address it. Being a Native North American archaeologist gives me a unique perspective. In the past two years I have worked with several First Nations groups in various archaeological contexts and would like to share aspects of these projects, including what I learned from these experiences. Furthermore, I have an interest in what archaeological encounters other First Nations people have had, and will include a preliminary look at these experiences.

Manufacturing and Seasoning: Possibilities for Research Relating To Ontario Precontact Pottery Function - George, Brandy E. (2008)
The functionality of Ontario precontact pottery is an area in which experimentation, research and published material is lacking. Most often, aspects related to decoration, time period and cultural affiliation are sought after while potential pottery usage is generally ignored. In the manufacturing and seasoning of a series of ceramic vessels, a multi-faceted approach is used in which experimental methods are employed, archaeological and ethnographic examples are consulted, and all are combined to make assumptions in relation to possible pottery function for the Ontario archaeological record. Ultimately the aim of this paper is to look at precontact ceramics as functional tools in an effort to open up more avenues for research, and to encourage the use of experimental archaeology to test theories of artifact function in general.

évaluation des niveaux de mercure chez le caribou de l'Alaska de l'Antiquité et des temps modernes : conséquences pour - Craig GERLACH; Lawrence K. Duffy; Maribeth S. Murray (2003)

Counting Coup or Counting Calories - The Role of Whaling in Thule Origins and the Eastern Expansion - Craig GERLACH; Maribeth S. Murray (2001)
In this paper we re-evaluate the archaeological evidence for whaling in Western Thule culture. We consider the extent to which whaling shaped Thule culture and what role, if any, whaling played in the Thule expansion into Canada. Implications for the nature of Dorset/Thule contact are also drawn out.

Site Structure and the Organization of a Late Prehistoric and Early Historic Archaeological Site near Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska - Craig GERLACH; Pete BOWERS; Robin MILLS (1999)
Recent archaeological investigations in Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, resulted in the excavation of nearly 200 m2 and 21 features at a late prehistoric/early historic camp, butchering and processing site (XCL-359). More than 38 features were identified, including tent rings, hearths, cache pits, windbreaks, hunting blinds and caribou and mountain sheep processing areas. Repeated occupations over the past 1600 years by late phases of the Arctic Small Tool tradition and other late prehistoric components produced thousands of identifiable faunal elements, thousands of lithic artifacts, and a small amount of late 19th and 20th century Nunamiut material. We examine the spatial organization of all categories of recovered artifactual and faunal material, statistically position these data in relation to the spatial distribution of features, discuss site seasonality, and evaluate a new model of site structure in relation to previous behavioral and archaeological models of site structure and organization for the Nunamiut at Anaktuvuk Pass.

De l'utilisation des témoins historiques en gestion de la faune et en biologie de conservation en Alaska et au Canada - Craig GERLACH (2003)

Working Together: Reburial and Repatriation in Saskatchewan - Carlos Germann; Lorne CARRIER (1998)
Saskatchewan archaeology is forging a new and maturing relationship with First Nations – one that increasingly sees resource management as a cooperative venture. In the spirit of mutual respect, consultation, and cooperation, and as a demonstration of these important principles, Saskatchewan is now aggressively engaged in archaeological reburial and repatriation. In this paper, several recent projects including the reburial of all extant burial collections (including the Moose Bay Mound and Grey Ossuary), and the repatriation of several sacred boulder monuments (such as the Mankota Salamander and the Hardy Turtle Effigy) to their original locations, are discussed. The unique problems encountered during these projects, how these problems were resolved, and what lessons can be learned from the experience are considered. The perspectives and insights of the Elders and spiritual leaders who participated in these projects will also be shared. Finally the prospects for continued First Nations consultation, archaeological heritage co-management, and reburial in Saskatchewan, including a joint First Nations-Provincial government proposal to acquire and establish a common burial ground for all future archaeological burial discoveries, are discussed.

Towards Archaeological Resource Co-Regulation and Management - Carlos Germann (1994)
First Nations are expressing increasing interest in the management of aboriginal heritage. Although involvement to date in Western Canada has been mainly concerned with the disposition of sacred sites and objects, trends in the U.S., Australia, and elsewhere suggest that greater involvement in the co-regulation and management of aboriginal archaeological resources on the non-Indian lands can be expected here. What is co-management, and what can provincial regulatory agencies and the archaeological community generally expect in this new bilateral partnership? In this paper archaeological resource co-management is examined by considering basic objectives and operating principles, possible co-management opportunities primarily as they relate to resource regulation (e.g. land development review, investigation permitting and compliance, impact management, etc.), and some of the main problems or issues that may hinder co-management. Finally, prospects and recommendations for making archaeological resource co-regulation and co-management work are presented.

Archaeology in Alberta 1983 - Carlos Germann (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)

Full-Serve to Self-Serve: Saskatchewan's Archaeological Inventory Remote Access System - Germann, C. (1992)
Provincial and territorial archaeological site inventories are increasingly used in regional land use and development planning, tourism and recreational planning, archaeological research and resource management, and elsewhere. In Saskatchewan, two developments in particular have helped increase the provincial inventory's utility and value: more exacting and consistent site recording standards which improved data quality and reliability, and database automation which made information retrieval significantly faster and easier. However, handling the increasing demand for inventory-related client services (with fewer and fewer operational resources) required shifting emphasis away from a full service approach, to enabling inventory users to serve thernselves. Saskatchewan's archaeological remote access system enables authorized individuals to directly access basic inventory data from virtually any micro-computer station. This paper briefly describes the technical specifications and current scope of this preliminary, largely experimental system. Prospects for enhancing the system to enable more sophisticated database analyses are also discussed.

Yutopian: Archaeology, Ambiguity and the Production of Knowledge in Northwest Argentina - Benjamin Alberti (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)

Museums, Cyberspace and the Construction of Archaeological Context - Gerrard, Richard (1992)
Context n.Parts that precede or follow a passage and fix its meaning (out of-, without these and hence misleading); ambient conditions; in this- (connection); hence contextual. a. [ME, f.L contextus f. con (texture text- weave] -The Concise Oxford Dictionary, New Edition (1976) From our earliest introduction to archaeology, we are often told that we destroy the context of artifacts during the course of excavating them. While this is often used as an intimidation tactic at field schools to make the student excavators take better notes, it could give us pause for reflection about what do we mean when we refer to 'the context of archaeological objects'. We are all familiar with archaeological context in terms of stratigraphy and culture-history. For this reason, I will begin by taking one step away from the field and look at other archaeological contexts in museums outside these areas. In continuing to explore this process, and to try to come to an understanding of the essence of 'context in archaeology, I will take an even larger step away from the rarefied atmosphere of museums to examine archaeology inside the world of the computer, or archaeology in Cyberspace.

Of GISs and PDAs: Strategies for Automated Archaeological Mapping and Field Data Collection - GIBSON, Terrance (1998)
Usually, unpredictable field situations make archaeological survey data very difficult to collect without resorting to the centuries-old technique of writing notes in a diary or notebook and annotating maps at various scales. Even with the advent of powerful laptop computers, field recording still relies heavily on paper and maps, because laptops just aren't made for truly mobile data recording. For several years, archaeologists have been experimenting with the use of PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants -pen-based hand held computers) as a means of overcoming the limitations of laptop data collection. Practical experience suggests that if PDA software is carefully designed for specific archaeological applications, such instruments can function as highly efficient survey data loggers, making rapid incorporation of field data into GISs quite feasible. The trick is to decide what PDA to use, what software to use with it, how to maintain recording accuracy and ultimately how to integrate the collected data seamlessly with a GIS. Early adopters of this technology/methodology mix must ride the wave of market-driven innovation, which is never stable and rarely predictable. This paper describes one such experience, that illustrates the perils of research and development in this area, and also the advantages that can be gained in using PDA data-loggers with GIS for archaeological data collection.

Remnant Oxbow on the Northern Plains - Terrance H. Gibson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)
Chronological data from Oxbow sites within and around the fringes of the northern plains is reviewed, and used to suggest a movement of Oxbow from the plains environment into the parkland and boreal forest fringes. At the same time, other Oxbow groups continued to occupy the plains area.

Academy in the Rural Community: The Bodo Research Park - Terrance H. Gibson; Elizabeth H. Mann (2005)
The University of Alberta has been conducting successful archaeological field schools at the prolific Bodo Sites Locality in east central Alberta since 2002. Public interest in the work has continued to escalate, so much so that various levels of government, and politicians, have taken notice. The Bodo Archaeological Society has supported the university work since the society's inception in 2003, and has now embarked on an ambitious tourism initiative with a non-archaeological avocational society partner that foresees the Bodo Locality as being a key component of a new regional industry in eastern Alberta. Unfortunately, the University has only been able to conduct field schools at Bodo up to now with the assistance of public and corporate funding, primarily to look after the overwhelming archaeological data recovered from the site every summer.However, the University is committed to developing a growing academic presence in rural Alberta, and public and political pressure is compelling the institution to continue and expand its archaeology program at Bodo. Consequently, the University has requested that some solution be found whereby the institution can maintain its research and teaching in the locality while accommodating expanding public interest and the potential economic development opportunities that will arise. The Bodo Research Park emphasizes university-based research and education in partnership with the community driven goals of the Bodo Archaeological Society. The proposed project is founded upon the idea that archaeological research is interesting to the public whether through passive observation or active participation. The partnership revolves around the University of Alberta providing the research and educational resources and the Bodo Archaeological Society managing and maintaining a public program. This pioneering partnership arrangement is now under review and it is anticipated that the program could begin as early as June 2005.

Ceramic Variation and Population Dynamics: Interpretive Implications from a Single Selkirk Occupation - Terrance H. Gibson (1989)
Theoretical studies of Selkirk ceramic variability have always emphasized a regional perspective when attempting to characterize prehistoric human interaction. However, though rarely considered by archaeologists, significant ceramic variability occurred within Selkirk occupations as well as between them. In fact, intra-site variability in style, manufacture and use of ceramics can reflect a wide variety of human interactions that are usually not detectable at the regional, inter-site level of interpretation. Some of these intra-site ceramic behaviours have profound implications for our understanding of regional Selkirk variability as reflected in the ceramic record. This paper will discuss some types of intra-site ceramic behaviour which are of potential import to regional interpretation of the Selkirk Composite, drawing upon specific data collected from Bushfield West, a large single component Selkirk camp-site located in central-eastern Saskatchewan.

Heritage Management in the Forest Industry: Addressing National Canadian Standards - Terrance H. Gibson; James T. FINNIGAN (1998)
The major forestry companies in Saskatchewan have dealt with heritage concerns in their licensed forestry areas since 1992. A pilot program which explored in detail such issues as heritage potential modelling, detailed impact analysis and integrated management planning, evolved into a diverse suite of heritage management methods tailored to the needs and circumstances of each company. However, the latest work suggests that this diversification in heritage management approaches can be eliminated by considering principles set forth by the Canadian and International Standards Associations using CSA-Z808 and 809 Sustainable Forest Management System and ISO 14001 Environmental Management System specifications. The new management approach stresses the development of a process for addressing heritage concerns that can be adopted relatively easily by any forestry company, and is based upon a high degree of self-compliancy. Its advantages are that it is understandable by both heritage managers and forest industry personnel, it is highly oriented towards assistance in planning for avoidance of heritage impacts and perhaps most importantly demonstrates a high regard for heritage resources that can be used as a bulwark against national and international criticism of forestry practices. Since the management model stresses archaeological management over archaeological field studies, it can be extremely cost-effective, especially for firms which must address diverse forestry operations over large tracts of land. The management approach uses heritage potential modelling, heritage impact modeling and standard cultural resource management principles in its implementation. Practical examples of its application for road construction, cutblock harvesting and silviculture are illustrated.

Development of a Heritage Management System for the Millar Western Forest Products FMA - Terrance H. Gibson (2001)
In 1997 and 1998 Western Heritage Services Inc, working in conjunction with staffs of Millar Western Forest Products, the Alberta Provincial Government and several other forest products firms, produced a prototype heritage management process to protect heritage resources within the province for the foreseeable future. Millar Western Forest Products subsequently pursued development of the prototype, and implemented a final version of the heritage management process in May 2000, the first forestry company in Alberta to begin the process of achieving compliance to the Alberta Historical Resources Act. The heritage management process, developed specifically for use in Alberta, consists of a number of interrelated study components, each of which provides specific data for managing concerns in the Millar Western FMA. The key approaches in protecting resources while maintaining a viable forest harvest involve predicting where heritage resources are located, determining what forestry practices will harm them and devising a solution to prevent or minimize the chances of damaging those resources. The process follows a step-wise set of procedures that are integrated into the existing Millar Western forest management process. Once the heritage potential of a given area is known (using information from a heritage potential model) and various levels of forestry practice impacts have been determined, a heritage management prescription is produced for every forestry operation. Since heritage values are considered automatically at every stage of the planning process, there is a greatly reduced chance that heritage resources will be encountered unexpectedly, causing forestry operation delays or disruptions. Since heritage values are integrated into the forestry planning process, costs for heritage compliance are reduced and heritage values are fully protected. The double poster set illustrates how heritage potential is determined, how impacts are classified and how heritage prescriptions are assigned and used by forestry planners to avoid disturbing cultural resources in a variety of forestry and other industrial development situations.

Archaeological Sites and Forestry Impacts : Developing a Process for Long Term Heritage Management in the Forest Industry / Sites archéologique - Terry Gibson (1997)
In CRM, a distinction is usually made between activities which can cause damage to heritage resources, and the actual damage that is caused. With regard to forestry, this distinction is more often than not lost to most archaeologists. The assumption is made that the forest industry in general will inevitably inflict significant damage to any heritage resources in the forest. However, five years of intensive examination of a wide variety of forestry activities indicates that this is an erroneous assumption. For example, the most visible effect of forestry is the cutting down of trees. Yet, analysis has shown that most ground impact from tree cutting is similar to that experienced by a natural forest fire. This begs the question: if tree cutting doesn't cause that much damage, what kinds of activities DO cause impacts, and how can they be effectively managed? In fact, under almost all situations, forestry impacts can be predicted and managed if three requirements can be satisfied: 1) the nature, significance and distribution of local archaeological resources are known 2) industrial forestry practices are identified 3) the relationships between forestry practices and archaeological resources are understood The first requirement is usually dealt with through regional archaeological overviews, often involving predictive modelling. Often as not, however, heritage management stops at that point, and forest industry planners are left dangling, wondering what to do with a heritage overview or potential model. This paper moves past the modelling stage, by addressing the second requirement from the perspective of the commercial forest industry in general, establishing parameters so that the last point can be explored. The result is a management strategy that fits into the integrated resource management operations of current forestry management programs, and can be sustained for centuries of forest practices.

Magnetometer surveying: revitalizing an old archaeological technique - Gibson, T. (1981)
Since the first application of the proton magnetometer to archaeological site prospection, archaeologists have repeatedly attempted to improve their ability to locate subsurface archaeological features on prehistoric and historic sites using magnetic survey techniques. More often than not, such attempts have resulted in questionable benefits or outright failure. Inevitably, the most successful surveys have occurred in conjunction with large archaeological programs blessed with ample budgets and long range research strategies, permitting sufficient time to perform pre-excavation magnetic surveys and enabling sophisticated computer analysis and mapping programs to be applied to raw magnetic data obtained. Though magnetic surveying has in such cases proved to be a profitable exercise, ironically, it is the director of a research project with a limited budget or an archaeological contractor with limited site salvage time who could most benefit from magnetic survey techniques. Recent advances in magnetic survey methodology and data analysis have greatly improved the potential of the proton magnetometer to reliably define subsurface archaeological features in sites formerly considered impossible to assess using remote sensing techniques. In addition, newly developed micro-computer hardware has usurped the traditional role of the often inaccessible institutional and commercial mainframe computer in carrying out complex statistical manipulations and plotting of raw field data. This development has enhanced the effectiveness of magnetic site assessment by increasing interpretation accuracy while decreasing survey time and cost. These technological and methodological advancements can now enable even small research and salvage projects to take advantage of timesaving remote sensing techniques with full expectation of valuable pre-excavation data being retrieved. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art of archaeological magnetometric assessment, and presents suggestions on how magnetometer surveys can be applied to various archaeological sites with maximum potential of yielding useful results.

Working in the Real World: Ethical Standards and Professional Protocols in Canadian Archaeology - Terrance H. Gibson (2001)
The number of professional archaeologists in Canada has continued to grow at a rapid rate. As new professional archaeologists enter the work force, they are confronted with a work environment that is much more complex than their past experiences, and especially their past training, has ever prepared them for. Perhaps one of the most difficult aspects of being a new archaeologist is learning how to deal with professionals from other disciplines, especially in the consulting world. Other new professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, engineers and foresters, have the benefit of entering into their work environment with an established professional code of ethics and procedures, and can become members of an organization that maintains, promotes and defends these ethics. They can always draw upon their professional corp for ethical guidance, educational upgrading and even dispute settlement. There has been some effort to create professional archaeological organizations in this country, but many have as their foundation exclusionist principles, or are focused on a regional basis. Those that espouse the broader professional view have not caught on, even though the benefits they can provide are obvious. In summary, archaeologists in Canada have no established archaeological creed, nor are they even taught in university that having professional ethical standards just might be a good thing. This paper examines the professional standards and protocols developed by other disciplines, reviews past efforts in promoting Canadian professionalism and proposes some new ideas about how Canadian archaeologists can cooperate to build their own professional society.

From Map to Screen : Practical Applications of a Map-Based Heritage Inventory System - Terrance H. Gibson (1993)
Three years of research and development have been spent on perfecting a simple geographic information systern which can be used by a variety of disciplines to record map-based heritage data. In the past year the system, based on HyperCard running on a Macintosh computer, has become the primary information management tool for several large heritage inventory programs. The comprehensive scope and large areal extent of these projects severely tested the basic assumptions used in the original design of the mapping system. Unanticipated problems with map scale, mapsheetedge matching, data storage, mappingspeed and ease of use necessitated extensive redesign. Changes in the kinds of information collected also required major redesign of the data base manager. The problems and solutions are discussed with reference to actual examples taken frorn the projects. Ultimately, it was the special requirements of heritage information and not, as is so often the case, the available software, which dictated the final GIS system design.

Historical Resources and Economic Development: The Road Ahead for Bodo - Terrance H. Gibson; Elizabeth May (2004)
The Bodo archaeological site complex, located in east-central Alberta, has received on-going archaeological attention since 1995. Located in a minor sand dune outlier east of the Neutral Hills, the archaeological remains appear to represent a heavily occupied late precontact habitation locality extending for at least 4 km along the south side of Eyehill Creek. Despite four years of relatively intensive investigation, much of the site character remains poorly understood, and its full extent has not yet been determined. Nevertheless, what has been found at the site is startling, for the sheer density of material recoveries and their remarkable preservation, as well as their seemingly limitless extent.Several local rural communities have now taken an active interest in the site locality, and consider it a valuable source for future economic development in a region where drought and BSE have severely disrupted the traditional ways of making a living. Local residents have long accepted the role of academic research as a social benefit, but they are now providing significant financial support to continue that research, in expectations that a viable tourism industry will arise. However, many tasks remain before significant economic development can ensue, including resolution of land ownership, protection and preservation of the historical remains even as their economic exploitation is considered, and consultation with First Nations regarding their role in scientific interpretation and economic development of the resources. In particular, this paper addresses various scenarios for research and economic development of the Bodo historical remains in the near future and considers what long range historical studies can provide for economic rejuvenation for the local and regional economy.

Développement et mise en œuvre de la gestion du patrimoine : outils à usage industriel en Alberta - Terrance H. Gibson; Darryl Bereziuk; Beames, Katherine (2003)

A Proposal for the Integration of Canada's Archaeological Database - Gibson, Terrence H. (1992)
Archaeologists have been storing all kinds of information into every conceivable computer data base for over 30 years. Not surprisingly, most of this information, painstakingly mannered in by keypunching or hand digitizing over the decades, is simply so much dead-storage now, destined for the great blue box of history. It is not to say that this information is unusable - it is just that the data are stored in some unique, often intricate way which the designer has long since abandoned and probably forgotten. This loss of past work is regrettable, but at least the original research information is still available in the form of field and lab notes and artifacts. Today, things are different. It is the rare archaeologist indeed who does not use a personal computer for a significant portion of their research. Archaeologists regularly catalogue their artifacts using their own custom computer databases, producing only a minimal paper record of their artifact descriptions. Important primary information can be found only on custom computer files. This information, possibly more important than the raw artifacts and catalogues which by law must be archived, consists of electronic field notes, computer-drawn maps and diagrams, digitized images and even sounds. These data are rarely considered for archiving. How can this information be saved from oblivion? Since it is all digital in form, one should be able to access the information via a computer link. The problem is, a standard is required which should establish how electronic archaeological information should be organized so that anybody using any kind of computer can access at least part of every record. This paper examines the kinds of digitally stored data that must be considered, describes a sample data structure that can accommodate the data types, and suggests national organizations which might be able to establish and maintain such an electronic standard.

Taking CRM into the Far Future: Integrating Historical Resource Concerns into LP Canada's Long Range Planning System in West Central Manitoba - Terrance H. Gibson (2004)
In most Canadian provinces the forest industry has begun to address historical resources concerns within their regular planning and operational guidelines. However, methods of achieving compliance to general historical resource protection regulations vary between jurisdictions and between forestry companies. In a previous paper, Gibson et. al. described a set of heritage management protocols called CRIMP (Cultural Resources Impact Management Planning) that consisted of custom GIS historical databases, heritage potential models, industrial impact models and calculating tools that assisted forestry-related and other industrial managers to plan proposed land developments. The tools were instrumental in minimizing potential impact to historical resources sites and were found to reduce associated field survey costs related to regulatory compliance requirements substantially.The CRIMP Management Tools were originally developed as part of a stand-alone historical management process, to be used as part of both short and long-term corporate land planning operations. Current research is focused on integrating this process and its associated tools within a more comprehensive forecasting methodology that incorporates environmental and social data and land development planning into an expert system that can help predict the effects of forestry and other kinds of developments on a landscape for hundreds of years into the future. The system can be used to plan developments on a 'what it' basis, dynamically changing planning scenarios as input variables such as heritage potential or site location are modified over time.This paper will review the different heritage potential models, thematic historical data and projected industrial impact information produced to implement such a system for the Duck Mountain region in West Central Manitoba, Alternative land management planning scenarios for the present and ensuing decades will then be explored to highlight the potential of the system for long term heritage management.

HYPERGIS: GIS PLAIN AND SIMPLE - Terrance H. Gibson (1991)
Although Geographic Information Systems are becoming more commonly used for archaeological studies, many archaeologists, ethnographers and ethnohistorians are reluctant to make use of GIS techniques, because the systems are so difficult to design and operate. However, most heritage-related studies do not require the vast array of analytical tools offered by GIS systems that make them so incomprehensible to untrained researchers. What most people want is a simple way of tying database information to geographic location. This paper demonstrates several ways how this can be done simply, cheaply and effectively using HyperCard.

Floating Stone: Watercraft and Lithic Procurement in Maine and the Maritimes - Gilbert, Drew (2008)
The Quoddy Region, in southwestern NB, was a nexus of toolstone trade and transport between Maine and the Maritimes. Watercraft played an integral role in the procurement and trade of both local and exotic toolstones from their original source(s) to where these artifacts were later deposited and recovered from the archaeological record. This paper will focus on the varied lithic materials recovered from the Deer Island Point site (BfDr5). The discussion will illustrate how watercraft enabled the relatively rapid transport of large amounts of lithic materials with less overall effort than land-based travel.

THE RUSSELL'S POINT SITE: A PROTOHISTORIC BEOTHUK SITE IN TRINITY BAY - GILBERT, William (1996)
In August, 1610, Newfoundland's first official colony was established at Cupers Cove (now Cupids) in Conception Bay under the direction of John Guy. In the autumn of 1612, Guy and 18 other colonists set sail from Cupids into Trinity Bay in an effort to establish friendly relations with the Beothuk Indians. On 26 October, the colonists discovered a Beothuk camp on the shores of a 'great fresh water lake' about a mile inland from the bottom of Trinity Bay. The Russell's Point site is located on the western side of Dildo Pond in the community of Blaketown at the bottom of Trinity Bay. It was discovered in 1988 using information contained in John Guy's journal of his voyage and is generally believed to be the site visited by him on 26 October, 1612. Excavations were conducted at the site during 1994 and 1995 by the author. The results of these excavations combined with documentary evidence suggest that Russell's Point was a caribou kill site utilized by the Beothuk during the annual fall migration. Roughly 1,000 artifacts have been recovered to date and a high proportion of these are stone arrowheads typical of the protohistoric period. A small amount of European material has also been recovered, indicating that the Beothuks at Russell's Point had some contact with either migratory fishermen or colonists. The author will describe the results of the excavations to date and utilize archaeological data and documentary evidence in an attempt to better understand both the Russell's Point site and the Beothuk occupation of Trinity Bay.

THE SEARCH FOR CUPERS COVE - GILBERT, William (1996)
In August, 1610, the London and Bristol Company for the Plantation of Newfoundland established a colony at Cupers Cove (now Cupids) in Conception Bay, Newfoundland. The Cupers Cove colony was the first English colony established in Canada. Although never a commercial success, the plantation marked the beginning of permanent European settlement in Newfoundland. Archaeological work was conducted at Cupids during 1973 and 1974 but failed to locate the Cupers Cove site. During July 1995 an archaeological survey of Cupids was conducted under the direction of the author and an early seventeenth-century site was discovered. Initial excavations were also undertaken to determine the site's state of preservation and potential for further excavation. Historians have generally held that the Cupers Cove colony was abandoned during the 1620s. However, the data recovered in 1995 suggests that the colony may have continued much longer than had previously been believed. Artifacts indicate an ongoing occupation or utilization of the area throughout most of the seventeenth century. The paper will detail the techniques used to locate the site and describe the results of the survey.

Distinguishing Carboniferous- from Mesozoic-Associated Chert Toolstones in the Canadian Maritimes - Gilbert, Drew; Michael J. Gallant; David W. Black (2006)
Until about two decades ago, brightly coloured, variegated chert toolstones observed in the Maritimes prehistoric archaeological record were generally assumed to have been acquired by Native people from sources associated with the Jurassic-Triassic (Mesozoic) Scots Bay Formation sediments and North Mountain Formation basalts, exposed on the Nova Scotia side of the Bay of Fundy. More recently, it has become clear that prehistoric Native people acquired some brightly coloured, variegated chert toolstones from sources associated with the Early Carboniferous Mabou Group sediments, exposed around the edges of the New Brunswick Lowlands. Raw materials and finished artifacts of both of these chert types circulated in prehistoric lithic procurement and exchange systems during the Late Maritime Woodland period (ca. 1500 to ca. 500 B.P.). Frequently, artifacts made from both chert types are found in the same archaeological assemblages. Here, we present five criteria-patterns of (1) translucency and (2) variegation, presence of (3) carnelian and (4) strain fractures, and (5) type and scale of infilling silica fabric -for probabilistically distinguishing Carboniferous-associated from Mesozoic-associated chert toolstones using low-cost, low-technology, hand-specimen and microscopic examinations

The Archaeological Exploration of Deer Island, N.B.: History and Recent Research - Gilbert, Drew; David W. Black (2006)
The Quoddy Region has the longest history of archaeological exploration of any part of New Brunswick. However, the prehistory of Deer Island, the largest island in the region, has been investigated only sporadically. This is surprising given the extensive collections of prehistoric artifacts held by avocational archaeologists on Deer Island. The presentation will summarize the history of archaeological investigations on Deer Island and report on a current research project being conducted there. Archaeological investigations at the Deer Island Point site (BfDr-5) were conducted in cooperation with a local avocational archaeologist. This multi-component coastal archaeological site which includes intertidal and terrestrial deposits has yielded artifacts spanning the past 4000 years. In addition to furthering archaeological knowledge of the Quoddy Region, the purpose has been to foster cooperative working relationships among professional and avocational archaeologists, landowners and the public.

A Reinterpretation of the Arkteia: Redefining Artemis / Une nouvelle interprétation des choses antiques : redécouvrir Artémis - GILL, Alyson A (1997)
The archaeological evidence furnished by excavations at Brauron provides substantial information about the cult of Artemis where young women underwent initiation before marriage, but the nature of the relationship between the cult at Brauron and the stoa of Artemis on the Athenian Akropolis needs to be explored. In 1963 Edmonson proposed that the stoa of Artemis on the Athenian Akropolis replaced the sanctuary at Brauron when it went out of use in the 3rd century B.C. This paper suggests that the Athenian stoa of Artemis was never intended to replace the Brauron cult, instead it functioned as an urban complement to the rural cult. Following the outbreaks of plague in Athens in the 420s, the initiations at Brauron acted as a rite of passage for elite young Athenian women and guaranteed their social standing through marriage among Athenian aristocratic families. I also propose that the stoa of Artemis on the Akropolis never served a specifically ritual function, but instead was used to house votives and lists of dedications from Brauron. Archaeological evidence suggests that the stoa probably predated the Chalkotheke, which functioned in a similar way. This interpretation emphasizes the diverse roles played by buildings on the Akropolis during the Classical period.

Using Advances in Technology to Study Bog Bodies: The Possibilities and Limitations - Gill-Robinson, Heather (2004)
Although various reports place the number of preserved bodies, or body parts, from the peat bogs of northwestern Europe at anything up to 1500, less than 50 bog bodies still exist. Most of the known bodies are either on display in museums or hidden in museum storeroom. The majority of the research on these bodies was conducted in the interval between discovery and conservation or display and little new research has been undertaken with these bodies in recent decades.This paper discusses the methods used in a current project to re-examine five Iron Age human mummies and one skull from the peat of northern Germany and will discuss the issues associated with invasive and non-invasive studies of mummified human remains.

Enculturing an Unknown World: Caches and Clovis Landscape Ideology - Jason D. Gillespie (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
The scientific debate surrounding the first peopling of the Americas has largely centered on Clovis economic lifeways. There has been little discussion of either social or ideological aspects of Clovis culture. This is partly due to the difficulty in extracting this type of information from the archaeological record. However, phenomenology-based approaches to landscape archaeology provide a potential inroad to non-economic aspects of prehistoric cultural systems. Using archaeological data, general analogy, and theoretical models developed by landscape archaeologists, the ideological role of a subset of Clovis caches is investigated. It is argued that as colonization progressed, some caches were used to transfer a mobile sense of the landscape into a fixed sense of the landscape. This symbolic transformation was one part of a complex landscape-learning process that would have required significant economic, behavioral, and ideological adaptation.

Rethinking Taxonomy on the Northern Plains: A Comment on Yellowhorn's "Regarding the American Paleolithic" - Jason D. Gillespie (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)
As Yellowhorn points out in his recent paper, the Northern Plains taxonomy suffers from several problems. While I agree that it is time to address these issues, his solution is too extreme and is itself flawed in many ways. Modifying the current taxonomy, rather than substituting an inappropriate Old World taxonomy, would better serve our discipline. It is time to cleanup the Northern Plains taxonomy, but we must do so without throwing out the baby with the bathwater.

Ethical Issues in Archaeology - Jason D. Gillespie (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Sub Aqua 1, Holyrood, Newfoundland: A Field School Experience For Scuba Divers - Ginns, Janette M. (1989)
The inventory of submerged cultural resources in Newfoundland waters is limited. Archaeological surveys conducted by avocational groups have covered only a very small percentage of underwater areas in a systematic manner. Site assessments and surveys of specific areas conducted for archaeological clearance for proposed development projects will add to that database. However, it is only when individual archaeological resources are recorded in specific areas that a clearer understanding of the distribution and types of submerged cultural resources will result. Thus, the requirement for accurate reporting of underwater sites is important. In recent years a problem has arisen in providing scuba divers with sufficient theoretical and practical knowledge of the technical skills required by the underwater archaeologist. The situation needed to be improved through diver education. In the fall of 1988, a diving course specifically in underwater archaeology was set up with Sub Aqua 1982 Ltd. in St. John's. The course was taken by a small group of students for the NASDS (National Association of Scuba Diving Schools) Expert Diver Program. The introductory course provided a sound background in technical skills and emphasized hands-on experience. Open water work, to include the survey of a wreck site at Holyrood, Conception Bay, formed the interface between the theoretical knowledge gained by students in the classroom and the practical knowledge required for archaeological fieldwork. The successful field school experience, operated under an archaeological research permit granted by the Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, will be outlined using the highly visual format of still photography and video presentation.

Conception Bay Underwater Survey 1988 - Ginns, Janette M. (1989)
Four harbours in Conception Bay, on the northern shore of the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, became the target of a series of short surveys undertaken by avocational divers with the Newfoundland Marine Archaeology Society. A total of eleven underwater sites were identified at Brigus, Bay Roberts, Harbour Grace and Bristol's Hope. These sites have been registered and include shipwrecks, anchorage points, old wharves, midddens, and related shoreline activity areas. Documentary sources indicate that Conception Bay was known to Europeans in the 16th century and was the first area of English influence in Newfoundland in the early 17th century. The settled population gradually increased and strong mercantile interests were established in the 18th and 19th centuries. Archaeological surveys on land have produced limited historical data for the area and no systematic underwater archaeological surveys had been conducted until this time. The results of the underwater survey in Conception Bay will be discussed. This will include an assessment of the contribution made to the inventory of submerged cultural resources in Newfoundland waters, communications with historical societies and people in local communities to protect the marine heritage, and the experience provided to divers to become involved in archaeological surveys in the province.

Traditional Cultural Places and Aboriginal Landscapes: Protective Measures at the Federal Level in Canada - Glaude, Matt (2006)
The protection of cultural resources is essential for any society, as they serve as vessels of the shared human experience of thousands of generations. This paper seeks to identify the existing legal measures in Canada that are applicable to the protection of Traditional Cultural Places, in order to better understand their strengths and weaknesses. This review will consider the effectiveness of current Canadian Federal legislation aimed at mitigating environmental and cultural impacts stemming from development projects. While the Canadian practice of Cultural Resource Management has sought to protect current and historical objects and places regardless of cultural affiliations, efforts to protect Traditional Cultural Places would benefit from both a stricter adherence to the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and additional provisions to the Historic Places Initiative.

British Columbia Provincial Heritage Database - Doug Glaum (2001)
In British Columbia, recorded archaeological sites records are held in a provincial heritage inventory database. This database consists of approximately 28,000 site records and is increasing by about 1800 records a year. A recent provincial government initiative to update and maintain the database has allowed the review of site records and rebuilding of the supporting spatial and textual computer applications. The three goals of the record review are: to ensure that sites were correctly located at the 1:20,000 mapping scale; to plot larger sites as polygons instead of points; to add cultural resource management information to the map display. The resulting site and resource management data are presented in one application that combines relational database and geographic information functions. To date, the support system has been completed and 10% of the records have been reviewed. The project will take an additional five years to complete.

DNA for Archaeologists - Bonnie Glencross (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

In Search of Carhagouha: The Archaeological Identification of Two Early Seventeenth-Century Huron-Wendat Villages - Bonnie Glencross; Gary Warrick; Beatrice Fletcher (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
Since 2014, the Tay Point Archaeology Project has actively investigated Ahatsistari (BeGx-76) and Chew (BeGx-9), two Huron-Wendat village sites. Archaeological and historical evidence suggest Ahatsistari and Chew are good candidates for the historically referenced villages of Carhagouha and Quieunonascaran respectively, visited by the French ca. 1615–1616 CE and 1623–1624 CE. The geographic locations, inter-village distances, and sizes of Ahatsistari and Chew correspond with historic accounts of Carhagouha and Quieunonascaran. Recovered European-made artifacts securely date Ahatsistari to the first quarter and Chew to the second quarter of the seventeenth century, matching the recorded occupations of Carhagouha and Quieunonascaran. Exceptionally high glass bead densities and unusual European trade items point to intense trade between the French and Huron-Wendat and the presence of notable European visitors at Ahatsistari. Still to be located at Ahatsistari are a triple palisade and small cabin outside the village of Carhagouha that was occupied by Samuel de Champlain, Recollect friar Joseph Le Caron, and French traders.

Talking Stone: Rock Art of the Cosos - Chris Shaw (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

Flat but not Empty: Houselot Data Collection in the Maya Region - Goldsmith, A. Sean (2006)
Archaeological remains of ancient complex societies have traditionally been defined on the basis of visible architectural features, and those of the Maya region are no exception. Even the burgeoning field of household archaeology, considered in the Maya area to be a counterpoint to the excavation of large elite or civic structures, is usually contextualized by reference to the excavation of visibly mounded remains. An expanded spatial methodology - termed as the 'houselot approach' - is employed in this paper to broaden the subsurface data collection capacity of household archaeology. Such an expanded scope is intended to allow more meaningful comparisons between spatially patterned archaeological material and ancient domestic behaviour.

Textile Bag Impressions on Late Woodland Pottery from the Central Northern Interior / Empreintes de fibres textiles sur des poteries du Sylvicole sup& - GOLTZ, Grant; E. Leigh Syms (1997)
Since the early 1970's, textile impressions on Native ceramics have been a focus of interest in the western Boreal Forest of Manitoba, northwestern Ontario and northern Minnesota. Analysis of latex and plasticene impressions have provided important insights. Recent replicative experiments in making ceramic vessels in pliable, sprang (knotless netting) bags have demonstrated the speed, ease, and effective construction of thin-walled vessels using this technique. The controversy regarding the identification of this technique versus cord-wrapped paddle or the rolling of cord-wrapped dowels is explored.

Of men and reindeer in French Magdalenian prehistory - B. Gordon (1981)
Physical manipulation of reindeer teeth, plus the ageing of teeth to determine seasonality of death, were covered in the last annual meeting. It was found that control specimens accurately reflect known age of animal and hence, seasonal occupation by hunters of archaeological sites. Additional information on annular increments of reindeer-caribou and other teeth using sheltered animals on fixed diet will re-open the discussion. This will be followed by interpretation of increment counts of teeth taken from 54 Magdalenian sites, chiefly from S.W. France. Observations of suggested reindeer and hunting band movements 10-15,000 years ago will be discussed.

Formal Stratigraphic Analyses and Prehistoric Archaeology: Two Examples - Diana Lynn Gordon; David W. Black (1992)
Since the mid-1970's, there has been a revival of interest in the stratigraphy of archaeological sites. Several archaeologists have proposed formal systems of stratigraphic analyses. One of these was developed by Edward Harris for analyzing complex stratification in British historic sites. This presentation illustrates how the authors have adopted Harris' system and applied to two different North American prehistoric archaeological contexts: 1) a shallow, disturbed, multi-component habitation site in northern Ontario, and 2) a deep, undisturbed, multi-component shell midden in southern New Brunswick.

IN CONTEXT: APPROACHES TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD OF THE THREE PINES SITE (CgHa-6), LAKE TEMAGAMI, ONTARIO - Diana Lynn Gordon (1991)
Analyses of the soils, a pollen core, the geomorphology and the microstratigraphy of the Three Pines Site, were integrated to reconstruct some of the natural and cultural processes which have formed this shallow, multi-component site typical of the Canadian Shield. The Three Pines Site is a baymouth bar, created sometime after deglaciation (ca. 10,500 B.P.) and available for human occupation by at least 6400 B.P. Repeated seasonal occupations by Archaic, Initial Woodland, Terminal Woodland, Historical and Modern period groups have left a time series of minute cultural modifications to the landscape. The nature and the relative temporal sequence of these events were identified through the use of a Harris Matrix stratigraphic analysis. This provided a basis for phasing the settlement traces, artifacts and other archaeological sediments into a temporal sequence of occupations. This contextual/stratigraphic approach (cf. Butzer 1982; Harris 1979) involves conceptualizing the archaeological record as a time series of physical deposits, whose form and nature reflect the cumulative total of all events, activities and processes which have operated to create the archaeological site as it exists today. This viewpoint allows for artifacts to be considered within their stratigraphic context, sites in their palaeoenvironmental context and ultimately hunter-gatherer behaviour within the context of the human ecosystem.

Nadlok and the Origins of the Copper and Caribou Inuit - Gordon, Bryan C. (1992)
Copper usage, heavy caribou and fish subsistence, extensive inland knowledge and mythology suggested inland origins for Copper and Caribou Inuit to Jenness and Birket-Smith. This was widely accepted until the mid-20th century when archaeologists suggested Thule coastal origins instead. The archaeological site of Nadlok in extreme southeast Copper Inuit territory is on the traditional Bathurst Inlet trade route to the Caribou Inuit. The Barrenland distribution of copper tools, winter houses, radiocarbon-dated floors, and trees are used to determine whether Nadlok was simply a trade center or whether it and related sites were formative to both Inuit groups.

1974 Thule culture investigations at Baker Lake, N. W. T. - Bryan C. Gordon (Bulletin, 1974)

Reindeer/Caribou Exploitation–A Comparison of Two Water Crossings - Gordon, B.C. (1976)
Reindeer or caribou are and were the most important resource base for the majority of northern hunting societies. A comparison is made between prehistoric and ethnohistoric water crossings belonging to the Barrenland Chipewyan. Herd accumulation, harvesting, and dispersal are discussed.

Rocks, Water and a Dog: Structural Variation between the Witch Point Site (CgRa-7) and the Three Pines Site (CgHa-6), Lake Temagami - Diana Lynn Gordon (1994)
Excavations in 1993 at the Witch Point Site revealed structural and ceremonial features not previously encountered by the author on other Lake Temagami sites. The prehistoric inhabitants in the Archaic, Middle Woodland and late Woodland periods spent considerable effort in collecting and transporting beach cobbles onto the 4 in high esker top. The cumulative effect is a rock pavement in a sandy substrate. Sweat baths, roasting pits, hearths and lithic raw material caches are among the likely functions for these rock structures. In the unusually thick, organic enriched Ah horizon, Late Woodland pottery (Huron Incised style) dominates, compared to the predominantly Middle Woodland components at Three Pines Site which is located on a low sand terrace on the opposite lake shore. Of particular note at Witch Point, is the occurrence of red ochre nodules, red ochre paste pottery, clear quartz crystals and a dog burial, which all suggest ritual and ceremonial activities. This paper examines variation in site structure, settlement features and stratigraphic sequence between the Witch Point Site and the Three Pines Site. It considers several explanations for these major differences based on seasonality, changing lake levels, technological change and social factors influencing variation in site usage and function over time.

Palaeohydrology and Prehistoric Occupations of Lake Temagami: Preliminary Research - Diana Lynn Gordon; John H. McAndrews; Ian D. Campbell (1992)
One goal of the archaeological research at Lake Temagami is to discover the full sequence of prehistoric occupation since deglaciation (ca. 10,500 B.P.). Surveys and site excavations to date have focused on the modern shoreline. Lake and river shores formed an important ecotone for hurnan occupation in the Upland Shield - Boreal Forest as seen from ethnographic and archaeological settlement pattern studies. In order to trace prehistoric occupations through time, it is necessary to, reconstruct past shoreline configurations. Recent work indicates that lake levels in the complex north-south basin of Lake Temagami have been dynamic. Differential isostatic rebound is posited as the mechanism, with the northern end of the lake rebounding faster than the southern end. This phase of the research focuses on reconstructing the palaeohyhydrology of Lake Temagami, as a means of predicting archaeological site location. The effects of isostatic rebound were computer modelled by digitizing MNR 1:20,000 basemaps and applying published rebound curves. Initial results predict a 30m vertical displacement of the north end of the lake, relative to the south, at 9,500 B.P. Two separate lakes, one draining northeast through Sharp Rock Inlet, and the other draining northeast through the town of Temagami, would result. As the basins rebounded, lake regression would occur near these outlets, resulting in palaeoshorelines inland from the modern shoreline. Fieldwork in 1991 involved coring bogs at the two outlets. The preliminary results bear out several predictions of the computer model. This work has several archaeological implications. First, Lake Temagami levels underwent rapid change. Sites on the present shoreline may not provide the full sequence of prehistoric occupation. Second, changing lake levels differentially affected the basin; while inland archaeological survey may be useful for locating early sites, it is only appropriate in selected locales. Third, local effects of changing lake levels on travel routes, lithic sources, and fauna resources merit consideration in reconstructions of pre-historic land usage. Finally, this work has implications for heritage planning.

Reflections on Refuse: A Contemporary Example from James Bay, Quebec - Diana Lynn Gordon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)
An Eastern Cree winter camp in James Bay, Quebec provides a contemporary example of the treatment and disposal of faunal bone. In the field observations and identifications are compared to recent native harvesting studies and ethnographic accounts of two similar hunting groups. In light of Eastern Cree religious concepts, it can be seen that the spatial distribution of the animal remains reflects a symbolic pattern of disposal.

Reindeer Herd Following in Northeast European Russia - Gordon, Bryan C. (1994)
The Bolshoi or Big Tundra is bordered west by the White Sea, north by the Kara Sea, east by the northern Urals and south by the east-west flowing lower Pechora River. Here, biologists have mapped four reindeer migration routes leading to one calving ground on the White and three on the Kara Sea. The Kara Sea calving grounds are on the Ugor Peninsula, a low Ural extension leading to Novaya Zemlya. Its two eastern calving grounds and migration routes are of archaeological interest because of dozens of archaeological sites and their proximity to the Vorkuta airport and railhead. Both routes run north from the Pechora, the western route following the Rogobaya River upstream where it crosses to the headwaters of the Korotaika. Partly descending the Korotaika it crosses to a tributary of the Kara River which enters Baidaratskaya Bay of the Kara Sea. The eastern route parallels the Usa Valley and crosses to another Kara tributary. The archaeological sites have many Neolithic, Mesolithic and Bronze Age tools, plus artifacts of the current Nentsy Samoyed reindeer herders who have lived here for a thousand years. In the summer of 1994 the tool and art styles and trade goods of the Nensty and their predecessors will be compared to quantify the type and amount of past human contact between the western and eastern routes.

The Effect of Herd-Following on Material Culture - Gordon, Bryan C. (1993)
The Beverly caribou range is triangular, with base extending frorn the Churchill river of northern Saskatchewan 1000 km to its calving ground apex near the Back River south of the Arctic Ocean. Each spring since deglaciation, caribou follow the tundra migration route to calve in late May and early June. After 4-6 weeks of post-calving aggregation they and their calves are joined by late arriving bulls, the huge combined herd moving south in late summer past treeline. After a brief forest sojourn the herd rate in October at treeline before returning to the forest for winter. In summer, autumn and winter, it is hunted for its meat, hide, sinew, bone and antler. Using 1002 human occupation north and south of treeline, the relationship between toolkits and seasonal activities is evaluated.

Kurma XI : un nouveau cimetiére de l'âge du bronze sur le lac Baïkal - Olga I. Goriunova; Andrzej WEBER (2003)

Khuzhir-Nuge XIV Cemetery: Mortuary Ritual and Culture Historical Context - Goriunova, Olga Ivanovna (2001)
The main objective of the long-term research project on Middle Holocene hunter-gatherers in the Lake Baikal area has been a comprehensive examination of the Kitoi, Serovo and Glazkovo cultures. Much of the comparison of the developmental trajectories of both cultures' adaptive strategies has been based on the examination of collections that refer to both groups. Since quality materials associated with the later times are lacking, we have initiated excavations of a late Serovo-Glazkovo cemetery at Khuzhir-Nuge XIV on Lake Baikal. Due to its size (c. 90 individuals anticipated), the site is expected to provide enough data to faciliate effective examination of culture dynamics. Although one more season will be needed to complete fieldwork at this locality, the c. 70 graves excavated to date already provided a wealth of information on grave architecture, body treatment, grave goods, human taphonomic processes, paleodemography and health, and unique data on site structure and use. The substantial amount of variability that characterizes each of these aspects of the mortuary protocol is the focus of this paper.

Fabric of Time: the Augustine Mound textiles - Elizabeth N. Gorman; Dr. Susan E. Blair (2008)
Textile technologies in the Northeast are scantly evidenced in the archaeological record, due to the acidic soils in the region. Contrary to this, however, numerous partially mineralized textile artifacts were excavated from the Augustine Mound, a prehistoric Mi'kmaq cemetery located on the Metepenagiag (Red Bank) reserve in New Brunswick, Canada. Such preservation was afforded due to the inclusion of several thousand copper beads. Among these artifacts are textiles that represent the earliest known forms of textile arts for the region. These artifacts vary in form and structure, and include twined, and plaited fabric, basketry, and matting, as well as wrapped textiles, braids, and cordage on which shell and copper beads were strung. Many of these technologies are still practiced by the Mi'kmaq people, such as in the manufacture of woodsplint basketry, and rush matting. This paper will explore linkages of continuity and change between these past and present textile technologies.

Similkameen Pictographs: Conservation via Cultural Tourism and Public Awareness - Gould, Brenda; Charlene Allison (2005)
The pictographs of the Similkameen have long fascinated visitors and researchers alike. The Upper Similkameen Indian Band has been undertaking a number of initiatives over the past several years with respect to conservation and management of these sites. Initiatives include working with Parks Canada to have sites commemorated as a National Historic Monument as well as opening up one of the sites to public tours. The Band is also currently negotiating with the Province of BC to allow the Band increased involvement in the management of these sites. Additionally, management plans are being negotiated with stakeholders to reduce the occurrences of accidental desecration and destruction. The Band was also instrumental in having the publication 'Exploring BC's Pictographs' recalled in 2003 due to the risk that this book posed to site integrity and conservation.Through public awareness and increased involvement by the Band at the local level the pictographs of the Similkameen are now receiving an increased amount of attention in regards to conservation. Other initiatives proposed for the immediate future include a detailed inventory of sites, their condition and conservation requirements.The Band recognizes the need for increased protection of the sites, especially those that might be opened up for tourism. Once a site is opened up for tours the Band will be monitoring it daily and assessing condition on a regular basis to ensure site integrity.

The micro-evolutionary frontier and northwest prehistory - Grabert, G. (1981)
This paper attempts on a limited scale to assess the recent prehistoric period of the northwest coast in terms of an interactional model. Cultural (technological) changes over the past 2 or 3 thousand years are viewed not so much as distinct cultural changes as evidence for the dynamics of social interaction and the changes in inter-community interaction preferences. Given that there have been some environmental and demographic changes over the past 3 thousand years and given also that only technological changes are recorded, the stance is taken that these reflect more of intercommunity relational changes than they do of adaptive strategy evolution. They may be taken instead as tactical variations, as much socially derived as subsistence motivated. It is assumed that territorial margins, the outer limits of a community's catchment area are the articulation points of social change. Two cases are examined. In both a limited amount of archaeological investigation has been carried on. In both also there has been a rather limited amount of ethnographic study. Using this model it should be possible to explain some of the supposed anomalies in localized variants in regional archaeological cultures, phases and other units of definition.

Pebble Tools and Time Factoring - Garland F. Grabert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
Pebble tool assemblages have for many years been one of the more puzzling lithic classes in the Pacific Northwest. They have been viewed as chronological markers, as indicators of task-specific sites, and as remains of distinct cultural entities. They sometimes seem to be the only visible part of certain regional site components, whereas at other times a variety of lithic tools accompanies the pebble tool complex. Assemblages of both kinds have been recorded and examined by the writer in both littoral and upland sites. Pebble tools need not be chronological markers. While coastline changes may have occurred in post glacial times, several of these sites have always been within a few hundred meters of a coast though the elevations above sea level have changed. Experiments are underway to determine pebble tool utility in different tasks. Context and association are variables that must be controlled before temporal factors can be expressed.

A Mobile GIS Application for Conducting Archaeological Surveys - Graham, James W.; Wiseman, Dion J.; Bev Nicholson (2005)
Geomatics technologies (i.e. Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and the Global Positioning System) are becoming increasingly practical and necessary tools for researchers in a variety of disciplines concerned with mapping the location and spatial relationships between phenomena. The single largest impediment to the adoption of geomatics in the public and private sectors is the relatively steep learning curve and significant investment in time and money required to become proficient with these technologies. The goal of this research was to develop a customized GIS application for conducting archaeological surveys (e.g. test-pit or pedestrian) that would enable the user to record the location and associated attributes of an archaeological test site quickly and accurately, in a standardized format, and with a minimal amount of training or background required. The application enables the user to accurately record the location of each test-pit using a handheld computer (PDA) with an integrated GPS flashcard. When a new test-pit location is added the application prompts the user to enter specific attribute information using a custom designed data entry form with drop-down menus. The application also generates default data fields including user id, date, time, and location. Data is collected and stored in a standard geospatial data format (i.e. ESRI shapefile format) that can be easily uploaded to an external GIS application for analysis, reporting, and automated mapping; eliminating the need to transcribe or process hand written field notes. Consequently, data collected from several surveys can be integrated seamlessly, and subsequent data analysis can occur with little or no intermittent data processing. This protocol ensures accurate, consistent, and standardized data collection across all users and will greatly facilitate sharing and dissemination of archaeological data between professional and academic users, and provincial and federal government agencies. Following an adequate field testing period, the application will be made available via the Internet free of charge to anyone interested in using and/or modifying it.

Les voies de circulation : utilisation du SIG - James Graham (2003)

Community Building and Archaeology: An Experience in Western Quebec - Graham, Shawn (2006)
This paper presents a case study about a project to establish a public-archaeology programme in Pontiac High School in Western Quebec. In partnership with the schoolboard, the school, the local community development office, the Provincial Government and the municipality of the Village of Shawville, the 'Pontiac High Archaeology Corps' was established to help develop a new 'heritage park' on the grounds of a 19th century brickyard. The students' role was to help conduct the evaluation excavations to determine the extent and nature of any remains, for much of the brickyard had been destroyed through nearly a century of farming. In this paper we present the 'Pontiac High Archaeology Corps' and their on-going activities (which we help supervise) as a model for integrating archaeology into the community, and as a driver for social growth in small rural communities.

Quantifying Resource Diversity on the Northern Plains - James Graham; Wiseman, Dion J.; Garry L. Running IV; Matthew Boyd (2004)
The SCAPE project is examining human-environmental interactions of pre-contact groups in localities that exhibit exceptional physiographic and ecological diversity within the Canadian Prairies Ecozone. Research in the Lauder Sand Hills of southwestern Manitoba has identified several multi-component occupations dating to over 5,000 BP. It is believed that the area has provided a diverse array of resources to pre-contact groups due to its unique geomorphology, which has resulted in frequent local variations in relief, microclimatic and soil conditions, and an increased variety and abundance of plant and animal resources. Recent geomorphic evidence indicates that the environment has remained relatively unchanged for at least the last 2,000 years. While increased diversity has been used to explain the patterns of intense occupation in the area, as of yet there has been no formal investigation comparing the relative diversity of the sand hills with adjacent areas of the prairie ecozone. This research presents a GIS-based approach for quantitatively assessing resource diversity using a variety of existing geospatial databases.

Data management and manipulation in archaeology: assessment criteria applied against two computerized systems in Canada - Grainger, D. (1981)
Objectives and methods of archaeological data management and manipulation are discussed within the context of developing criteria for the evaluation of data management systems. Within such a framework two existing computerized systems in the Canadian archaeological community, the National Inventory and the Parks Canada Prairie Region System, are assessed.

Site Locations and Hypothesized Hunting Strategies for the Magalloway Valley Clovis, Western Maine - Gramly, Michael (1992)
Discoveries at the nine, closed Clovis sites of the Magalloway Valley Complex, western Maine, are reviewed as a basis for speculations about ancient hunting strategies.

Archaeology and Forestry on the Mid Coast of British Columbia - GRANANDER, Hans (1998)
Interfor approaches archaeological issues from three perspectives: (1) legal protection; (2) social impacts on the First Nations and communities in which we work; and (3) forest development planning and issuance of logging permits. At present there is much turmoil and uncertainty as to how to best address archaeological resources in the forest development process. This complex process is evolving and it involves many different people and organizations. Only by taking a proactive role in working with all concerned parties, can companies meet the legal requirements and develop positive and trusting relations with First Nations so that the timely approval of logging permits is assured. On the Mid Coast, the abundance of Culturally Modified Trees (CMTs) is the most common issue that forest managers must address. Currently, the major forest licensees in conjunction with the Ministry of Forests and archaeologists, are working with the local First Nations to develop a practical CMT management protocol. Through this protocol it is envisioned that the First Nations work with the licensees to conduct CMT surveys on areas that meet certain criteria for surveying. Depending on the situation, site specific prescriptions will be jointly developed and this can range from a variety of protection measures to permitted removal of the CMT. The role or archaeologists in this process is seen as providing training for surveyors and to be consulted in situations where it is suspected that there may be additional, more complex archaeological issues in the area.

Sainte Marie Re-Visited: 1987-90 Excavations at Sainte Marie Among the Hurons - Gray, W. Barry; Jeanie Tummon (1992)
Four years of excavation and research have discovered and confirmed the presence of a multi-component site on the property including and surrounding the 17th century French Jesuit mission community. The data indicate that this site complex has been used by a variety of cultural groups since the 13th century A.D. Sainte Marie has undergone a series of excavations, most notably those directed by Kenneth E. Kidd (1941-43) and Wilfrid Jury (1947-51). However, in 1987 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. was contracted to carry out excavations on the property under the direction of Dr. Dean Knight and W. Barry Gray. Archaeological investigations have focused on the southern portion of the reconstructed mission settlement, the section of the site presently identified as the Non-Christian Native area. Further testing has also been conducted in the northern part of the reconstruction inside the Non-Christian and Christian Native Areas. In 1990, the west bank of the Wye River was tested, resulting in the identification of another, multi-component site which has been named the Heron Site. This site was first used during the 14th century through to the 20th century. The data from the Heron site has been of use in our study of Sainte-Marie since it has provided us with comparative data from a less disturbed context. This present study of land-use represents a new direction for research related to the 17th century mission site.

Chultunob at X-ual-canil, Belize - GRAY, Nadine (1998)
During the 1996 and 1997 field seasons, two chultunob were excavated at the site of X-ual-canil in the Cayo District of Belize, Central America. These sub-surface features have been the focus of discussion and curiosity since the initial investigation in Central America began. An attempt to determine the function of these features within the X-ual-canil site prompted the excavation of these chultunob. The purpose of our continuing excavations in the 1998 field season is to define the construction and usage pattern of the chultunob at this site. Unlike the chultun or cisterns of the Northern Maya Lowlands which were utilized as water catchment areas, the chultunob of the Southern Maya Lowlands appear to serve two functions: human burial and possibly storage chambers. This paper will discuss the excavation of these two chultunob, the associated artifacts and the osteology report. I will also briefly discuss the site of X-ual-canil and its association and connection to other sites in the Belize Valley.

Giant Sloths and Sabertooth Cats: Extinct Mammals and the Archaeology of the Ice Age Great Basin - Lawrence Jackson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)

Stone Tool Technology In Mountain Housepit Sites - Sheila Greaves (1998)
To date, seven housepit sites have been recorded in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, with occupation floors dated as early as 3000 years ago. The housepits and earth ovens at these sites are clearly related in some way to use of the area by people from the British Columbia Interior Plateau. This paper will discuss recent analyses of the stone tools and debitage excavated from four mountain housepit sites, and the implications for our understanding of the chronology, origin and technological organization of the inhabitants.

A MODEL FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF MICROCORE TECHNOLOGY AMONG SEMI-SEDENTARY HUNTER-GATHERERS - Sheila Greaves (1991)
The purpose of this research is to construct and test a model of the organization of microcore technology, within the subsistence-settlement system of prehistoric, semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers. The study of technological organization involves investigation of why a society selects particular tool designs, and how it structures the manufacture, use, maintenance and discard of tools and associated debitage across the landscape. The model tested here associates the use of microcore technology with a design for a maintainable and transportable tool assemblage which conserves lithic material and with a distribution focused on residential camps as the locus of microcore manufacture, and microblade production and use. The model is tested through a comparative case study of archaeological tools and debitage from microlithic and non-microlithic sites in two upland valleys in the British Columbia Southern Interior Plateau. Results indicate that microcore technology was variable in design goals and distribution, even within the same geographically and ethnographically defined region.

Oldman River Dam Stone Features Study: Prehistoric Archaeology Mitigation Program Technical Series - Sheila Greaves (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Update on the Oxbow Dam Site: The excavation continues after forty years / Site Oxbow Dam : 40 ans plus tard, les fouilles continuent - GREEN, D'Arcy (1997)
The Oxbow Dam Site (DhMn-1) was originally tested in 1956 by Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History (present-day Royal SaskatchewanMuseum) staff. Material from the early excavation, in conjunction with artifacts from the Long Creek Site, was used to define the Oxbow Culture. Over the last forty years, numerous questions have arisen about the findings of the museum excavation. This paper presents the preliminary results of a small excavation conducted at the site over the 1995 and 1996 field seasons which should help answer some of those questions.

The Use of Caves in Taino Religion - Jenna Green (2008)
The use of caves as ritual and sacred landscapes has been well-explored in New World archaeology, especially in regards to Mesoamerican civilizations. Recent evidence has shed light on the importance of caves in the Caribbean, specifically the Classic Taino Chiefdoms of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. This poster will show that Taino cave use reflects a highly developed and relatively wide-spread religion with direct implications for Taino social structure. Taino cave art demonstrates the alternative use of caves as a ritual area and the possible location of the axis mundi – the connecting element to the various realms of the cosmos. The importance of Taino religion has been documented with ethnohistoric sources, but as the indigenous population was completely erased with the arrival of Columbus, material remains are all we have to create a picture of the importance of religion to a developing Chiefdom-type society.

Preliminary Mapping of Comox Bay, B.C. Fish Traps - Greene, Nancy A. (2004)
This paper presents the preliminary results of an ongoing mapping and research project investigating previously unrecorded wood stake intertidal fish weir features at Comox Bay, east Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The features appear to be unique in both size and extent for coastal B.C. involving over 10,000 wood stakes. GIS total station mapping of the complex has allowed detailed recording of stake patterning and distribution in the estuary. Samples are being submitted for dating.

A New Angle on Northwest Coast Fish Trap Technologies: GIS Total Station Mapping of Intertidal Wood-Stake Features at Comox Harbour, B.C. - Greene, Nancy A. (2005)
GIS total station mapping of wood-stake fish trap features at Comox Harbour suggests an intensive fishery (1230-120 BP) using mass harvesting technologies. Features appear to be unique for the Northwest Coast. This paper will explore the technology design types, their size, temporal relationships and extensive distribution on the tidal flats to harvest a variety of fish species.

The Comox Harbour Fish Trap Complex: A Large-Scale, Technologically Sophisticated Intertidal Fishery from British Columbia - Nancy A. Greene; David C. McGee; Roderick J. Heitzmann (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)
Results of highly detailed mapping and radiocarbon dating at a vast and largely unknown intertidal fish trap complex indicate a large-scale, technologically sophisticated Aboriginal trap fishery operated at Comox Harbour, Vancouver Island, British Columbia between about 1,300 and 100 years ago. Two temporally and morphologically distinct trap types were utilized, and the shift from the Winged Heart trap type to the Winged Chevron trap type ca. 700 B.P. appears abrupt and closely coincident with Little Ice Age climatic conditions and increased importance of salmon at Aboriginal village sites on west coast Vancouver Island, at Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) and south coast Alaska. Drawing comparisons from closely analogous historical and contemporary North American large-scale traps designed with knowledge of fish behaviour, the Winged Heart and Winged Chevron traps were likely designed to mass harvest herring and salmon, respectively. This study contributes to the wider consideration of marine adaptation on the Pacific Northwest Coast.

The Origins of Metallurgy - A Zooarchaeological Approach / Les origines de la métallurgie : une approche zooarchéologique - Haskel J. Greenfield (1997)
This paper proposes a new analytical procedure for identifying and mapping the introduction and spread of metallurgy to regions based upon the relative frequency of metal versus stone tool slicing cut marks in butchered animal bone assemblages. Experiments to be described here established the relationship between the edge characteristics of metal and stone tools and the marks they produce when applied to bone. Through the use of silicon molds of slicing cut marks analyzed through SEM, the type of tool used to produce such cut marks on bone can be identified. Quantifying the distribution over time and space provides insight into the process of the introduction and diffusion of a functional metallurgical technology for subsistence activities. Prehistoric data from the Central Balkans of southeast Europe are presented to illustrate the utility of the procedure. These data are used to calculate the frequency of use and relative importance of stone and metal implements over time, from the introduction of metallurgy during the Late Neolithic through the end of the Bronze Age.

Europe's First Farmers - Haskel J. Greenfield (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Spatial patterning of Early Iron Age metal production at Ndondondwane, South Africa: the question of cultural continuity between the Early and Late Ir - Haskel J. Greenfield (2004)
The spatial relations of metal working areas and domestic areas in Early Iron Age sites are important because they have implications for models of continuity and change in the southern African Iron Age. Metal working remains recovered during the 1995-1997 field seasons at the Early Iron Age site of Ndondondwane (AD 650-750) offered an opportunity to quantify the distribution of metal working activities. Metal working residues were classified visually, the distribution of various classes of remains plotted, and selected samples analysed metallographically to confirm the visual identifications. This study revealed the marked spatial and temporal distribution of ore preparation, primary iron smelting, and secondary forging activities on the site. In the earliest of three identified occupational horizons, relatively sparse metal working remains were associated with forging activities near hut floors in the centre of the site. In the intermediate occupational horizon, metal working on the site was confined to ore preparation and forging in the vicinity of the more peripheral domestic areas associated with middens. Any smelting must have been performed elsewhere. In the final occupational horizon, metal working was concentrated in the central area again, where the remains of a furnace and a dump containing about 500 kg of slag attest to primary iron smelting. The implications of this temporal and spatial distribution for models of site organisation in the Early Iron Age are discussed, and are indicative of greater cultural continuity in metal production between the Early Iron Age and later periods in the region than hitherto believed.

Traditional Knowledge in Site Recognition and Definition - Sheila Greer (1994)
Archaeology in the western subarctic has a relatively long history of using Indigenous Tradition Knowledge. Examination of the role of Traditional Knowledge has played in the recognition of sites in the Yukon and Dene area of the Northwest Territories shows that only in the past few years is Traditional Knowledge being truly integrated into research.

The Kwaday Dan Ts'inchi (long ago person found) Discovery: An Update - Sheila Greer; Diane STRAND; Alexander P. Mackie (2005)
In 1999, the preserved human remains of an ancient male aboriginal along with associated belongings were discovered on a glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park in northwest British Columbia. The Champagne and Aishihik First Nations (CAFN) assumed responsibility for Kwaday Dan Ts'inchi since the long ago person was found within their traditional territory, and the First Nation and the Government of British Columbia established a joint Management Group to oversee the handling of the find and related studies. Following completion of the autopsy and consultation with neighbouring Yukon and British Columbia First Nations and southeast Alaska Tribes in 2001, the remains were cremated and returned to the mountain where the long ago person lost his life. His belongings as well as other artifacts from the site area were retained, and conservation work on these pieces as well as replication efforts and related studies are ongoing. The site has also been monitored yearly, and in high melt summers, additional finds have been made. Some results from the numerous laboratory analysis projects initiated are now available as well. Though we still don't know who the long ago person was, insights are being gained. Equally important, the working relationship between the two governments has strengthened, with each having a better understanding of and respect for, the values, priorities and management regimes that the other operates under.

Southern Yukon Ice Patch Research 2000:Understanding the Phenomena - Sheila Greer; Diane STRAND; Gregory Hare; Ruth GOTTHARDT (2001)
With their excellent preservational environment, southern Yukon alpine ice patches featuring ancient caribou dung are incredible sources of rare ancient hunting artifacts and paleo-ecological information for the Holocene period. Year 2000 ice patch field-work focused on establishing which of the over 70 identified patches are archaeological sites, the collection of archaeological specimens and biological samples, and the stratigraphic sampling of in-situ organic materials at reference patches. Survey for new patches and understanding the spatial distribution of the phenomenon were concerns as well.

Annie Lake: A Southern Yukon Mid-Holocene Cultural Complex - Sheila C. Greer (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)
Excavations at the multi-component Annie Lake site, located south of Whitehorse, have produced evidence for at least three occupations before ca. A.D. 700. The most recent of these has been assigned to the Taye Lake Phase of the Northern Archaic Tradition, while the earliest occupation of the site, a microlithic component, is attributed to the Little Arm Phase. Between these two components a previously unrecognized Yukon point type was recovered. The deeply concave-based lanceolate Annie Lake points have been used to define the Annie Lake Complex, whose age is bracketed to ca. 4400/4900 to 2000 years ago. Based on the design of the point that marks this cultural complex, external contacts or information exchange with the Canadian Plateau and Plains regions to the south are indicated.

Preserving Diversity, Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives on Culture Change in the Western Canadian Subarctic - Sheila Greer (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

Annie Lake: A Southern Yukon Mid-Holocene Cultural Complex - Sheila Greer (1992)
Excavations at the multi-component Annie Lake site, located south of Whitehorse, have produced evidence for at least three occupations before ca. AD 700. The most recent of these has been assigned to the Taye Lake Phase of the Northem Archaic Tradition, while the earliest occupation of the site, a microlithic component, is attributed to the Little Arm Phase. Between these two components a previously unrecognized Yukon point type was recovered. The concave-based lanceolate Annie Lake points cannot be attributed to either of the previously mentioned south Yukon pre- historic cultures. These points have been used to define the Annie Lake Complex, whose age is bracketed to ca. 4400/4900 to 2000 years ago. The Complex is still poorly understood; its relationship to the site's earlier and later occupations remains uncertain. Based on the design of the point that marks this cultural complex, extrnal contacts or information exchange with the Canadian Plateau and Plains regions to the south are indicated.

The Trout Lake Archaeological Locality and the British Mountain Problem - Sheila C. Greer (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)
A reanalysis of collections from the Trout Lake area of the northern Yukon challenges the integrity of what has become known as the type site of the British Mountain culture. The main Trout Lake site (NfVi-10) is seen as a mixed, multi-component deposit and its so-called British Mountain component is interpreted as lithic workshop debris. The collections from both NfVi-10 and the Northeast site (Ne Vi-9), the other main so-called British Mountain site in the Trout Lake area, feature artifacts assignable to a number of different prehistoric cultures; the most easily recognizable of these are local variants of the Denbigh, Choris and Norton western Palaeo-Eskimo cultures.

A new approach for isolating organic residues in prehistoric pottery, and implications for the study of agricultural and herding practices originating - Michael W. Gregg (2008)
This paper presents molecular and isotopic evidence of subsistence practices from 8 early agricultural villages and herding encampments in the Middle East. Absorbed organic residues were extracted from archaeological pottery fragments through use of a microwave-assisted liquid chromatography protocol initially developed for the isolation and concentration of free fatty acids in marine sediments. Isotopic analyses of C 16:0 and C 18:0 fatty acids surviving in these fragments has revealed ∂13C ratios consistent with those of modern fats of wild boar and domesticated sheep and goats pastured in the southern Levant and central Anatolia.

Non-Disturbance Archaeology is OK, Too - Gregory, Fred (1989)
Most archaeological activity in Ontario is performed by amateurs employing non-disturbance techniques. They are recording valuable data without excavating (destroying) sites. However, their work is equally important for it is they who are documenting the resource and preserving it, in situ, for future generations. The professional marine archaeological community in Ontario (indeed across Canada) is small and they could never hope to interpret the many thousands of marine sites without the assistance of the sport diving community working through avocational or marine heritage conservation organizations. This paper will relate the efforts of amateurs with Save Ontario Shipwrecks (SOS) in protecting and documenting marine sites (without the need for conservation) so that professionals may interpret sea-faring activities in past centuries.

Food Production in Native North America: An Archaeological Perspective - Lindi J. Masur (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

Projectile Point Sequences in Northwestern North America - Colin Grier (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Assessing Sea Level Changes in the Southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia Using Archaeological Data from Coastal Spit Locations - Colin Grier; Patrick Dolan; Kelly Derr; McLay, Eric (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)
An understanding of sea level change is critical for modelling past settlement on the Northwest Coast. While the complex relationship between land and sea has been documented for the Late Glacial and immediate post-glacial period in the Strait of Georgia, limited data exist to characterize more recent changes. Here, a relative sea level model generated for the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve by Fedje et al. (2009) is evaluated with archaeological data from two coastal spit sites in the southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia. Data accord well with the roughly 1.5 meters of sea level rise Fedje et al. posit for the last four millennia. However, sea level change, while substantial over the long term, appears more gradual than punctuated. Moreover, the role of coastal landform development and archaeological site formation processes must be considered to adequately establish relative sea levels changes and how these relate to past human activity in the southern Gulf Islands.

Hunter-Gatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective - Colin Grier (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Long Term Perspectives for Long Standing Problems: Scales of Analysis in the Prehistoric Gulf of Georgia - Colin Grier (2005)
Culture history construction, while a necessary archaeological enterprise, is essentially a classificatory device that requires a reductionist approach to data and explanation. Thus, the key to conceptualizing and explaining trajectories of change in Northwest Coast prehistory does not lie solely in developing increasingly specific and localized culture histories, but rather in articulating how various scales of temporal and spatial analysis mesh within an overall problem framework that stipulates variables and processes critical for explaining economic, social, and political developments. In this paper, I illustrate this perspective by conceptualizing problems in Gulf of Georgia prehistory at four separate analytical scales - the region, the sub-region, the village, and the household.

Which Way Forward? - Colin Grier (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Household Organization and Integration on the central Northwest Coast / Organisation de la communauté domestique et intégration sur la c - Colin Grier (1997)
In his work among the Kekchi Maya of Belize, Richard Wilk suggested that household integration could be measured along a scale that ranged from 'loose' to 'tight' based on the degree to which households collectively participated in the processes of subsistence production, storage, food preparation and consumption, and transmission of household rights, titles, and capital. Since material correlates can be posited for these different processes, this approach has potential for examining prehistoric household integration with archaeological data. In this paper, the architectural organization and hearth patterning of houses from primarily the central Northwest Coast are examined in order to assess the way in which, and the variability in which, these households were integrated. These data suggest that families within houses, despite being under one roof, were only loosely integrated in many respects, a picture that is consistent with Suttles recent analysis of ethnographic Salish shed-roof houses. Transmission of rights of access to resources appears to have been a primary integrating phenomenon in an otherwise relatively loosely-structured household economy. These observations provide a basis for developing archaeological models for prehistoric central Coast household economic and political organization.

The Organization of Production in Prehistoric Thule Whaling Societies of the Central Canadian Arctic - Colin Grier (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
This paper is an investigation of the organization of production that characterized prehistoric Thule Eskimo whaling societies of the central Canadian Arctic during the Classic Period (1150-1450AD). The distribution of whaling-related artifacts among houses at seven large prehistoric Thule winter sites in the central Canadian Arctic is examined. Results of a sample size-richness simulation and examination of artifact co-occurrences indicate that whaling-related items are differentially distributed among houses. The structure of the distribution indicates that a division of labour for whaling, similar in certain respects to that described for ethnographic North Alaskan whaling crews, may have operated in prehistoric Thule whaling societies. Recent discussions of social inequality in Eskimo whaling societies have focused on the whaling crew, considering the potential for its hierarchical relations of production to have formed the basis for social and material inequity. Results of the artifact analyses are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of social inequality and hierarchies in prehistoric Thule whaling societies of the Canadian Arctic.