Le développement du faubourg Saint-Laurent à Montréal - Duquay, Françoise (1993)
L'exploitation agricole des zones extérieures à l'enceinte fortifiée de Ville-Marie a pris naissance dés le 17e siécle. Le faubourg Saint-Laurent s'est développé au cours du 18e siécle, dans le prolongement de la porte nord des fortifications, le long du chemin qui menait à la rive opposée de l'île de Montréal. D'abord caractérisés par des occupations résidentielles, certains secteurs abritérent ensuite des activités commerciales; la construction du marché Saint-Laurent, en 1829, en est un exemple. L'inventaire et la surveillance archéologiques effectués en 1992, au coin des boulevards Saint-Laurent et René-Lévesque, ont permis de documenter les deux derniéres époques l'utilisation du lieu. Ces travaux s'insérent dans le contexte de la revitalisation du quartier et de l'aménagement de la place de la Paix. Montréal's faubourgs came into being on the outskirts of the fortification walls that used to protect Ville-Marie. One of them, Saint-Laurent Faubourg, developed along the road going to the north shore of Montréal's island. It evolved from an agricultural. district (17th century) into residential occupations (18th century), soon adding a commercial element to it; Saint-Laurent Market, first built in 1829, is an example of this. The 1992 fieldwork, at the corner of Saint-Laurent and René-Lévesque, allowed us to gather informations on the two last stages. This project was included in the general renewal plan of that part of the city.

Archaeological Research in the Kame Hills Locality of Southern Indian Lake - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

Light from Ancient Campfires: Archaeological Evidence for Native Lifeways on the Northern Plains - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Earth as Archives: Archaeological Perspectives on Landscape Conservation / . La Terre, grand réservoir d'archives : l'archéolo - Ian Dyck (1997)
Human beings leave numerous traces of their activities on and in the earth. Such evidence and its context, form the basis for archaeological interpretations of human history. Archaeological resources are generally recognized as being legally within the public domain which means that the earth is a form of public archives. Unfortunately, with the rise of world-wide industrialized resource extraction, large portions of that archives have been severely disturbed or destroyed. Heritage conservationists have successfully argued for protection of archaeological resources at the artifact and site levels, but have had difficulty obtaining similar protection at the landscape level. Problems include definition, inventory, misperception of threats, misperception of age, conflicts in use and ownership, ineffective justifications, failure to make common cause, and a preservation irony. In spite of the problems there is a substantial body of experience upon which future archaeological landscape preservation can build.

Comparing Ancient Nomads of the Russian Steppes and Northern Plains - Ian Dyck; Ponomarenko, Elena (2008)
The Ancient Nomads Project generated the first comparison of ancient pastoral nomads of the Russian Steppes and ancient bison-hunting nomads of the Canadian Prairies. Results are being disseminated in exhibition and book form. The exhibition is organized around nine major themes: (1) culture history, (2) environment, (3) herds, (4) travel, (5) subsistence, (6) dwellings, (7) social life, (8) spiritual life, and (9) warfare and trade. The book expands on the same themes. The project revealed amazing similarities in lifestyle and environment, but also crucial differences due to wild versus domestic herds, pedestrian versus equestrian travel, stone-rich versus stone-poor landscapes, and sparse versus moderately dense populations. It uncovered similarities and differences in the approach to archaeology in the two regions – comparable emphases on cultural resource management and culture history; but significant differences in focus – camp sites and bison-kill sites in the Northern Plains, human burials in the Russian Steppes. Sharp differences also exist in public reactions to archaeology – weak knowledge and variable interest in Canada; substantial knowledge and strong interest in Russia.

Retrospective: Canadian Prairies Archaeology, 1857–1886: Exploration and Self Development - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)
Systematic archaeology is generally said to have begun in the Canadian prairies during the late 1930s. Manitoba, however, experienced a much earlier beginning which is now little known and sometimes held up to scorn. Launched as part of government-sponsored explorations in 1857, archaeological development accelerated after 1879 under the auspices of the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba. The Society undertook an ambitious program which broached the most significant questions of the day—about the content, distribution and origin of burial mounds. Within less than a decade, they had carried out excavations and surveys from northwestern Ontario to southeastern Saskatchewan while describing their results in local, national, and international publications, and establishing a public museum for their collections. Initially, their work received strong public and political support, but support waned following the second Riel Rebellion.

A History of Archaeology in the National Museum of Canada, 1911-1950 - Ian Dyck (1994)
The anthropological interests of the Geological Survey of Canada were given a legislative mandate in 1907. First action on the new mandate was taken in 1910, just before the opening of the new Victoria Memorial Museum Building. With support from the nationalistic Government of Sir Wilfred Laurier, the Geological Survey undertook major expansion and specialization of museum functions including establishment of a new anthropology division with an archaeology section. Harlan Smith, an accomplished midcareer American archaeologist with extensive West Coast Canadian experience, was hired to head the professional archaeology section, his engagement on 15 June 1911 marking the beginning of full-time professional archaeology at the federal level. The archaeology of Canadian native peoples was poorly developed in 1911. In Smith's view that of southern British Columbia, for which he was a major contributor, was fairly good. Next best was that of Ontario with its large, but poorly studied collections. Arctic prehistory was beginning its emergence, but for all other areas knowledge was minuscule. Smith's plan was to survey the great cultural areas, build reference files, and undertake intensive study of at least one important site in each area in order to create a standard which would facilitate additional studies. The plan got a good start during the first several years, but changes in government and the vicissitudes of two world wars coupled with minor and major economic depressions made the next thirty years very difficult. Nevertheless, staff brought landmark studies to fruition for all culture areas and provided leadership in public education, in situ preservation of archaeological resources, disciplinary development, and attempts to find broader economic and social values in archaeological knowledge. Decades of budget restrictions brought the archaeology section to a low point in the mid 1940s. However when the post World War II economic boom took effect in the Museum, the archaeology section began a renewal which led to the hiring of the first new staff since 1924, the severing of a long association with the Geological Survey of Canada, a marked expansion in funding, and an invigorated program for the 1950s.

EVIDENCE FOR INITIATION OF THE BESANT COMPLEX ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS AT 2500B.P. - Ian Dyck (1991)
The Sjovold Site (EiNs-4) in south central Saskatchewan contains 21 cultural components beginning with the Hanna complex some 4,100 years ago and ending with recent historic materials. Although there is a general correspondence between the sequence of occupations at the Sjovold site and the culture/historical sequence expected for the region, there are anomalies among some of the Sjovold components of the Late Middle Period. One would expect a sequence of Pelican Lake occupations dating from 3000 to 1850 B.P. followed by, and perhaps slightly intermixed with, a series of Besant components dating from 2050 to 1150 B.P. However, Layer XIV marks a distinct interruption in the Pelican Lake sequence of corner notched forms at a date several hundred years earlier than expected. Layer XIVs sample of well made side notched projectile points is associated with a date of 2500±85 radiocarbon years B.P. After a review of archaeological literature pertaining to the Northern Plains and surrounding regions, I conclude that the side notched projectile points in Layer XIV are most similar stylistically to those of the Besant complex. The predommance of Knife River Flint, an exotic chipped stone material, is another Layer XIV trait which further supports a Besant identity. I propose, therefore, that Layer XIV material represents an early variant of the Besant complex whose temporal range should be extended backward to 2500 B.P. A noteworthy consequence of this proposal is that the onset of Besant on the Plains now comes close to the beginning of the Sub-Atlantic climatic episode when the Boreal forest of the Western Interior shifted into its historic position bordering the Northern Plains. Moreover, a 2500 B.P. initial date for Besant puts the Northern Plains culture/historical sequence into step with major developments in neighbouring regions, developments such as the initiation of the Woodland Period in the Mississippi Valley of the Eastern Woodlands, and the introduction of bow and arrow technology in the Eastern Great Basin.

The Last Quarter Century in Canadian Plains Archaeology - Ian Dyck (2000)
Over the past 25 years Canadian Plains archaeology has been transformed from a small-scale, modestly funded, self-disciplined enterprise, based in provincial museums, archaeological societies, universities and national historic parks, into a variable-scale enterprise dominated by cultural resource management imperatives, funded by industrial developers, regulated by provincial governments, and sensitive to aboriginal interests. This paper reviews important developments during this period - in orientation, methods, substantive results and information dissemination.

A Reanalysis of the Long Creek Site: 45 Years after the Excavation - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Final Report of the 1985 and 1986 Field Seasons at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Alberta - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON A NINETEENTH-CENTURY COLLECTION OF ABORIGINAL POTTERY FROM ALBERTA - Ian Dyck (1996)
Among the earliest of Alberta collections in the Canadian Museum of Civilization are a couple of handfuls of poorly documented potsherds belonging to a single aboriginal vessel. Reconstruction shows that this was a medium-size globular pot with a vertical cord-impressed body surface, slightly ridged shoulder, near vertical rim, and a flat lip with diagonal notch-like incisions. Historical research reveals that it was collected on the Red Deer River in 1889 by the Geological Survey of Canada's first full-time museum employee, Thomas C. Weston. It also shows that collection occurred at an intermediate stage in northern Plains ceramic studies, after the era of manufacture and use, but before the development of anthropological concepts for ceramic analysis. This may account for its lack of analysis during the nineteenth century. Though not well known, this pottery has figured in various twentieth-century ceramic studies. Recent comparison with better documented specimens indicates a probable age in the range of AD 1,100-1,400. Cultural association appears to lie with a poorly established grouping variously known as Ethridge ware, Wascana ware and Late Variant Saskatchewan Basin complex.

The Life and Work of W. B. Nickerson (1865–1926) Scientific Archaeology in Central North America - Mima Brown Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)

Sources of Chippable Petrified Peat and Wood along the South Saskatchewan River - Ian Dyck (1998)
Although not well-known as chippable stone types, petrified peat and petrified wood were once commonly used for this purpose in south central Saskatchewan, particularly along the South Saskatchewan River. At some sites as much as 75% of chipping debris is comprised of these materials. In 1997, an area containing several sites with high proportions of petrified peat and wood debris, near Outlook, Saskatchewan, was searched for possible sources. Since the whole region is covered with glacial drift, secondary sources are the only possibility. Occasional surface occurrences on upland and valley slopes turned out to be unlikely options because of extreme scarcity, general small size, and low quality of relevant materials. The most likely sources are fairly dense concentrations of moderate-size slabs and blocks of good quality material in two small river-edge localities. The geologic circumstances and processes which create this type of concentration are still only partly understood.

Archaeology in Alberta: A View from the New Millennium - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Plains Indian Rock Art - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Canadian Prairies Archaeology, 1886–1915: Reliance on External Interest and Expertise - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)
After launching an ambitious program of mid-continental Canadian archaeology in the late 1870s, members of the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba suddenly withdrew from field archaeology after 1886. Under political and financial stress, they turned their primary attention to local Euro-Canadian history. The group declined through the turn of the century, but George Bryce and Charles Bell tried to keep interest in Manitoba archaeology alive by appealing to external organizations to take up the work. A number of outsiders did briefly get involved, people and organizations such as T. H. Lewis and Warren Upham from Minnesota, Henry L. Reynolds from the Bureau of American Ethnology in Washington, Henry Montgomery from the University of Toronto Museum, and organizers for the Archaeological Institute of America. Although the results were mixed, most of these outsiders made improvements to the region’s archaeological record and its interpretation. The Manitoba Society’s final success, on the eve of its own demise, was in helping to create an anthropology division within the National Museum of Canada in 1910. Subsequently, the National Museum commenced archeology in Manitoba in 1912 under W. B. Nickerson. Nickerson might have solidified the groundwork for a regional archaeology, but his work was aborted in 1915 and, together with earlier attempts, was all but forgotten.

Ancient Cold Weather Adaptations in the Northern Great Plains - Ian Dyck (2001)
People have lived in the northern part of the Great Plains of North America since the end of the Pleistocene era. Throughout this long period of occupation, the region has been subject to seasonal extremes in climate. This paper surveys ethnohistorical and archaeological records for information about cultural adaptations to cold weather, specifically, adaptations in use before the arrival of Euro-American agriculturists. Important adaptations included: (1) tailored skin clothing; (2) portable tipi housing; (3) communal and individual hunting methods; (4) food storage by freezing, caching, drying, and the use of domestic animals as food; (5) transportation by snowshoes, toboggans and sleds; (6) seasonal distribution of occupation sites; (7) special kinds of winter recreation; and (8) reckoning of time by the passage of winters and the keeping of long-term histories known as winter counts. The survey shows that ethnohistoric records provide a vivid depiction of these adaptations during early historic times. Archaeological evidence reveals the great time depth for several of the practices, changes that occurred in some, and a means for resolution of ethnohistoric problems such as the distribution of cold weather sites.

Americanist Culture History: Fundamentals of Time, Space and Form (Lyman, O'Brien, and Dunnell, editors) and The Rise and Fall of Culture History - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)

Material Culture of the Bjorklund Site - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story" - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

Ice Patch as Context: Reconstructing Holocene Alpine Environments in the southern Yukon - Bowyer Vandy E.; Charles E. Schweger (2001)
Recent attention to ice patches in the southern Yukon indicates that these features were significant resource locations for past inhabitants of the area, but are a poorly understood part of the cultural landscape. Fluctuations in the formation of ice patches may have been critical in the timing and availability of specific resources. Radiocarbon dates on caribou and bison remains indicate that ice patches were used intermittently throughout the Holocene and were important features within their habitat. To understand ice patches as resource locations, it is necessary to document their depositional and ecological history. Accumulation rates are used to establish a depositional history of ice patches. Plant microfossils (i.e. pollen) collected from stratified layers within the ice, are used to shed light on the ecological history of these locales. Understanding the character of small-scale ecosystem variation among alpine ice patches provides a context for evaluating human land-use of the area.

Archaeological Insights from Excavation Work at a Late Holocene Pacheedaht Village - Jacob K. Earnshaw; Jacob Salmen-Hartley; Brendan Gray; Bear Charlie; Stan Jones; Bonnie Mack; Leon Jones; Duncan McLaren (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2024)
On the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, within Pacheedaht (formerly Pacheena; variation: Pacheenaht) territory, a large archaeological site was recently identified during ecological restoration work. Here we present the results of archaeological investigations initiated by Pacheedaht First Nation at the Browns Creek site (DdSc-32), which was occupied for approximately 1,000 years until just before the historical period; that is, after European contact in the eighteenth century. Our investigations provide baseline data regarding site characteristics and distribution, chronology of occupation, lithic and bone technologies, and resource use. Ethnographic information is used to contextualize archaeological findings. Additionally, analysis of remote sensing data informs the dynamic history of the Gordon River delta and provides the first estimate of its progradation rate. Little systematic archaeological investigation has previously occurred on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, particularly within Pacheedaht territory, and our findings add considerably to the archaeological record of the region. This work serves as a case study for work in partially disturbed archaeological contexts, demonstrating that despite significant impacts, valuable information can still be recovered.

Problem-Based Magnetometer Survey at the Late Archaic Davidson Site (AhHk-54) in Southwestern Ontario - Edward Eastaugh; Christopher Ellis; Lisa Hodgetts; James R. Keron (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)
A recent magnetometer survey from the Late Archaic Davidson Site (AhHk-54) demonstrates the potential of this technique in understanding hunter-gatherer occupations in the Great Lakes Region, and contributes to our understanding of temporal change in the spatial use of the site. Davidson was investigated to test the long held, but little substantiated notion that the Late Archaic represents a time of reduced settlement mobility. Hundreds of features, including storage pits, earth ovens, hearths and the remains of some of the oldest known houses in the Great Lakes region were identified using the magnetometer and indicate that the site is much larger and more complex than previously believed. Ground-truthing of these results through excavation and coring, combined with repeated field-walking of the site to map artifact distributions, allows us to document more fully the extent of intact deposits, the site setting at the time of the occupation and changes in site function and use from the Broad Point to Small Point (Terminal) Archaic. Our findings indicate that more widespread use of geophysical survey techniques on Canadian archaeological sites has the potential to contribute not only to a deeper understanding of the archaeological record, but also to the development of archaeogeophysics from its traditional role in site prospection to more problem-based, theoretically informed applications.

1988 Fort Selkirk Culture-History Project: A Community Based Ethno-archaeological Programme - Easton, N. Alexander; Ruth GOTTHARDT (1989)
The 1988 Fort Selkirk Culture-History Project presented the opportunity for meaningful research and cross-cultural experiences at several different levels. On one level it was a traditional archaeological field school in which students were given exposure to methods and techniques of archaeological survey and excavation. On a second, and more important level, the participation of native elders provided both students (14 to 20 years old - none of whom had finished high school) and anthropologists with instruction in traditional culture and history, transforming a typical field school concept into something quite different and, we believe, much more valuable. This paper will discuss both the results of archaeological survey and excavation in the Fort Selkirk, Yukon, area and make suggestions for further projects which might attempt to unify archaeological research with the knowledge, experience, and values of local native groups.

Palaeo-shoreline Reconstruction of Southern Georgia Strait, Pacific Coast - Easton, N. Alexander (1989)
Continuing research into the nature of post-glacial sea-levels in the Georgia Strait region and their relation to the prehistoric record will be reviewed. Potential application of similar research strategies to Canada's eastern coastal regions will be discussed.

Can't Find the Patch for the Trees: Optimal Foraging and the Boreal Forest - David Ebert (2004)
While Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) has been applied successfully in the study of contemporary hunter-gatherers in the Boreal Forest, its application archaeologically has proved somewhat more problematic. This paper reviews the basics of optimal foraging theory and then discusses the creation of habitat suitability for moose and caribou in the boreal forest of east-central Manitoba. The problems in using these suitability to define OFT patches becomes readily evident. When patches are difficult to identify, it makes the archaeological application of OFT very difficult. The paper concludes with suggestions as to why OFT has operationalization difficulties in archaeology, especially in the study area.

Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology - David Ebert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Predictive Modeling in the Boreal Forest: A Case Study for the Manitoba Model Forest - David Ebert; Linda Larcombe (2002)
In recent years, forestry companies have begun to account for non-timber values of their license areas. Management of their heritage resources has become a factor in management of their cut blocks. In response to this, the Manitoba Model Forest, Inc. (MbMF) sought to investigate management tools for forestry companies to employ, such as archaeological predictive modeling. The model is unique in several respects: 1) it incorporated traditional land-use data into the modeling process and 2) the field-testing component employed students from the Hollow Water First Nation as the field crew. This paper will review the modeling process, the field-testing and discuss the efficacy of the model. It will also examine the potential of predictive modeling in Boreal Forest areas.

Questions de méthodologie en modélisation prédictive - David Ebert (2003)

Excavation - David Ebert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Archaeology and the Internet / L'archéologie et Internet - David Ebert (1997)
The information revolution powered by the Internet has had profound implications for archaeologists and the methods by which we can disseminate and retrieve information. The Internet provides many opportunities for archaeologists to share knowledge with other professionals and avocational archaeologists. This paper will examine some of the various resources available on the Internet. It will briefly look at newsgroups dedicated to archaeology on the Internet, as well as e-mail discussion groups related to archaeology. However, the focus will be on important sources of information on the World Wide Web, including a few good 'jumping-off' points for searching the Web. The paper will also examine other relevant issues as the role of the Internet in Public archaeology and the dangers of the Internet - when any crackpot with a computer and a little knowledge can spread his ideas.

Applications of Archaeological GIS - David Ebert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)
The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in archaeology seems like a perfect match of technology and application. GIS has found its way into many areas of archaeological research, especially in the area of Cultural Resource Management (CRM). While GIS offers many tools for the archaeologist, its full potential has not been realized. This paper offers a conceptual framework in which GIS procedures can be detailed, as well as a description of those procedures. The state of archaeological GIS in Canada is reviewed, with emphasis on both the academic and CRM applications of GIS. Finally, the paper examines the possibilities of archaeological GIS.

Aboriginal Toponymy as a Data Source for Predictive Modeling: A conceptual model - David Ebert (2008)
One of the greatest challenges in archaeological predictive modeling is moving beyond the 'usual suspects' of environmental predictor variables. I have argued elsewhere for the importance of incorporating either traditional land-use data or habitat suitability as a source of data for predictive modeling. However, both of these types of data can prove problematic in their acquisition. Increasingly in Canada, First Nations are mapping their traditional territories, as part of the Treaty Land Entitlement process. I believe that the place names collected in these exercises provide a potentially rich source of data for archaeological predictive modeling. However, in order to incorporate these data, a robust conceptual model must be devised. In this paper, I present the beginnings of the concept and design of a conceptual model for the incorporation of Aboriginal place names. Particularly this paper identifies a number of issues with using place name data.

Archaeological Survey - David Ebert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Modeling Time: Adding a Temporal Dimension to Predictive Models - David Ebert (2004)
Traditionally, archaeological predictive models have used all sites in a region and all time periods to make predictions about where archaeological sites might be located. This approach has come under heavy criticism, given the assumption that sites would have been located according to different criteria on both functional and temporal lines. While it is sometimes difficult to ascertain site function, site temporality is much less problematic.This paper examines the initial results of a project to do archaeological predictive models based on time slices, in order to improve predictive abilities of models. It will examine the difficulties, both methodological and practical of taking this type of approach, and offer tentative conclusions about the benefits of including a temporal dimension in the modeling process.

Archaeological Surveying and Mapping: Recording and Depicting the Landscape - David Ebert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Statistical validation of archaeological predictive models - David Ebert (2005)
When archaeological predictive models (APM) are evaluated, the most common form of validation is through field testing. But how do we evaluate whether a model is sufficiently robust that it merits field testing? This paper proposes a series of statistical tests to validate models for field testing. It discusses the methodology for those tests and the rationale for their use. Finally, it proposes minimum standards for results in these tests for accepting a model as fit for field testing.

Searching for Evidence of Maize Consumption at Cluny: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Dog and Bison Bone Collagen - Kim Edwards; Dale Allen Walde; M. Anne Katzenberg (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)
The Cluny Fortified Village Site (EePf-1), a Protocontact site (A.D. 1400– 1750), has been assigned to the One Gun phase of southern Alberta. While culturally distinct, certain aspects of ceramic decoration and fortification construction are similar to counterparts in the Northeastern Plains Village complex (Toom 2004). Northeastern Plains Village complex sites represent maize horticulturalists in portions of North Dakota, and parts of southern Manitoba and are considered to be an archaeological culture separate from but contiguous with Middle Missouri tradition villages of the Dakotas (Toom 2004). Due to general similarities with maize horticultural cultures to the south and east, it is reasonable to look for evidence of maize at Cluny where it may have been grown, or present as a trade item. The present study addresses this question using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of archaeological bone collagen. No human remains were found at Cluny, so bone collagen from dogs was used as a proxy. Bone collagen from bison was also analysed because bison feed on both C3 and C4 grasses, and therefore consumption of bison by dogs may result in stable carbon isotope ratios that mimic maize consumption. Bison remains had a predominantly C3 plant signature. Dogs at Cluny were consuming little or no maize based on stable isotope analysis of their collagen. Based on the canine surrogacy approach, these results indicate that maize was not a significant part of the diet at Cluny, so while some cultural characteristics of the site reflect a Northeastern Plains Village affiliation, diet is not one of them.

The organization of ceramic technology among highly mobile Great Basin groups. - Eerkens, Jelmer (2001)
The ethnographic literature shows that pottery use is uncommon among mobile hunter-gatherers. A number of factors inhibit use of ceramic pots in such societies, including the heaviness and breakability of pots, seasonal conflicts between gathering and pottery production, and low population numbers and low demand for pots. However, highly mobile groups of the late prehistoric Great Basin were able to resolve these issues and made pots. This paper examines how the production and use of earthenware pots was organized among the Paiute and Shoshone despite high residential mobility.

Investigating Variation in Indigenous Metalworking in Interior North America: Old Copper through Early Contact - Ehrhardt, Kathleen L. (2001)
Throughout prehistory, many groups of native people in the Western Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley have been familiar with and used native copper. However, the ways in which they procured it, manipulated it, and used it have varied considerably through time. This synthetic study examines continuity, innovation, and variation in the technical processes through which copper workers of the major metalworking traditions of this region, Old Copper, Havana/Hopewell, and Mississippian, converted this raw material into finished products, and the varied roles these products played in their cultural systems. It then extends the comparison into the early Contact period, when copper-based trade metals became available to Central Algonkian-speaking peoples in new forms and under dramatically changing sets of social and economic circumstances. Findings from recent technological analyses of native Illinois metalworking practices and contexts of use are integrated into the synthesis, bringing the long-term trends in indigenous metals use in the midcontinent into even brighter focus.

Archaeometallurgical Investigations into the Metalworking Technology of the Protohistoric Illinois, 1640-1682 - Ehrhardt, Kathleen L.; Samuel K. Nash (2000)
For archaeologists interested in the timing and tempo of native material culture transformation during the earliest phases of European contact, the appearance of new types of copper-base trade metal artifacts on native sites from the period has traditionally served as an important signal of intensifying European influence. However, relatively little attention has been paid to analyzing these artifacts from a technological or compositional perspective. Preliminary results drawn from application of a complimentary suite of archaeometric procedures, including metric, microscopic, metallographic, and compositional analyses using proton-induced x-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) on a sample of 75 copper-base metal artifacts from the late protohistoric/early contact Illiniwek Village Site, Clark County, Missouri are brought together to demonstrate the usefulness of these combined techniques in addressing questions of native appropriation, manipulation, use, and distribution of these metals during the earliest phases of material and technological change. The range, variation, and material character of the artifacts are identified, as are the technical means through which these metals are thought to have been reworked. Results are discussed within larger contexts of native metalworking and technological change among the Illinois.

Archaeological Potential Modelling with LIDAR - Morley Eldridge (2005)
Slightly raised landforms have greater archaeological potential than their surroundings even in floodplains. In the muskeg plains and plateaux of the northern Canadian boreal forest, sites are almost invariably located on raised landforms such as knolls, ridges, rises, and terraces. Some of these can be very subtle features. Numerous methods have tried to incorporate these landforms into predictive models by identifying them from conventional maps, remote sensing, and GIS. None of these was successful or inexpensive enough to consider for modelling large areas. A method to model for raised landforms developed by Millennia Research works well to identify medium to large landforms, but lacked a sufficiently detailed DEM to model for microtopographic landforms. LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) is a remote sensing method that will revolutionise many areas of archaeological investigation. LIDAR provides data with sub-metre accuracy even under trees. Data collected for every square metre means that incredibly detailed maps and models can be generated over hundreds of square kilometres. Formerly "featureless" landscapes become highly varied. Millennia Research has further developed the landform identification routines and algorithms to work with LIDAR data to identify a wide range of landforms, down to microtopographic features.Years of archaeological research in north-eastern British Columbia has shown hat topographic features can be the single most important component when modelling for archaeological sites, as these are strongly correlated with large and small landforms. Normally, forest cover is used as a proxy to identify these landforms. However, the sole use of forest cover can result in assigning an area with high potential when it is actually low. In this paper I will present a novel method to model for landforms based on the use of rectangular running windows, and present the results of the ground-truthing of the Archaeological Potential Model developed by Millennia Research for north-eastern British Columbia.

Early Holocene Sites in the Stave River Valley, Southwestern B.C. - ELDRIDGE, M.T.; D.S. McLAREN (1998)
Recent archaeological investigation of the inundated shoreline of Stave Reservoir have resulted in the identification of 28 lithic scatters. Artifact types from these sites suggest that at least some, and perhaps most, date to an early Holocene period. We will discuss the importance of landforms in terms of understanding the early lake, river, and marine environments associated with these sites. This discussion will also be useful in guiding future research associated with locating sites in the montane lake and river valleys of the Lower Fraser River drainage system

THE GLENROSE CANNERY WET SITE: 4,500 YEAR OLD PERISHABLES - Morley Eldridge (1991)
A woven strap from the beach in front of the Glenrose Archaeological Site, near the mouth of the Fraser River, B.C., was seized from a private collector by the R.C.M.P. and the B.C. Archaeology Branch. The artifact was radiocarbon dated to 4000 B.P., making it the oldest perishable artifact from the Northwest Coast. A Millennia Research crew under the direction of the author subsequently tested the intertidal area to determine the limits and content of the waterlogged component on behalf of the Archaeology Branch. Major excavations at Glenrose were undertaken in the early 1970s by SFU and UBC. The Mercury series site report has been among the standard references for the culture area since that time. Three components were recovered from the upland portion of the site: the Old Cordilleran (8150-5700 B.P.); the St. Mungo (4300-3300 B.P.); and the Marpole (2300-2000 B.P.). No waterlogged materials were encountered during these earlier excavations, however. In 1990, waterlogged cultural materials were found along 250m of beach. Test excavations found the rocky beach surface to be lag apparently collapsed from washed-away shell midden strata. Under the surface were alternating layers of culturally sterile compact silty clay and sandy shell hash. The shell hash contained large quantities of mussel and clam, salmon, flatfish, and sturgeon bone, fire-altered rock, and lithic debitage. Also included were mammal bone and antler, faunal remains and tools, and vegetable materials including perishable artifacts. The last include basketry, a carved wooden tray, a wooden wedge, cordage, detritus, and hundreds of wooden stakes. This assemblage is the oldest waterlogged collection from the Northwest Coast, dated by six radiocarbon dates to between 3950±60 and 4590±50 B.P. Basketry items are of particular interest due to their sensitivity to cultural processes. Northwest Coast baskets show very strong traditions through thousands of years within ethnic areas, and continued differences between ethnic areas. The seven basketry fragments from Glenrose are mostly beautifully made, with care evident in the close, even spacing, and the closely matched materials. These is a strong emphasis on wrapping techniques (as distinct from plaiting, twining, or coiling). One example has a unique weaving variant, consisting of doubled warps staggered on the inside and outside of a passive weft bound by a single wrapping weft with a consistent up-to-the-right slant. The wrapping technique is generaby associated with Wakashan heavy-duty carrying baskets, although ethnographic Salish made and used similar baskets. Although the basketry from the Glenrose site is generaly similar to these historic Wakashan baskets, there are differences, and some details are similar to 2,000 year-old baskets from Coast Salish territory. Although the sample is too small to make statements about potential ethnic connections with any confidence, the possibility exists of ancestral connections to both the Salish and Wakashan speaking groups. The hundreds of stakes arranged in oblique rows along the riverbank are probably the remains of fish weirs and traps. This interpretation is supported by the huge number of salmon bones in the shell hash layers. The inference is that intensive salmon harvesting, processing and storage were well established at the mouth of the Fraser River by 4600 B.P. Added to other data, it appears that many of the components of Northwest Coast Culture, including massive architecture, wealth accumulation, hereditary status, and ranking were in place by this early date.

The Antiquity of Fish Weirs on the Southern Coast: A Response To Moss, Erlandson and Stuckenrath - Morley Eldridge; Steven Acheson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

Archaeological Excavations at the Moulton Creek Site - Morley Eldridge (1973)
This paper describes results from a small scale investigation at a multi-component housepit village on the South Thompson River near Chase B.C., and compares it to other assemblages in the Interior Plateau. Of special interest is the basal component, which, although the sample is small, may represent a belated Protowestern tradition. This site adds new support to the hypothesis that because of ecological reasons, the cultures of the Fraser and Thompson River areas differed, until recent times.

Cultural and Natural Scar Morphology - Morley Eldridge (1998)
Accurate identification of origin for cultural and natural scars is becoming more important for forest management and legal evidence to help demonstrate Aboriginal Title under the Delgamuukw Decision. This paper examines the defining tree ring characteristics of natural and cultural scars on stem-round samples of cedar trees. The importance of taking multiple samples from different heights on the tree stem where there is doubt about origin is stressed. Using tree-ring analysis in combination with field observation will usually allow for absolute determination of cultural or natural origin.

Use of Ethnohistoric Data in Archaeological Predictive Modelling - Morley Eldridge (1998)
Predictive modelling is becoming a major tool used by land managers and First Nations to help determine the appropriate scope of archaeological impact assessment work for proposed developments. Millennia Research Limited has been at the forefront of utilizing GIS to obtain 1:20,000 scale maps that are much more accurate and precise than previous models. Ethnohistoric data has two principal uses in predictive modelling. First, ethnographic and ethnohistoric data regarding land and resource use, seasonal movements, and so on, can help build general models of likely associations between archaeological sites and mapped variables. Secondly,ethnohistoric data (especially traditional use information on resource extraction and habitation sites) can be used as a mapped dataset, which directly contributes to archaeological prediction models. This type of data is used to provide general areas of higher site potential, which is further modified by topographic, vegetation, hydrographic, geological and other variables.

Nettling: an Overview of an Early Archaic "Kirk Corner-notched Cluster" Site in Southwestern Ontario - Chris J. Ellis; Stanley Wortner; William A. Fox (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)
A large Early Archaic lithic assemblage from the Nettling site in Ontario is described. Although largely a surface collection from a ploughed field, the assemblage is quite homogeneous in terms of the tool forms represented and the stone sources employed and there is little evidence of non-Early Archaic occupations at the site. The tool assemblage has a very high percentage of Ohio cherts and, as a whole, duplicates almost exactly materials of the 'Kirk Corner-Notched Horizon' (ca. 9500 to 8900 B.P.) in the southeastern United States, including corner-notched serrated points, expanding based drills, small dorsally flaked end scrapers, chipped celts with ground bits, ovate chopper/scrapers, etc. Several implications of the Nettling site assemblage are discussed pertaining to our understanding of the culture history and environmental coping strategies of the Early Archaic occupants of the lower Great Lakes area.

Meadowood Phase Occupations on the Caradoc Sand Plain - Chris J. Ellis; D. Brian Deller (1989)
Surface surveys of the Caradoc Sand Plain west of London, Ontario have been carried out by D. B. Deller since the 19é0's. This work has documented a large number of sites indicating extensive Early Woodland Meadowood phase occupations in the area. The database, and comparisons with sites from other areas, allow the development of at least preliminary models of Meadowood settlement types in the region. Especially notable is the first reported evidence from southern Ontario of large 'base camps' comparable to those reported for western New York state. The available lithic assemblages from the sites also provide a large sample with which to evaluate and refine existing models of Meadowood lithic manufacturing and recycling strategies.

Typological Relationships of Paleo-Indian Fluted Bifaces from the Hiscock Site, Western New York State - Chris Ellis (2002)
The gravely clay layer at the Hiscock site is dated to between ca. 11,000 and 10,200 B.P. In addition to the remains of fauna such as mastodon, peccary and California condor, that layer has yielded nine Paleo-Indian artifacts made mainly on local New York raw materials and including at least five fluted points. This paper focuses on the typological relationships of the points. As a whole, the points are morphologically homogeneous and fall within a general category of wider, thicker, more parallel-sided forms reported from several sites in the Northeast/Great Lakes. Detailed comparisons with other regional assemblages of a wide range of characteristics indicate the Hiscock points are different from named types in that general category such as Gainey in that they are relatively narrow at the base, have shallow basal concavities and debatably, are short-fluted. As a whole, they most closely resemble the finds reported from sites like Shoop, Pennsylvania and Paleo Crossing, Ohio.

Great Lakes Archaeology - Christopher Ellis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

William Roosa (1923–1994) - Chris Ellis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)

A study of hi-lo points - Ellis, C.; B. Deller (1981)
A detailed analysis of a late Paleo-Indian point type (hi-lo) from the lower Great Lakes area is summarized. Emphasis is placed on the explanation of formal variability within this point form in terms of artifact life histories. The analysis includes: 1) a discussion of two variant manufacturing techniques for hi-lo points; 2) the delineation of the 'original' morphology of the point type prior to resharpening; and 3) by examining how resharpening and breakage in use effects the form of finished points, the presentation of a complex flow model involving several outputs at which hi-lo points can be discarded or lost.

Estimates of Failure Rates in Fluting Based on Archaeological Data: Examples From Northeastern North Arnerica - Chris J. Ellis; James H. Payne (1992)
The fluting of Early Paleo-Indian bifaces, and failure rates therein, has reccived considerable archaeological attention – perhaps at a scale exceeding its relative importance. Nonetheless, if we are to properly evaluate explanations of the origins and function of fluting and the place of particular sites in Paleo-Indian settlement systems, estimates of failure rates are required. To date, such estimates have been largely used on experimental replication, and rarely on archaeological data, and it is suggested these estimates are inaccurate. In order to overcome these problems, three interrelated, yet independent, methods; of estimating fluting failure rates from archaeological data are developed and applied to assemblages from the Parkhill site in Ontario and the Windy City site in Maine. The consistency in the results obtained by these methods inspire faith in their relative accuracy. The results suggest failure rates, at least at these sites, were not on the scale often assumed by previous investigators, being on the order of only 10 to 12% percent or less.

Understanding "Clovis" Fluted Point Variability in the Northeast: A Perspective from the Debert Site, Nova Scotia - Christopher Ellis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)
This paper compares fluted points from the Debert site, Nova Scotia, with assemblages of 'Clovis' or 'Clovis-like' fluted points from across the Midwest and Northeast regions. The focus is on comparison of continuous variables that previous research has suggested may be useful in distinguishing regional, temporal, and artifact life-history variation. The results indicate that while Debert points are most similar to those from such sites as Vail, Maine, and Lamb, New York, they differ significantly in certain characteristics. It is also concluded that the Debert points represent a very exhausted assemblage in comparison to other reported sites. In particular, the Debert assemblage includes a large number of forms with sub-triangular outlines, which all evidence suggests represent the use and reshaping of snapped tips derived from an initial larger, more parallel-sided form. Possible explanations for this emphasis are suggested.

Nettling: A Preliminary Overview of an Early Archaic "Kirk Comer-Notched Cluster" Site in Southwestern Ontario - Chris J. Ellis; Stanley A. Wortner; William A. Fox (1989)
This paper reports preliminary results of analysis of a large lithic assemblage from the Nettling site, located near the modem Lake Erie shore southwest of London, Ontario. Nettling is the first extensive Early Archaic site to be located in the Great Lakes region. Although largely a surface collection, there is little evidence of other occupations at the site. Moreover, the 800+ tools/preforms in the assemblage are quite homogeneous in terms of the stone sources represented and the tool forms recovered. Ohio cherts dominate the artifact assemblage with Pipe Creek chert from the northwestern part of that state predominating. The tools themselves are virtually identical to those of the Kirk cluster or horizon reported from the southeastern United States, including corner-notched serrated points, expanding base drills, large trianguloid bifacial blades or knives, small end scrapers with parallel-flaked dorsal surfaces, cobble chopper/scrapers, and chipped celts with ground bits. As such, the site should date to ca. 9500-8900 B.P. Implications of the Great Lakes area, continuity and change from earlier Paleo-Indian occupations, and the origin of ground stone tools will be discussed.

Intuitive Archaeology, A Psychic Approach - J. N. Emerson (1973)
Intuition has been described as 'the immediate learning or knowing of something without the conscious use of reasoning'. This paper describes a new approach to archaeology research in which the author has received information about archaeological sites and artifacts from a psychic associate who appears to 'know without the conscious use of reasoning'. In actual fact the whole research program defies reasons and the usual concept of the rational man. The ultimate implications of this alliance of archaeology and para psychology are to say the least 'mind boggling'.

Medicinal Curation and Use of Animals by the Itza Maya of Guatemala: Implications for Zooarchaeology - Emery, Kitty F. (2008)
Ethnoarchaeological research with the Itza Maya reveals a long-standing tradition of animal use for medicinal and medico-ritual purposes. Animals are curated, whole or in part, for use in curing primarily women and children. Some knowledge of medicinal animal use is shared among most women and many men, but other knowledge is specific to ritual healers. Medicinal use activities vary by species and animal portion/body part, materials are often curated over generations, and curated specimens are shared with other community members. These traditions have important implications for zooarchaeological research since they create distinctive discard and non-discard patterns.

Convergent Results From Divergent Methods: A Tripartite Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Maya Collapse in Guatemala - Emery, Kitty F. (2000)
New zooarchaeological methods are challenging models of relationships between society and the environment. My use of multiple zooarchaeological techniques in the analysis of animal bones from sites in Guatemala creates overlapping tests of environmental and social models of the Classic "Maya collapse". Combined environmental reconstructions and isotopic analysis of land use reveal strong environmental stability throughout the occupation of the Petexbatun region. This result is supported by a reconstruction of dietary patterns through ecological statistics. However, detailed analyses of worked bone from the region describe changing systems of bone tool production, and suggest that "collapse" patterns are not a direct result of declining environmental conditions or dietary health, but instead reflect the shifting economic and political conditions of the period.

Erie - Engelbrecht, William (1993)
This paper notes historic references to the Erie and other named groups who are believed to have lived along the Southeastem shore of Lake Erie during the early Contact Period. It also examines the distribution of village sites during the same period. Ceramic patterning within and between these sites is discussed along with postulated sequences of village movement. The Ripley site in Southwestern New York, some 70 miles south of the cluster of village sites near Buffalo, is ceramically highly similar to these sites and represents an anomaly.

Population Trends Among the St. Lawrence Iroquoians - Engelbrecht, William (1992)
During Late Prehistoric times, there was a large Iroquoian population in northern New York, just east of Lake Ontario and south of the St. Lawrence River. Nineteenth and early twentieth century accounts describe at least 75 village sites in this region. Sometime during the late 15th or early 16th centuries, the region was abandoned. Warfare, European diseases, and climatic change have all been suggested as factors involved in this abandonment. Current research seeks to trace population shifts during the 14th century through to the abandonment in order to document whether this depopulation was sudden or gradual and whether any trend of population nucleation or dispersion was present. Trends in site size, natural defensibility, and the elevation of settlements will also be considered.

Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province - Engelbrecht, William (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Archaeological Investigations at Cannington Manor Historic Park - Enns-Kavanagh, Kristin (2004)
Cannington Manor is a historic settlement site located in the Moose Mountain area of Southeastern Saskatchewan. The village achieved its fame through a group of English expatriates who came to Canada hoping to re-create an 'English rural life of leisure' as prosperous farmers. Known generally as 'the English group', these settlers devoted a great deal of time to pursuits such as music, art, and sport. Race days, fox hunts, tennis parties, and musical evenings created a body of legend surrounding the site. Cannington life wasn't all dances and tea parties, however. In addition to the wealthy English, Cannington's community included hard-working farming families from Britain, Ontario, Manitoba, and the Maritimes. Through a discussion of archaeological investigations conducted at the town site in 2000 and 2001, this presentation examines the ways in which these two groups of people got along and created Cannington Manor in the newly-developed west.

The Bill Richards Site (FaNp-9): A Late Precontact Bison Processing and Habitation Site - Enns-Kavanagh, Kristin; Steven C. Kasstan (2005)
The Bill Richards Site (FaNp-9) is a late precontact bison processing and habitation site located immediately south of the city of Saskatoon. The site is named for late the Bill Richards, a Saskatoon Archaeological Society member and avid avocational archaeologist. This site has been excavated extensively in the past. Both the Saskatoon Archaeological Society and the University of Saskatchewan collaborated on a field school in which substantial excavations were conducted. In the fall of 2004, Stantec Consulting Ltd. completed the final mitigatory excavations of the Bill Richards Site. A total of 105 square meters have been excavated at the site, with the final 30 in 2004. In addition to a great deal of highly fragmented, burned and calcined bone, the site exhibits predominantly Late Side-notched projectile points and Mortlach pottery. This presentation will discuss the final findings and conclusions of the Stantec Consulting Ltd. project and attempt to integrate those findings with information gained from previous excavations.

HISTORY, HERITAGE AND THE INUIT OF NUNAVIK - Epoo, Johnny (1991)
The cultural heritage importance of history as perceived by the Inuit of Nunavik and the work of the Avataq Cultural Institute in the preservation of traditional Inuit knowledge are outlined.

Archaeology and the environmental impact study - Henri T. Epp (Bulletin, 1974)

Human Effect: Dynamical Extinction-Expansion Process - Henri T. Epp (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)
Throughout the last two decades much has been written on the possible cause of the well documented North American late glacial large mammal extinctions. An important explanation of this mass extinction phenomenon has been to single out human hunters as a primary cause. A new look at the sequence and nature of the factual evidence reveals another possibility. Also well documented are the large mammalian and human population expansions and dispersions which occurred during and immediately following the extinction process. As ecological niches were vacated and ecosystems changed, presenting new opportunities, the megafaunal extinctions were superseded by an actual population increase and dispersion of several remaining megafaunal genera, especially bison, major human resources. I suggest that the continuing and accelerating post-extinction human population expansion was more an effect of the megafaunal extinctions than a major cause. System feedback, normal in non-equilibrium systems, including ecosystems, however, likely contributed to a coup de gr’ce effect.

The Other Face of Janus: Research in the Service of Archaeological Resource Management - Henri T. Epp; Brian F. Spurling (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)
Lately some prominent members of the discipline have criticized applied archaeology, especially its research standards and low productivity of new knowl- edge relevant to the interests of academics. More serious, however, has been the entire descipline’s inability to show concretely the effectiveness of its methods and the importance of its goals to government and industry. This dilemma seems resolvable by turning the first problem around to address the second. That is, archaeologists need to concentrate on how to better manage the resource base and how to improve the attendant research, be it applied or academic in nature. Such a change in focus requires a fundamental reorientation. Good impact assessment or mitigation work must provide information for resource management decision- making and scientific explanation. Ecology, undergoing many of the same diffi- culties and adjustments as archaeology, is beginning to reconcile its management and scientific responsibilities by concentrating on how better research can con- tribute to improved impact assessments and environmental management. We would do well to consider ecology’s findings. For it is time for archaeology to likewise improve its management and scientific services to the public, rather than continue to use applied research activities only as opportunities to serve itself within a narrow, academic view of the discipline.

Beyond Disorder: Chaos in Culture Change - Henri T. Epp (1989)
Ecological and other biological concepts are employed commonly by archaeologists and anthropologists to explain cultural adaptation and change processes. Often, cultural evolution is compared to biological evolution, meaning speciation. Cultural systems dynamics, however, are related more realistically to ecosystem dynamics. Especially suitable is the application of non-linear dynamical systems theory to ecological and cultural systems changes. The result is a new emphasis on life history evolution rather than speciation only. Self-organized life systems maximize long-term survival by adjusting to non-linear external influences, such as climate, via punctuated or pulsating unrepeated system state changes. All macroscopic systems, cultural systems included, are non-reversible, time-dependent and, therefore, non-linear or dynamical, each with its own sequence of unrepeated states or trajectory, entropically drawn to states of increasing disorder. When plotted mathematically, dynamical systems trajectories behave as fractals, bifurcating and separating exponentially with unpredictable yet infinite repetition in finite space. This causes the trajectories to fold over and wind around loci called strange or chaotic attractors, the basis of chaos theory. Chaotic trajectories cut ordered paths through a morass of random influences. The result is simplicity within complexity, order within seeming disorder or chaos, a basic structure of self-organization common to systems which are subject to unpredictable, random influences. This recently proposed chaos paradigm in science is the result of a new search for non-regularities or unrepeated phenomena, rather than the traditional search for regularities only which relegates chaos to background 'noise.' The new paradigm includes a new deterministic emphasis in science. This is in the form of a new causality in which the order within seeming disorder cuts a predetermined path through chaotic or non-regular influences, the structure of the macroscopic order determined by the confinement of the disorder within finite boundaries. The change process is fractal, the trajectories of change bifurcating exponentially until they reach the limits of their physical parameters. Should a trajectory break out of these parametric limits, the bifurcation process begins all over again. Each bifurcation point is, in effect, a decision point, determining the paths of the trajectories until they reach further bifurcation points. This is similar to the 'pulsating' ecosystem change process newly proposed by Howard Odum, is related to Stephen J. Gould's 'punctuated equilibrium' evolutionary theory and is based directly on chaos theory. It is a case of entropy sowing the seeds of its own demise - increasing randomization can result only in the chaotic order which springs from random behaviour, resulting in re-affirmation of the order to disorder to restructuring sequence. The suggested chaotic cultural order functions so that uncertainty alternates with certainty on a pulsating basis, with a new system state path partly determined by its former state, and partly by chance changes occurring during the chaotic or decision intervals. Thus, the deterministic nature of cultural systems changes is due to an ordered form of disorder which occurs on a pulsating basis, and which provides 'choice' or trajectory alternatives. However, once a state emerges from a chaotic interval, its trajectory is predetermined by the system order until it collapses once more into a chaotic state.

New Land Ethic: Relationship to Archaeology / Une nouvelle éthique de la Terre : les rapports de cette éthique avec l'archéo - Henri T. Epp (1997)
Pervading the world of environmental conservation at this time is promotion of a new land ethic. This is the ecocentric ethic, which rejects the western economic tenet that nature exists exclusively for our use and abuse and that economic growth is more important than environmental integrity. The ecocentric ethic places a higher value on the environment and its protection than it does on humanity, which is considered to be no more than part of that environment. Many environmentalists believe that general acceptance of the ecocentric ethic will lead to greatly improved human-environment relationships in the future, saving the environment, biodiversity, and humanity from extinction caused by our nature exploitation excesses. Recent studies show that indeed there is a new environment ethic developing in technological societies, but it is only a partial shift toward the ecocentric ethic, retaining a good measure of the old anthropocentrism. Concomitant with and related to the ethical shift is development of the landscape ecosystem approach in environmental or land management. Basic to this approach is the intent to maintain landscape integrity, thereby ensuring that ecosystem processes remain intact. Archaeological information is part of the landscape ecosystem, part of past anthroposystems within ecosystems. The landscape archaeology related to this more general environmental management approach incorporates both the academic or explanatory and resource management sides of archaeology. The academic side concentrates on how past humans related to their environments, including their own perceptions of this. Explanatory hypotheses may include the relationships of material cultural distributions to physical and biological landscapes, demographics, and finding punctuated material cultural change and stasis intervals in the archaeological record. The resource management side is beginning to focus less on salvage of information from developments perceived as inevitable, and more on being part of overall landscape planning and management to ensure retention of landscape integrity, thereby hopefully obviating the need for most salvage operations. This management approach includes input from relevant traditional and local peoples at the decision-making level.

Archaeological Distribution and Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Glass From Obsidian Cove, Suemez Island, Southeast Alaska - Jon M. Erlandson; Madonna L. Moss; Richard E. Hughes (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

Dorset Palaeoeskimo Settlement Patterns in White Bay, Newfoundland - Erwin, John (2002)
Located on the northeastern coast of the island of Newfoundland, the Dorset Palaeoeskimo occupation of Shelley Garden is interpreted as a warm weather habitation/workshop site on the basis of its association with the Fleur de Lys soapstone quarry and its inner coastal location. As a large inner coastal habitation site, Shelley Garden is somewhat of an archaeological anomaly that can be tied to its use with the soapstone quarry. It is argued, however, that Shelley Garden also served as a large warm weather base camp. Although locations for warm weather Dorset occupations are suggested in models for Dorset subsistence and settlement on the island of Newfoundland, they are rarely demonstrated archaeologically. In contrast, to large outer coastal Dorset habitation sites that are associated with the acquisition of harp seals, it is proposed that the location large inner coastal warm weather Dorset sites are strategically located relative to the acquisition of more than a single important resource.

Changement de nature et de fonction de Phillip's Garden : perspective diachronique d'un site paléoesquimau du Dorsétien &agra - John C. Erwin (2003)

Revisiting Fleur de Lys 1, a Dorset Soapstone Quarry in Newfoundland - Erwin, John (2000)
The soapstone quarry in Fleur de Lys, Newfoundland has been the subject of archaeological interest for almost a century. While initially believed to be Beothuk in origin, Diamond Jenness suggested in his synthesis 'The Indians of Canada' (1932), that the numerous carvings along the exposed soapstone outcrops might be attributable to his newly discovered Cape Dorset culture. Although many researchers have commented upon the significance of the quarry, little archaeological evidence had ever been cited to support claims concerning the nature, use and importance of this site until the 1980s. Despite the lack of any major excavation, the quarry's significance went unquestioned throughout most of this time due to the fact that it was the only known Dorset soapstone quarry of its kind. A full scale excavation in 1997/98 and ongoing analyses have: (1) shown that the extent and complexity of the quarry deposits exceed all previous descriptions; (2) defined the Dorset quarrying tool kit by way of a four stage reduction model; and (3) demonstrated that soapstone vessels were finished at the quarry site. This research also has implications for defining a north eastern variant of Dorset culture on the island of Newfoundland.

Form and Function of Projectile Points and the Trajectory of Newfoundland Prehistory - John C. Erwin; Donald H. Holly Jr.; Stephen H. Hull; Timothy L. Rast (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)
The adoption of bow-and-arrow technology by Recent Indian peoples on the island of Newfoundland has been accepted on the basis of untested observations of the archaeological record. This study investigates the period circa 1000 BP, when the replacement of the Beaches complex by the Little Passage complex is purported to be marked by the introduction of bow-and-arrow technology. Metric analysis of 840 projectile points confirms this technological transformation, but disputes the notion that projectile point function can be linked to current complex signatures—notably, the presence of side-notching or corner-notching on projectile points. This analysis suggests that bows-and-arrows did not immediately replace spear throwers-and-darts, but rather, were complementary to the Recent Indian tool kit. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of bow-and-arrow technology may be linked to the departure or demise of (Middle) Dorset Palaeoeskimo populations on the island.

Le site Rbs : Analyse d'un site de production de microlames vieux de 8000 ans dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Alaska - ESDALE, Julie; Jeff Rasic (2003)

Periglacial Geoarchaeology of the Dog Creek Site, Northern Yukon - ESDALE, Julie; Raymond LeBlanc (1999)
Dog Creek (NcVi-3) is an unusual site in the northern Yukon because it contains artifacts buried in stratified context. Periglacial processes have made the stratigraphic interpretation quite complex. Geoarchaeological research at Dog Creek aims to determine the relationship between surficial artifacts, buried artifacts and stratified sediments. Understanding the site taphonomy since deposition of the artifacts is necessary to interpret a minimum age for occupation. The artifacts were interpreted to be buried by solifluction based on the organic soil in which they were located, fabric data, refitting of artifacts, and the sedimentology of the deposits. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the artifacts were buried by 3800 B.P.

Recent excavations from the Nimiuktuk valley, Brooks Range, Alaska: using GIS spatial analysis to discriminate between assemblages in near-surface sit - ESDALE, Julie (2001)
Recent excavations at the Nim-5 and Nim-11 archaeological sites in the Nimiuktuk River valley of the Brooks Range, northwest Alaska, have produced a variety of artifact styles dating to roughly 4,000-7,000 B.P. Formal artifacts include side-notched projectile points, lanceolate-shaped bifacial points, wedge-shaped microblade cores, and wide, oval-platformed microblade cores. These technologically diverse artifacts, although functionally similar, appear to occur in spatially associated contexts and potentially result from the same occupation. Discrete assemblages are difficult to discern at these sites, however, because artifacts clusters on or near the ground surface might also result from different activities or episodes of site occupation. Spatial analysis using GIS technology has been useful for distinguishing assemblages at the sites where components are not stratigraphically separated.

Zooarchaeological Perspective on Late Prehistoric Social Landscapes in the Southern Strait of Georgia - Ewonus, Paul (2005)
This paper emphasizes the value of a social archaeological approach to the study of pre-contact zooarchaeological data. The Dionisio Point site on Galiano Island is the point of departure for a consideration of regional economic patterns within a social context. Discussion begins with an examination of spatial patterns evident within House 2 at Dionisio Point, one of five large house depressions visible at the site. The primary goal is to address patterning within the fauna in relation to previously described artifact and feature data. These data have indicated status differentiation within House 2. The faunal assemblage, however, presents a somewhat different window into the social economy of the time. Situating the zooarchaeological data from Dionisio Point within the social landscape of the southern Gulf of Georgia offers an opportunity to view the site within a multi-scalar continuum of interaction. A coherent narrative of daily routines, their meanings and contingencies alongside knowledge of seasonal movements on the landscape place the unique zooarchaeological data from Dionisio Point in regional perspective.

Towards a Social Archaeology of the Southern Northwest Coast - Ewonus, Paul (2006)
The Pacific Northwest Coast is an example of dominant evolutionary themes structuring the analysis of archaeological data sets that can almost exclusively be considered interrupted. This follows from the difficulty accumulating archaeological knowledge in a sparsely populated and environmentally diverse region of the world. The information that has been gathered from archaeological sites over this mountainous, rugged coastline is constricted both temporally and spatially. The nature of archaeological data on the Northwest Coast thus lends itself well to evolutionary debates while at the same time leaving historical narratives little in the way of a grounding. This situation is beginning to change, however, in several regions of the Northwest Coast. In the Gulf of Georgia a foundation of archaeological research results now exists that is detailed enough to begin to build an historical interpretation of social life. Employing existing archaeological data a detailed example explores the meanings of a new framework for interpretation.

Neolithic Potters and Ceramic Technology - Eygun, Guilmine (2000)
The study of ceramic technology has become a common way to approach the economical, social and cultural aspects of pottery. However too often, the use of the term «technology» is being limited to the study of techniques in their mechanical and functional dimensions. On the other hand, if technology is being refered to as the interaction of materials, tools and gestures, it permits to deal with all the decision making processes.which underlie the ceramic production. The technological study of two Neolithic ceramic assemblages from South-eastern Italy is thus aiming at a better understanding of the various modalities involved in making pots. By using the operational concept of the chaîne opératoire, each stage of the ceramic production is being studied in order to identify the processes and decisions made by the potters to achieve a common goal.

Fish, Flesh, or Fowl: In Pursuit of a Diet-Mobility-Climate Continuum Model for the Cis-Baikal - Ezzo, Joseph A. (2001)
The dynamics of changing environmental and climatic regimes, cultural and technological diversity, and changes in mobility strategies are critical variables in modeling forager use of various resource habitats through time. Model matrices for considering variations in resource distribution and climatic regimes in the Cis-Baikal region are established to provide some expectations of how and why dietary and mobility patterns might vary through time and across space. The model predicts increased emphasis on lacustrine resources in cool periods, and an increased use of riverine resources in dry periods. It also predicts high mobility between lakeshore and riverine environments in warm, wet periods, and low mobility during cool, dry periods. Trace element analysis of human and faunal remains suggests that the subarctic forest was a more important resource habitat during the Early Neolithic (5800-5200 B.C.), whereas boreal forest habitats were far more prominent in later periods. Trace element analysis from the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age sites of Khuzhir Nuge (Ol'khon region) and Obkhoi (Upper Lena region) suggests that at least part of the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age was warm and wet, with a strong subsistence emphasis on terrestrial resources. Considerable mobility between lakeshore and riverine environments appears to have occurred at this time as well.

St. Lawrence Iroquoian Problem Areas - 1993 - Pendergast James F. (1993)
Some of the problems confronting St. Lawrence Iroquoian archaeology will be examined on several levels ranging from those revealed by current (1992) topical literature regarding the Iroquoians and anthropological literature collateral to Iroquoian archaeology, to those inherent in current St. Lawrence Iroquoian archaeological orthodoxy.

Traditional Land Use Patterns in the Southwestern Portion of the Old Crow Flats, Yukon Territory - Mélanie Fafard (1999)
The excavation, in 1997, of an archaeological site (MlVm-4) located on the southwestern portion of the Old Crow Flats area has provided valuable information concerning the traditional land use patterns of Native people in the northwestern Yukon Territory. The site is located on a sand bar, at the confluence of Schaeffer creek with a smaller stream locally know as Dechyoo (goose with red feet and nose) njik (creek). A single radiocarbon date on worked antler suggests a very late context of protohistoric occupation. The lithic and osseous industries encountered at the site appear to be culturally affiliated with the Klo-kut Phase (A.D. 700 up to the Historic Period), recognized at Klo-kut and Rat Indian Creek, two caribou hunting camps located on the Porcupine River. Historic remains were also collected at the site, thus indicating the presence of a more recent occupation. The analysis of the faunal remains revealed that the site was a multifunctional location, primarily used for fishing, muskratting, and bird hunting. The presence of these three dominant taxa in the collection indicates that the occupations at the site mostly took place somewhere between March and late September. Thus, it seems that MlVm-4 represent a complement to locations such as the Klo-kut and Rat Indian Creek sites. While these were almost exclusively used for the acquisition of caribou, at MlVm-4, supplementary resources were used for subsistence.

Dechyoo Njik (MlVm–4) and Traditional Land Use Patterns on the Old Crow Flats, Yukon Territory - Mélanie Fafard; Raymond LeBlanc (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
This paper presents the results of the excavation and analysis of the Dechyoo Njik site (MlVm-4), a late prehistoric/historic camp located in the southwestern portion of the Old Crow Flats area, in the Northern Yukon Territory. Dechyoo Njik was used as a summer multi-functional location, for the gathering of various resources including fish, migratory waterfowl and muskrats. The artifact collection revealed the presence of a well-integrated technological system, characterized by the manufacture of simple stone tools aimed at sustaining a complex bone and antler industry. The prehistoric component of the site is culturally affiliated with the Klo-kut Phase (from A.D. 700 to the Historic Period).

Spatial Analysis of an Early Thule Dwelling from Assuukaaq Island, Northern Quebec - FARID, Emma (1999)
This paper presents a preliminary spatial analysis of a Thule semi-subterranean dwelling from site JhEv-3, located in Burgoyne Bay on the southern coast of Hudson Strait. The interpretation is based on spatial distribution of artifacts, faunal remains, lithic debris, in addition to stratigraphy. Based on visual inspection, the house can be separated into three distinct spatial units: the inside, the midden and the peripheral area. These clusters provide information concerning house construction, maintenance and abandonment. The presentation will provide a small-scale example of Early Thule occupation on the southern coast of Hudson Strait.

Early Lead Smelting in the Mid-Western United States: Lead Isotope Evidence - Farquhar, R. M.; J. A. Walthall; R. G. Hancock (1992)
Utilization of the rich lead-zinc deposits of Missouri (SEM) in early historic times, has been documented, but there are no records that the ore from mineral occurrences in the Upper Mississippi Valley (UMV) was exploited. Lead isotope analysis of Lead artifacts (mainly musket balls and metallic debris) found on mid eighteenth century sites in Illinois (Guebert, Kolmer, Fox encampment, Starved Rock outpost) show clearly that both SEM and UMV sources were used to supply raw materials for those products. The same technique indicates that European lead was also being used. Neutron Activation Analyses (NAA) on the available suite of samples record a broad range of trace elernents, none of which distinguish the sources.

Provenance of Lead in Lead Métal and Pewter in 17th Century and Early 18th Century Historic Sites in Illinois and Ontario - Farquhar, R. M.; I.A. Walthall; R.G.V. HANCOCK (1993)
Lead isotope analyses can be successfully and directly used to differentiate the source of the metal in lead and pewter samples at 17th and 18th century historic sites in central and northeastern North America. The data suggest that a single mineral deposit in the Upper Mississippi Valley (UMV), and at least two in the south-east Missouri (SEM) lead-zinc mining area were exploited. The latter deposits can also be differentiated on the basis of neutron activation analysis (NAA) for their copper and silver contents. With the present small database, NAAcannot be used to distinguish SEM from UMV or European deposits. Tin concentrations suggest that artifact production involved the occasional addition of small amounts of pewter to lead products. Even some of the lead that originated from. Europe contains tin, implying that remelting of metals may have taken place after importation. The ore sources of European leads are not known, because there is no isotopic data base for comparison. It does appear that at least three separate deposits may have been involved.

Digital Photography for Archaeologists - Farrow, Debi (2001)
Digital photography for archaeologists will cover types of digital cameras, uses of digital images as well as modifications of images. Examples will include the field, the lab and the classroom.

Assessing the Impact of Geophysical Projects on Archaeological Sites: Model and Fact - Favarque, Rémi N.R.; DAHLSTROM, Bruce (2000)
An increasing number of geophysical exploration projects are subject to archaeological impact assessments under British Columbia's Heritage Conservation Act. While present modeling allows the identification of areas within the developments with a potential to contain buried archaeological remains, industry practices make it difficult to conduct field work prior to development. As such, verification of impacts must be completed after the fact. Impact assessments of three geophysical projects are described, illustrating the weakness and strengths of present government management policies and practices.

Boreal Forest Archaeological Potential Modeling: The Tommy Lakes Integrated Information Project - Favarque, Rémi N.R.; Vandy E. Bowyer; Andrew de Vries (2000)
The present archaeological potential model used by Government agencies in northeastern British Columbia for management and planning purposes relies almost exclusively on digital information generated from digitized terrain maps. While the model is an efficient method of assessing relative archaeological potential over large areas, modeling attributes have not been critically examined for accuracy. The existing model also lacks some important variables, and as a result, a refined model has been produced. It is presently being tested on the Tommy Lakes area of NE BC, and incorporates real-life information gathered on the project area (i.e. geomorphology, wildlife habitats, traditional ecological knowledge). While the identification of archaeological potential is a key purpose of this new model, it also aims to reduce the visual and physical impacts of forestry developments on heritage sites and cultural landscapes in the area through informed planning and management.

The way in which archaeologists interpret their data depends on an often unstated conception of what they believe the archaeological remains mean in t - Fawcett, C. (1981)

Archaeology without Artifacts: Research Experiences Outside of Excavation - Amelia Fay (2008)
One goal of my MA research was to talk to people and record their oral histories and opinions on archaeology. I wanted to engage the community in their rich history and current archaeological explorations of the past. Armed with digital recorder in hand, I went to the Inuit community of Nain, Labrador with the naïve enthusiasm that I assume many graduate students have before embarking on their first real research project.

IROQUOIAN VILLAGE ECOLOGY - Fecteau, Rudy; Jim Molnar; Gary Warrik (1991)
Patterns in Iroquoian village relocation are presented. Typically, a village was located at the edge of its agricultural catchment and relocated a distance of two kilometres. Reasons for this relocation pattern are evaluated in light of archaeological, geographical, and historical data for a cluster of thirteenth and early fourteenth century village sites near Burlington, Ontario. A strategy for Iroquoian village relocation is offered, emphasizing the interrelationships between temperate forest regeneration and Iroquoian demands for cleared fields, building supplies, and firewood.

Domestic Architecture as a Symbol of Power: An Example from Chiapas, Mexico / L'architecture domestique, symbole de puissance : l'exemple du - FEDDEMA, Vicki; Michael BLAKE (1997)
The household is the basic unit of organization within any society and, as such, provides an appropriate point of departure for the study of prehistoric social and economic organization, including the development of social inequality. Variations in wealth and power within a community are frequently expressed in domestic architecture. Because houses are durable material symbols that can be continually expanded and elaborated, they are ideal for displaying social, economic and political divisions. Ongoing investigations at the site of Paso de la Amada, located near the Pacific Coast of southern Chiapas, Mexico, have produced an emerging picture of an Early Formative (1550-1150 BC) village in the incipient stages of developing social inequality. Six superimposed house floors have been excavated on Mound 6, the largest of several earthen mounds at the site. The houses represented by these floors were large structures built on a clay platform of monumental proportions. At least some of the houses appear to have been unique in the community, in terms of their form, size, and elaborateness, and they likely served as a visual display of the elevated status and power that their occupants held within the community.

Coping with the Growing Pains: CMTs as Archaeological Resources - FEDDEMA, Vicki (1998)
In 1997, the majority of permits issued in British Columbia by the Archaeology Branch were for forestry-related studies. In coastal regions, especially, culturally modified trees (CMTs) are the focal point of such studies. Until relatively recently, CMTs were not considered to be 'real' archaeological resources, in the same sense as lithics, fish weirs, or petroglyphs, for example. This was primarily because it is often impossible to determine the precise date of modification of a CMT and, by extension, whether or not the CMT is protected under the Heritage Conservation Act. Without clear precedents as to how to deal with CMTs as archaeological resources, and in the absence of established standards of practice within the archaeological community, different individuals and consulting companies are dealing with CMTs in very different ways. This is creating confusion and discord among archaeologists, our forest industry clients, and the First Nations within whose traditional territories we are working.

Response to David Morrison's "Fedirchuk on Julian Technology" in a Reassessment of the Julian Complex, Fisherman Lake, N.W.T. - Gloria J. Fedirchuk (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)
Morrison's conclusions regarding the Julian Technology are questioned. Although he refutes the distinctiveness, coherence, and uniqueness of the Julian Technology, his interpretations of the assemblage indicate that the artifacts exhibit the same qualities which he denies it has.

Contributions to Plains Prehistory - Gloria J. Fedirchuk (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1987)

Remote imagery of deeply drowned early post-glacial alluvial landscapes - FEDJE, D.W.; H. JOSENHANS (1998)
Based on global sea level history we can, in general terms, delineate the broad areas of the BC continental shelf that would have been subaerially exposed 12,000 to 13,000 years ago. Specific regional differences can be anticipated primarily due to isostatic factors but, at least on the outer coast, these will include forebulge effects which will tend to augment subaerial exposure. We now have a sea-level curve that details the last 12,000-plus years history of relative sea-level change in western Hecate Strait. Using this curve and existing bathymetric data we can reconstruct the regional landscape at 12,000 to 13,000 BP. From this we can see that the environment of eastern Haida Gwaii was very different to that of today. Most recently, imaging early post-glacial landscapes in parts of western Hecate Strait has progressed to the point where a variety of terrestrial landforms, now deeply drowned, can be resolved and positioned to the sub-metre level. Swath bathymetric imagery in southern Juan Perez Sound provides landscape detail superior to the air photo coverage of adjacent Moresby Island. We can predict potential locations of archaeological sites on this landscape, however, the challenge is to overcome the logistics of sampling at ocean depths of 100 to 140 metres.

A Projectile Point Sequence for Haida Gwaii - Daryl Fedje; Quentin Mackie; Duncan McLaren; Tina CHRISTENSEN (2005)
Twenty years ago the combined archaeological assemblages of Haida Gwaii were remarkable for a unique negative trait: a near absence of chipped stone bifaces. Unlike the BC Mainland, and the rest of the Americas for that matter, this still holds true for the post-8,000 BP archaeological record. Recent work across Haida Gwaii shows that prior to 8,000 BP chipped stone projectile points are common. Here we present a brief description of a projectile point chronology for Haida Gwaii that includes ca. 10,600 BP basally ground leaf shaped points; 10,000 to 8,500 BP teardrop shaped bipoints and lanceolate points; 8,000 to 5,000 BP microblade armed composite points and post-5000 BP bone and wooden points.

Sea-levels and Archaeology in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve - Daryl W. Fedje; Ian D. Sumpter; John R. Southon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)
A sea-level history is being built for the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve (GINPR) by radiocarbon dating paleo-marine and archaeological organic samples. This work highlights visibility issues for this region for shore-proximal sites older than one or two millennia. It also demonstrates the need to ensure that archaeological assessments include systematic investigation, with shovel and auger testing, in the intertidal zone.

The Sea Also Rises: Early Holocene Occupation on a Dynamic Landscape - Daryl Fedje; Quentin Mackie; Cynthia Lake (2001)
This paper will present preliminary results from two intertidal sites in southern-most Haida Gwaii and place them in the context of a period of rapid marine transgression. Waterlogged deposits in a test at one of these sites produced a small assemblage of fauna including bear, caribou, bird, sea mammal, fish, and shellfish in association with abundant stone tools. A date of ca. 9,500 BP was obtained on spirally fractured caribou bone from these deposits.

Preliminary Results from Investigations at Kilgii Gwaay: An Early Holocene Archaeological Site on Ellen Island, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia - Daryl W. Fedje; Rebecca J. Wigen; Quentin Mackie; Cynthia Lake; and Ian Sumpter (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Karst Caves and Drowned Landscapes: Windows on Environmental Change and Archaeological Visibility at the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition - Daryl Fedje (2005)
During the latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene the Northwest Coast was subject to a series of rapid environmental changes. Paleolimnological studies demonstrate changes in relative sea level position, vegetation communities and climate. Landscape modeling of the Haida Gwaii archipelago, including swath bathymetry of the sea floor, allows production of physical images of the ancient landscapes and targets for environmental and archeological research. Most recently, investigation of karst caves in the south of Haida Gwaii has opened a small window on the human and paleontological components of these ancient landscapes. At Gaadu Din we have recovered a paleontological record extending from ca. 12,000 to 10,000 BP and a small number of human artifacts dating from ca. 10,500 to 10,000 BP.

EARLY HOLOCENE ARCHAEOLOGY AT RICHARDSON ISLAND, HAIDA GWAII - Daryl Fedje (1996)
The Richardson Island site is a multicomponent campsite dating to the early Holocene. The site includes two localities, one in the present-day intertidal zone and one on a 15-metre raised beach. In 1995 deeply stratified cultural deposits associated with the 15-metre raised beach portion of this site were investigated through examination of natural exposures, systematic auger sampling and test excavation. The cultural horizons date from ca. 9,050 BP at the base to ca. 8,000 BP near the top. The lower horizons are characterized by abundant bifaces and large stone tools while the upper horizons exhibit high frequencies of microblades, microblade cores, large stone tools and a few bifaces. Lithic analysis from the well-dated archaeological components at Richardson Island and nearby Echo Bay suggests that a technological transition occurred shortly after 9,000 RCYBP. Before 9,000, biface technology is well represented and there is very limited evidence for microblade technology. After this time evidence for bifaces becomes rare while microblade technology is abundantly represented. This evidence fits well to that recovered from other sites in Haida Gwaii as well as from Namu on the Central Coast and several maritime sites in southern Alaska.

Early Period Archaeology in Gwaii Haanas - Daryl Fedje (1994)
Results of preliminary archaeological and paleoecological investigations in the Juan Perez Sound area of Haida Gwaii on the Northwest Coast are presented. These include reconnaissance at several Early Period intertidal lithic sites as well as archaeological excavations and paleoecological analysis of two sites on Arrow Creek, Matheson Inlet. Results show that the sites were occupied during a time of rapid sea-level change. The oldest archaeological remains date to shortly before 9,200 RCYBP and the youngest to 5,650 RCYBP. The discovery of well-preserved archaeological deposits in a setting that has been subject to marine transgression and regression offers promise for the eventual discovery of earlier archaeological sites at much lower sea-levels and a better understanding of early human occupation of the Northwest Coast.

Recent Excavations at Gilman Falls (74-106): A Middle Archaic Occupation (ca 7000 B.P.) in Central Maine - Fenton, James P; David Sanger (1993)
This paper presents a preliminary analysis of a Middle Archaic assemblage recovered from buried cultural contexts at the Gilman Falls site (74-106) in Maine. Three seasons of excavation have resulted in the recovery of a large assemblage of lithic tools, from cultural contexts at 60 to 150 cm below current ground surface. A small faunal and floral assemblage was also recovered. This paper describes the site, the fluvial deposits that contributed to the burial of cultural occupations, and presents a summary of the lithic assemblage. Radiocarbon assays yielded dates around 7000 B.P., and provide a preliminary evaluation of cultural chronology in this area of the Northeastern United States. A new pollen diagram, recently completed in conjunction with this project, offers an opportunity to examine the changing environment of post-glacial Maine and Middle Archaic cultural adaptations to it.

AN ACADIAN SETTLER ON P.E.I: THE HACHé-GALLANT HOUSE AT PORT LA JOYE - Ferguson, Robert; Frances Stewart (1991)
The cellar of a domestic building, ca. 1720-1745, at the first French settlement on Isle Saint Jean (P.E.I.) contained one of the few undisturbed archaeological deposits in this heavily farmed site. The property had belonged to Michel Haché-Gallant, considered the first Acadian settler on the island and ancestor of many of P.E.I.'s present inhabitants. Location of the cellar by EM-38 conductivity meter is discussed, as well as structural artifactual and faunal evidence of the Gallant occupation.

Comment répertorier et conserver les pétroglyphes Mi'kmaq du parc national Kejimkujik - Ferguson, Rob (1993)
Les pétroglyphes du parc national Kejimkujik ont été exécutés au siécle dernier par des familles de Mi'kmaq, des chasseurs et des guides, qui habitaient et travaillaient dans la région du lac Kejimkujik. Ces gravures sur pierre établissent un lien historique direct avec la communauté Mi'kmaq d'aujourd'hui. Plus de quatre cents images illustrent ainsi les divers aspects de la culture : religion, moyens de subsistance, culture matérielle, noms et dates. Les images sont gravées sur de l'ardoise lisse, avec une précision remarquable. Comme il est difficile de reconnaître les lignes gravées des défauts de la pierre, il est pratiquement impossible de dresser un inventaire de ces gravures qui soit précis et objectif L'exposé décrira briévement les gravures et expliquera les différentes méthodes utilisées au cours des cent derniéres années pour essayer de répertorier les pétroglyphes jusqu'à la méthode actuelle de moulage des gravures mise au point par la Division de la conservation du Service canadien des parcs (voir le résumé de M. Harrington).

The Mi'kmaq Petroglyphs of Kejimkujik National Park : Problems of Recording and Preservation - Ferguson, Rob (1993)
The petroglyphs at Kejimkujik National Park were produced in the last century by Mi'kmaq families, hunters and guides living and working around Kejirnkujik Lake. They provide a direct historical link with todays Mikmaq community. Over 400 images record various aspects of the culture, including religion, subsistence, material culture, and names and dates. The glyphs are incised on smooth slate, with remarkable detail. The fine lines often vary little frorn the many craks and scratches on the rock surface, making accurate, unbiased recording difficult. This paper will briefly describe the images, and discuss various methods which have been used for recording over the past 100 years prior to the present programm of moulding being undertaken by the Conservation Division, Canadian Parks Service (see abstract by M. Harrington).

Impact Assessment in New Brunswick: A Coordinated Approach - Ferguson, Albert M. (1989)
The Government of New Brunswick recently passed Regulation 87-83 under the Clean Environment Act to provide the legislative framework for Environmental Impact Assessment. The regulation sets out criteria for the scope and nature of the undertakings that have to register with the Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment and be screened for potential impact. The major difference between this new regulation and the previous EIA policy is that the requirement for registration and screening now extends to projects proposed by municipalities and private developers, as well as government-sponsored projects. The Environmental Sciences Branch of the Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment acts as the coordinator in this multidisciplinary planning approach. This paper outlines the EIA process in New Brunswick, with special emphasis on how heritage concerns are addressed.

Kejimkujik: The Recording of Nineteenth-century Mi'kmaw Rock Art In Nova Scotia - Ferguson, Rob (2008)
In 1887-1888, George Creed recorded a remarkable collection of petroglyphs on the shores of Kejimkujik Lake in Nova Scotia. Probably the first extensive recording of a Canadian rock art site, it was included in Garrick Mallery's 1893 publication, Picture Writing of the American Indians. Both Mallery and Creed misinterpreted the age and much of the meaning of the images. Yet their interpretations continue to influence our understanding of the petroglyphs today. The petroglyphs, numbering more than four hundred, include images of people, clothing and designs, fauna, commercial porpoise hunting, sailing ships and canoes, streetscapes, traditional faith and Christianity, and literacy. Since 1970, Parks Canada has produced an extensive new recording through photography, direct tracings, and moulding, with varying degrees of success. This paper will illustrate the variety of images, discuss issues of interpretation and misinterpretation, and outline measures that have been taken to preserve the record of this rapidly disappearing legacy for future generations of Mi'kmaq.

THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HILL: THE BURIED HISTORY OF SIGNAL HILL NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK - Ferguson, Robert (1991)
The nineteenth-century British garrison on Signal Hill in St. John's has left us a surprisingly rich historical record buried in the ground. Today the park provides city residents and visitors alike with a stunningly beautiful natural landscape. Hidden throughout that landscape are the defences, barracks and workshops of its former military occupants. Archaeology in the park helps to illuminate the long struggle of the soldiers, not against human adversaries, but against a more persistent foe - the harsh environment. The Canadian Parks Service is currently developing these archaeological resources to help tell the story of Signal Hill.

Archaeology in the Banana Republics? Recent Excavations in Rivas, Nicaragua - Fernández, Deepika; Larry Steinbrenner; Geoffrey McCafferty (2001)
This paper details the first season of archaeological excavation by a University of Calgary team in the region of Rivas, located in southwestern Nicaragua. The aims of the project are to investigate ethnohistoric accounts of the Nicarao, an indigenous group of Nahuat-speakers thought to have migrated to this area a few hundred years prior to European arrival in the New World. The strength of the link between the Nahuat-speakers of Nicaragua and those of Central Mexico is an important issue, relevant to the role of lower Central America in the Mesoamerican interaction sphere. The first season=s test excavations centered on Santa Isabel A, located close to the shores of Lago de Nicaragua and one of the most important sites in the area. It is hoped that this research will provide insights into the idea of ethnicity and ethnic boundaries, as well as combat the dearth of archaeological knowledge in Nicaragua.

Managing Minimum: The Development and Use of Technical Guidelines for Archaeological Consulting Activities in Ontario - Neal Ferris (1993)
The developrnent of the archaeological consultant industry in Ontario began in earnest by the late 1970's. Revisions to the provincial Environmental Assessment and Planning Acts further fuelled the growth of this industry through the early 1980's, and much of the last decade has seen a consistent growth in the range and types of development activities now requiring statutory review for possible impacts to cultural heritage resources. The Regulatory & Operations Group of the Cultural Operations and Field Services Branch, Ministry of Culture and Communications, is responsible for providing this review, as well as for the review of archaeological consultant reports generated as a result of MCC heritage conditions being attached to developrnent proposals. By the mid 1980's, when the consultant industry and MCC review staff had begun to participate in a large scale in the developrnent review sector, it was increasingly apparent that minimal requirements for field and reporting activities were needed. Thus MCC and the consultant industry, as well as representatives from archaeological organizations, the development sector and municipal approval authorities, began discussing the means to develop technical guidelines for development review generated assessment and mitigation activities. In 1988 a draft guideline was developed to define minimal standards for field assessments, and for the reports written as a result of those activities. This guideline has provided archaeological consultants with minimal standards to follow and MCC staff with an objective base from which to evaluate reports. The development sector has also been provided with a description of what they generally could expect of the archaeologist hired to fulfil cultural heritage conditions on a development proposal. During the past 5 years use of this document, limitations have become apparent, and subsequent revisions have attempted to address these matters. Efforts have also been made to develop a mitigation guideline to provide minimal standards for excavation and avoidance methodologies in this development review context. This paper will review the development of the archaeological assessment technical guideline for the consultant industry in the Province of Ontario, and review its relative usefulness over the last 5 years. Current efforts to expand the range of activities covered by technical guidelines will also be examined.

Between Colonial and Indigenous Archaeologies: Legal and Extra-legal Ownership of the Archaeological Past in North America - Neal Ferris (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)
For over a century and a half, archaeologists have fought to protect the archaeological record from impacts caused by looting, antiquities trafficking, development, and other threats to the preservation of, in effect, the raw material of the archaeological enterprise. But as post-colonial sensibilities slowly permeate North American society, descendant communities have challenged the basis for both archaeologists to assert an exclusive stewardship of the archaeological record, and the state's authority to endow this exclusivity to archaeologists. This paper reviews the historical context from which archaeologists have obtained in legislation a privileged trust from the state to manage and protect the archaeological record in North America, and the challenges First Nations have made to being excluded from their ancestor's past. While the changing balance in the politics of archaeology in North America is undermining archaeologists' exclusivity, it also offers opportunities for archaeology to become more inclusive and relevant in society.

The Trouble With Normative.... - Neal Ferris (2001)
If there is a common theme to the history of archaeology across Canada it has been the struggle to develop and define cultural historical sequences in each part of this vast country. And this has led to archaeologists developing very specialized expertise for particular geographic areas, and so resulting archaeological sequences tend to reflect this specialization, entrenching an insular regionalism in Canadian archaeology that can often seem to make archaeological efforts of little consequence beyond a telling of local history. And this is only further exacerbated by the tendency to draw links between these archaeological sequences and historically specific Native cultural groups. Moreover, it has been suggested that Canada's geography and diverse archaeological record has kept Canadian archaeologists too busy to worry about the theoretical ism debates that have come and gone elsewhere in the discipline. In a sense, this is implying that theoretical issues are something someone else can specialize in - we've got our hands full working to uncover the past. But if this is the case for Canada, such an a-theoretical or unreflective archaeology has left many critical concepts such as culture and ethnicity, as well as their archaeological manifestations, unexplored and simply assumed within constructed regional culture histories. The implications and limitations of archaeology as local history and under-theorised in Canada will be explored, and strategies for moving on offered.

GIS on the Local Level: A Study on Methodologies and Results from a Stone Circle Site - FERRIS, Bill (1998)
Although GIS has now come into its own for large scale modelling and site management purposes its application to smaller site specific applications has not been generally recognized. This paper examines the use of GIS techniques through the use of ArcView and related software to a specific archaeological site, the Pawson Site (DgMr-152), a large stone circle site located south of Estevan, Saskatchewan. The various problems of data recovery and recording are examined, current results are reviewed, and recommendations for such small-scale future GIS projects are offered.

Archaeology Beyond Dialogue - Neal Ferris (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

PLANNING FOR THE PLANNING ACT...AGAIN - FERRIS, Neil (1996)
On March 28th, 1995, the Ontario Government passed a revised Planning Act which, among other things, consolidated and enhanced archaeological conservation provisions in the provincial land use planning process. On June 6th, 1995, the Ontario Conservative party won a majority government in the provincial election and, amongst other things, immediately proposed reforming the Planning Act. The NEW new Planning Act is currently slated to be revised and proclaimed by the summer of 1996. At the time of writing this abstract, archaeological conservation provisions are proposed for the new version of the Act, albeit addressed in a starkly reformed manner. This paper offers a personal 'tour' of the seemingly endless cycle of revising legislation, implementing policy and training users to address archaeological conservation in land use planning over the last three years; and considers the implications of the current changes in land use planning for the continued(?) conservation of archaeological heritage during a time of radically changing government priorities and realities.

Objects as Stepping Stones: Sustainable Archaeology - Neal Ferris; Aubrey Cannon; John Welch (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Perles, ficelle, ceintures : archéologie du contact et archéologie en tant que contact - Neal Ferris (2003)

Late Woodland Central Algonquian Autumn Settlement-Subsistence Patterns from the Van Bemmel Site - Neal Ferris (1989)
Until recently, the Western Basin Late Woodland Tradition of southwestern-most Ontario has been an unknown archaeological entity. However, several salvage excavations conducted over the last two field seasons have substantially increased the database for this cultural group. In particular, data recovered suggests that the settlement-subsistence pattern for this group was characterized by band coalescence-dispersal over the course of the seasonal round, based on periods of resource abundance and scarcity. Consequently, sites tend to reflect subsistence strategies utilized for relatively specific periods of the seasonal round. This is so for the Van Bemmel site (AdHm-31), a Younge phase (900-1200 A. D.) habitation located on McGreagor's Creek in west Kent County. Preliminary results suggest that site function was as a late fall hunting camp, where butchering and processing of mainly deer was the primary (almost exclusive) activity. This is reflected in both settlement data, faunal remains, and material culture.

Contact Archaeology in Southern Ontario... and Other Oxymorons - Neal Ferris (2006)
Interpreting the early contact archaeology in southern Ontario usually begins with the assumption that contact with Europeans was an entirely unique experience to Aboriginal people, the impact of which exacerbated by a "profound localism" assumed previously during the Late Woodland. Central to these contact era interpretations of Aboriginal archaeology has been the assumed dominance of European interests and motivations on events and Aboriginal behaviours. Yet these are assumptions that emerge from a distinct conceptual filter: one that sees archaeology interpreted through history. A revised conceptual filter that sees history interpreted through archaeology - archaeology being an oppositional dataset to written records rather than an assumed compliment to them - leads to a very different understanding of the archaeological record. This shift in emphasis and reorientation leave the concept of "contact" to be an oxymoron, and demonstrates archaeological patterns and Aboriginal behaviours to be remarkably consistent with the patterns and behaviours seen archaeologically in previous - and subsequent - centuries.

Presenting Archaeology In Court: Legal Strategies for Protecting Cultural Resources - Neal Ferris (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Warning-Steep Grade Ahead: Current Directions in Canadian Archaeology – Papers of the CAA Plenary - compiled by Neal Ferris (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2000)

LOYALISTS ALONG THE GRAND NINETEENTH CENTURY ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MOHAWK VILLAGE, SIX NATIONS, BRANTFORD - Neal Ferris; Kenyon, Ian (1991)
After the American Revolution, the British Government granted a large tract of land along the Grand River in Southwestern Ontario to members of the Six Nations Iroquois who were loyal to the British Crown and had chosen to leave New York State. About 1,800 people, led by Joseph Brant, settled along the river south of present day Brantford. By the late eighteenth century a chain of Six Nations villages extended down the Grand River, consisting of loose agglomerations of log cabins. In what eventually would be south Brantford was the Upper Mohawk Village, where Joseph Brant, his family, and a number of other Mohawk families lived, adjacent to a frame chapel. Development activities in the early 1980s, situated adjacent to the still standing Mohawk Chapel revealed a number of features related to the nineteenth century Upper Mohawk settlement. Excavations focused on an area represented by two cellar pits with associated features, occupied sequentially by the same family between the beginning of the nineteenth century and 1860s. The archaeological materials recovered from these two occupations, as well as the findings from other areas of the village, document changes to settlement-subsistence and material culture use through this period of massive change in southern Ontario, and also show how changes differed between this highly Christianized Iroquois group and other, more conservative sectors of the Grand River Six Nations community. As well the archaeological data obtained from this site both augment and contradict traditional historical interpretations of Mohawk culture history in the nineteenth century, demonstrating the potential value archaeological investigations have in the area of Late Historic Native studies.

Recent Recoveries of Human Remains from Northern Manitoba - Finch, David M. (2004)
Since 1990, the skeletal remains of approximately100 First Nations individuals have been recovered from the Churchill River Diversion area in northern Manitoba, representing a range of cultural phases over the preceding 6500 years. The majority of these were the result of archaeological mitigations conducted by the Province of Manitoba (Historic Resources Branch) consequent to hydroelectric flooding, with analysis conducted in conjunction with The Manitoba Museum, the University of Winnipeg and the University of Manitoba. This paper will outline the physical anthropology of some of the individuals in question, and examine patterns among mortuary practice particularly in regards to Historic burials.

Cuneiform - Odette Boivin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2015)

The 1971 excavations at the Donaldson site: A preliminary report - William D. Finlayson (Bulletin, 1971)

Additional Data on Saugeen Focus Burial Practices - William D. Finlayson (1973)
The excavation of a secondary cemetery at the Donaldson site has provided additional data on burial practices in southwestern Ontario during the Middle Woodland Period. Methods of treatment of the body prior to internment were extended to include dismemberment and partial cremation. Additional burial positions included the extended position and the flexed position with the individual lying on its stomach. There were also differences in the kinds and nature of association of grave goods. The occurrence of Hopewellian grave goods such as cut sheet mica and copper pan pipe covers indicates a limited but definite participation in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere.

Le site Draper - séquence d'expansion du village : la modélisation virtuelle tridimensionnelle et les animations en interpr&eacute - William D. Finlayson; Rick Fischer (2003)

On the Use of Computers in Processing Settlement Pattern Data from Iroquoian Sites - William D. Finlayson (1976)
In 1975, salvage excavations were carried out at the Draper site, a 15th century Huron village site near Toronto, Ontario. This resulted in the investigation of more than five acres of the site. All settlement pattern data is being processed by computer. This paper summarizes the nature and potential of the computer-based system which has been developed.

The 1975 rescue excavations at the Draper site – a preliminary report - William D. Finlayson (Bulletin, 1975)

The Archaeology of Communities: A Northern Iroquoian Example from Southern Ontario, Canada - William D. Finlayson (1999)
Archaeological study of more than 250,000 artifacts from 75 Iroquoian sites in the Crawford Lake area of Southern Ontario over the past 25 years has revealed a complex occupation by 'proto-Huron' peoples, and by 'proto-Neutral' peoples and the prehistoric and historic Neutral peoples who were their descendants. These were Iroquoian- speaking peoples who practiced slash-and-burn horticulture and lived in long houses in villages from 0.5 to 5 hectares in extent. Current data reveal that the area was first occupied about A.D. 1000 by 'proto-Huron' peoples, and it has been possible to trace the history of two communities of 'proto-Huron' peoples as they relocated and merged their villages at least 13 times over a period of 500 years. In the late 15th century A.D. five communities of 'proto-Neutral' peoples moved into the Crawford Lake area from the west and established their villages within 2.8-7.3 km (mean=4.6) of the single 'proto-Huron' village. This had the effect of surrounding the original 'proto-Huron' occupants. It is hypothesized that the peaceful co-existence and close proximity of these villages was possible as a result of alliance formation and maintenance which involved trading, feasting, and perhaps exchange of women. Material culture recovered from archaeological deposits of these sites reveals that many artifacts served not only a practical function but also as badges indicating the community where they were made and used. The approach taken, and results obtained, have significant implications for the archaeological study of slash-and-burn horticulturists world-wide in the 21st century.

The Last 25 Years of Archaeology in the Great Lakes Region of Southern Ontario: The Good (not the Bad and the Ugly) - William D. Finlayson; Lawrence Jackson; David Smith (2000)
Over the past 25 years, there have been significant advances in archaeology in the Great Lakes region of southern Ontario. From increases in the numbers of archaeological projects, to the advent of legislation pertaining to archaeological resources; to the application of new technologies to archaeological problems, archaeology has been changed radically. These advances have increased our knowledge of the history of the occupation of Canada by Native peoples over the past 11,000 years. This paper reviews these significant developments.

The Archaeology of Patterson Village – A 19th Century Company Town in the Township of Vaughan, Ontario - Francisco Rivera (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

RE-EVALUATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME CANOE ROUTES - FINLEY, Scott; Dale HOOD (1996)
Assessment of linear corridors can provide researchers with new perspectives and opportunities, especially if the approach includes the integration of multi-disciplinary data. This was found to be the case during an Environmental Impact Assessment of a 125 km-long Trans-Canada Highway corridor through southern New Brunswick. Research and collation of cultural and bio-physical data have resulted in a new interpretation of the association between several archaeological sites and the Washademoak-Petitcodiac canoe route. This paper presents data that point to nearly 4,000 years of route utilization. Cow Point, at the western end of Grand Lake area, is not an anomalous burial site along a pre-contact backwater. The paper presents the hypothesis that Cow Point is at a highly productive hub or confluence of pre-contact travel routes. Data supporting that contention are provided.

Development Archaeology/Public Archaeology the Souris Basin Heritage Study - Finnigan, Jim; ROLLANS, Maureen (1989)
The province of Saskatchewan is building reservoirs along the Souris River and Moose Mountain Creek. The Saskatchewan Research Council is directing a multi-year archaeological study of these reservoirs for the Souris Basin Development Authority (the proponent). One of the components of this study is public archaeology. This is the first time in Saskatchewan that a program of public archaeology has been incorporated into an impact mitigation study. This paper discusses the range of public programs offered in 1988 and the public response to date. Suggestions for an improved program are offered.

Post-Inundation Impacts within the Rafferty and Alameda Reservoirs - Finnigan, Jim (1994)
The Rafferty and Alameda Reservoirs were constructed in the late 1980s as part of an integrated water management project in southeastern Saskatchewan. Although precipitation within the region has been below normal, portions of both reservoirs have been inundated since the early 1990s. In 1993, the author had the opportunity to re-visit both reservoirs after a partial draw-down. This paper will compare current hypotheses on reservoir impacts to heritage sites with the results of the 1993 field work. In general, site impacts were quite severe despite the relatively short period of inundation. While the filling rate for the Rafferty Reservoir may be atypical, the information obtained in 1993 has implications for managing important sites during drawdowns. Finally, there are a large number of reservoirs on the prairies and few, if any, have an explicit strategy for heritage site protection. This paper will touch on some of the issues that must be considered in such a plan.

Integrating Heritage into Forestry Management: A Saskatchewan Approach - Finnigan, Jim; Terry Gibson; Don Pawson; Dave Harman (1993)
Forestry presents unique challenges to the field of cultural resource management, because the scale of impact is huge and the range of potential disturbances are highly variable. Consequently, most foresters have not been willing to consider heritage impacts within their management planning. With funding from Weyerhaeuser Canada, Mistik Management Ltd., Forestry Canada, and the Saskatchewan Heritage Foundation, a three years research project to integrate heritage into forestry management has been initiated. The objectives of this program are to classify forestry impacts, to produce a regional model to aid in predicting where archaeological sites are located, and to provide a management systern that is able to integrate site sensitivity with potential forestry impacts. The result will be a GIS-based system that will allow Saskatchewan forestry companies to use the least damaging harvesting and reforestation techniques in areas with the highest site potential, or to avoid these areas completely. The first year of this project has been completed and this paper will report on the result.

Issues in Heritage Potential Modeling: A View from Central Saskatchewan - James FINNIGAN (1998)
The development and use of heritage potential models have increased dramatically in the last few years, driven by the availability of powerful, yet affordable GIS systems, and driven by large scale land developments, primarily forestry. Although there are some common themes in the approaches taken, few practitioners have begun to address such fundamental issues of scale, precision, accuracy, evaluation and modification. Heritage potential models make good straw men and unless these issues are addressed, the primary consumers of these models will begin to lose confidence. This paper addresses these issues from the perspective of a series of interrelated modeling projects in central Saskatchewan. The project began as a series of 10,000 ha test models and over a four year period evolved into a 10,000,000 ha model. As such, it provides an ideal data set for discussing these issues.

PREDICTIVE MODELING ALONG THE SASKATCHEWAN RIVER - Finnigan, Jim (1991)
During the 1970s and 1980s a substantial amount of archaeological survey was completed along stretches of the Saskatchewan River between Nipawin and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. A wide range of survey techniques was employed, from surface reconnaissance to probabilistic sampling. Because this river is situated in a transitional zone between the aspen parkland and the boreal forest, a clearer picture of the distribution of sites here could be used as starting model for site location in the two adjacent ecotones. This paper presents a preliminary report on process of building a predictive site location model for the Saskatchewan River.

Are Resource Managers Expert (Systems)? A Proposal for Developing and Applying Knowledge-Based Rules Using GIS - Finnigan, Jim (1992)
Effective resource management requires an intimate knowledge of the resource base and an equally thorough understanding of the types of impacts and their effects. Current resource managers are hampered because they, and the rest of the archaeological community, have a less than desirable knowledge of both. As a result, typical decision making matrices are relatively simple, employing discontinuous variables (high, medium, low), and binary assumptions (there is an impact/thrre is no impact). This is not the best level of decision making that can be achieved, and is particularly ineffective for managing regional scale impacts such as forestry and agriculture. It is argued here that we should start looking at the resource management process in a much broader context. Ideally, we would look at probability of site occurrence, type of site, probability of detection, type of impact, equipment used, soils, weather, vegetation cover, etc. In doing so, we are forced to move from a two dimensional to an 'n' dimensional decision matrix. Without ingesting harmful substances, people don't like to think in 'n' dimensions. Computers are not as inhibited – what's a dimension? We can create expert systems to determine the best possible management solutions and then apply these solutions, as rules, to the landscape using GIS. This paper discusses a proposal for an appropriate pilot study and outlines some of the potential benefits of such an approach.

Baseline Knowledge: Issues in Managing an Unknown Resource / Connaissances de base : la gestion d'une ressource inconnue - Finnigan, Jim (1997)
The key component in any resource management plain is to know something about the resource being managed. As part of the current integration of archaeology into forestry activities, archaeologists are being asked to create heritage management plans on huge tracts of land with often little or no baseline information. The first response is usually to fall back on analogy and to take plans from elsewhere and apply them to the study area. Often this is referred to as modeling although many attempts fall far short of the minimal definition of what constitutes a model. This paper discusses the need to develop minimal baseline knowledge of a region as a prerequisite of developing a heritage management plans. It goes further to suggest that it is both unscientific and unethical to develop plans without some level of baseline knowledge. Finally it discusses the components required for developing baseline knowledge of a region and ways these can be integrated into a developing resource management plan.

Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics - Laura Finsten (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)

Prehispanic Settlement in the Mixtec Sierra of Oaxaca, Mexico - Finsten, Laura M. (1993)
Systematic settlement pattern survey of a 1000 km segment of the mountainous frontier between the Valleys of Oaxaca and Nochixtlan has yielded data on more than 500 sites in the remote area of Oaxaca, Mexico. This paper presents an interpretive summary of the settlement pattern changes in the survey area and relates them to processes of change in the states of the major nuclear zones in the southern highlands.

Un systéme d'information urbain à référence spatiale appliqué à l'archéologie - Fiset, Bendit (1993)
Le développement du tissu urbain a rendu la planification, la réalisation et l'analyse des interventions archéologiques complexes. Une grande quantité d'informations doit être examinée. En archéologie ces informations proviennent de sources historiques ou dans certains cas d'autres sous-organismes, municipaux ou non telle l'hygiéne du milieu, les réseaux d'équipements souterrains, etc. La fouille, proprement dite, génére une quantité respectable d'informations pour fins d'analyse. La corrélation de toutes ces informations pour des études ultérieures s'avére extrêmement complexe et laborieuse. Il s'agit d'un projet pilote, en collaboration avec la Ville de Québec et le Département de Géomatique du Collége de Limoilou. Ce projet vise à créer un outil d'aide à la planification, au traitement, au stockage et à l'analyse des interventions archéologiques. Cet outil informatique gére en fait des informations alpha-numériques et graphiques, dans un systéme de coordonnées absolues. De par sa relation avec d'autres S.I.U.R.S. d'une même municipalité, ce projet améliorera la protection du patrimoine.

A 19th Century Burial from Lake Esnagami, Northwest Ontario - Fisher, Tal (2001)
In August of 1994, human skeletal remains and a quantity of 19th Century artifacts were handed over from the Michigan State Police to the Ontario Provincial Police. The remains were determined to be from Lake Esnagami in northwestern Ontario and of cultural origin. Standard forensic techniques are applied to investigate the nature of the remains including racial affiliation, age, sex, stature, and general health. Results of both the osteological and artifact analyses are discussed as well as how the remains came to the office of the Archaeology Branch.

Forgotten, Found, then Lost: In Search of Bruce County's Past - William R. Fitzgerald; Barbara Ribey (2002)
Artifacts are more than a storage problem, and the motivation for the establishment of local repositories for archaeological collections should be greater than the alleviation of storage problems for commercial archaeologists. Over the past 125 years, hundreds of thousands of archaeological objects have been removed from Bruce County by relic hunters and archaeologists – today, only a fraction of recovered archaeological material remains within the county. With collections scattered across North America, an awareness of Bruce County's First Nations' heritage will remain severely diminished until their current whereabouts become known and, ideally, the collections repatriated to a local facility that can afford them appropriate curation, public visibility, and ready access to researchers.

The Cache (DaEh-1) Site : Deciphering a Cultural Crossroads - William R. Fitzgerald (1993)
L'île-aux-Basques is a small island in the estuary of the St. Lawrence River located across from the mouth of the Saguenay River. Archival documents, historical accounts, and archaeological investigations reveal that the island was visited by numerous ethnic groups. Archaeological excavations conducted at the Cache (DaEh-1) site in 1992 uncovered components that include late Middle Woodland, 15th century, and mid-17th century aboriginal campsites. A diversity of non-local materials clearly indicate that this area in particular was an active cultural crossroads that not only linked the lower Great Lakes with western Europe but which also included. a north-south route that linked the Bay of Fundy with central and northern Québec. And as would be expected, local marine resources were a major attraction to the island.

Copper Based Metal Testing as an Aid to Understanding Early European-Amerindian Interaction: Scratching the Surface - William R. Fitzgerald; Peter G. Ramsden (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)
A metallurgical analysis of 21 copper-based artifacts from 9 Iroquoian sites dating between A.D. 1550 and 1650, along with one sample of native copper from Algoma, suggests that a pattern is discernible in the changing metal content of these artifacts through time. The earliest samples tend to be predominantly copper, and may be difficult to distinguish from native copper, while the later ones are more likely to contain increasing amounts of other inclusions. It is suggested that this change reflects a changing industrial base in France in the late sixteenth century, and a shift from the exportation of high-quality goods to the mass production of cheaper goods specifically for the export trade.

Glass Beads - William R. Fitzgerald (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

Champlain's Nation Neutre: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives of the Neutral Iroquoians - William R. Fitzgerald (1993)
Limited but tantalizing historical accounts and a century of intensive archaeological. investigation provide a wealth of information for reconstructing the cultural evolution of the Iroquoian group that occupied the southernmost region of Ontario. The nature of Neutral Iroquoian society in existence when Champlain, Daillon, Brébeuf, and Chaumonot were in southern Ontario differs significantly from the earlier phases of Neutral development. The environmental and cultural influences that moulded and re-shaped Neutral culture during the centuries before their dispersal between 1647 and 1651 will be examined, and a revised periodization of Neutral history, based on a range of cultural traits, will be presented.

Untanglers of Matters Temporal and Cultural: Glass Beads and the Early Contact Period Huron Ball Site - William R. Fitzgerald; Dean H. Knight; Allison Bain (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)
Despite the positive chronological determinations that have been derived from sixteenth and seventeenth century glass beads, this artifact has yet to receive the respect it deserves for elucidating a variety of cultural dilemmas. This paper presents a review of a generally accepted bead chronology that has been established for northeastern North America, examines various interpretive uses to which the assemblage from the Huron Ball village can be placed, and finally evaluates the cultural explanations that have been derived from INAA analyses of turquoise-coloured glass beads.

Contact, Contraction, and the Little Ice Age - William R. Fitzgerald (1992)
The explanation of cultural developments for the Neutral Iroquoians of southern Ontario during the 16th and 17th centuries has been largely influenced by the fact that many of the changes occurred during the initial era of the European presence in eastern North America. Additional modifying factors can be attributed both directly and indirectly to other human and natural agencies through a re-evaluation of the available archaeological and ecological record.

The Massawomeck: Raiders and Traders into the Chesapeake Bay in the Seventeenth Century - William R. Fitzgerald (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

MINING IN THE NORTH: COMMUNITY ISSUES IN THE FROBISHER BAY META INCOGNITA PROJECT - William Fitzhugh (1996)
In 1990 a proposal for archaeological studies at the Kodlunarn Island site in outer Frobisher Bay, the site of Martin Frobisher's 'gold' mines of 1576-78, initiated the development of a large research programme on the history, remains and consequences of Frobisher's voyages and mines in the New World. In addition to archaeology, the project included Inuit oral history, archival studies, environmental sciences and geology. This paper deals with community aspects of the MIP project: local interest, permissions, educational values, research training, museum issues, publicity, tourism and economic impacts, and residual effects. Although organized as a research project, perspectives from the MIP may be useful in thinking about the role of research as a component of large-scale development and mining programmes elsewhere in the North, and their impacts on local communities.

A Maritime Archaic Cemetery at Rattlers Bight, Labrador - William Fitzhugh (1976)
In 1974 and 1975 a Maritime Archaic cemetery was excavated at Rattlers Bight, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. The burial site is associated with a large habitation settlement which has been excavated at the same location. Both date to the period ca 4000-3800 B.P. Excavation results include a tool assemblage similar to that obtained at the living site. Ritual specialization of grave goods is not indicated. Poor preservation of organic remains limits extensive comparison with Port-au-Cboix, but preliminary conclusions suggest significant differences between Rattlers Bight and other Moorehead or Maritime Archaic cemetery couplexes. Some of these differences indicate that regionalism in burial traditions cross-cuts certain long-range similarities in tool class types and burial form. Study of this variation should facilitate understanding of relationships between regional groups as well as providing insight into the role of burial customs in these societies.

Field work on the central Labrador coast: 1974 - William Fitzhugh (Bulletin, 1974)

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FROBISHER VOYAGES: RESULTS AND PROSPECTS - William Fitzhugh (1991)
The Frobisher Voyages (1576-1578) present one of the most interesting opportunities for integrated historical anthropological and archaeological studies in the Quincentennial era. While the history of this earliest English enterprise on the soil of the New World is well known, its archaeological and ethnographic aspects have received cursory treatment. This paper reviews the history of research, dwelling particularly upon recent interdisciplinary work on the Frobisher settlements and mines and archeometric studies of the early-dating Frobisher iron blooms. Results of recent surveys conducted in outer Frobisher Bay in 1990 are presented. Finally, a plan coordinated with the Canadian Steering Committee for Frobisher research is presented for forthcoming studies in history and oral history, historical archaeology, European-Inuit acculturation, and environmental research.

Developmental aspects of Labrador Maritime Archaic social and mortuary systems: an example of marine-related cultural intensification - William Fitzhugh (1981)
Recent archaeological work in Labrador has resulted in long-sought-after settlement data for Maritime Archaic cultures which occupied this region 7500-3500 years ago. Previous information on the development of these cultures has come from the field of technology, subsistence, culture area distribution, and mortuary and exchange systems. By themselves, these data suggested that Maritime Archaic culture was technologically and socially advanced compared with later prehistoric and ethnographic groups of the coastal northeast. Recent discoveries strengthen this view and provide our first clues about social organization and demography as revealed by site settlement patterns and domestic architecture. Changes in site size and complexity and in the size of dwelling structures through time suggests shifts from simple to larger and more complex forms of social organization, and are in turn related to intensification of mortuary patterns and increased movement of exotic materials. These changes are discussed together with local and regional environmental and culture history. The new data provide a more secure basis for supporting and understanding developmental processes in Maritime Archaic culture and their distinctions from later Indian groups of the far northeast. Comparisons are drawn to northwest coast and other cultures and speculation is offered on some of the factors that may be involved.

Smithsonian archaeological investigations on the Central Labrador Coast in 1973: A preliminary report - William Fitzhugh (Bulletin, 1973)

Houses, Mounds, and Monuments: The Maritime Archaic As Seen From Outer Space - William Fitzhugh (2002)
The Maritime Archaic culture left a permanent and record of their 4000 year history in Labrador in the form of large stone caches, burial mounds, houses, and caribou drives. In addition to leaving a tangible and highly visible mark on the land, they also incorporated landscapes into their worldview, belief systems, and artifacts through the positioning of sites and monuments with respect to dramatic geographic features from which they drew inspiration and spiritual power. This paper reviews the geotactic inclinations of an ancient seafaring people as it could be interpreted by a landscape archaeologist from outer space.

The Dorset-Thule Transition: Culture Change in the Eastern Canadian Arctic - William Fitzhugh (1992)
In 1968, seeking advice on a graduate paper featuring the Dorset-Thule transition, the author sent a copy to Bill Taylor for review and comment. In retrospect the response was predictable – vigorous, thoughtful, witty, and provocative – and set the tone for a stim-ulating personal relationship of twenty-five years standing. Taylor's comment concluded: 'I suggest you have the paper read by others, for it may contain an article well worth publishing – I am too predisposed to its basic thinking to be a good judge of that [but] ... most arctic types would probably recommend the deletion of most of the theoretical and methodological content.' Unfortunately, though I have shared the paper with a number of others, I never got around to taking up Taylor's challenge of publication. Today the Dorset-Thule transition remains one of the most puzzling subjects in Eastern Arctic prehistory, despite advances in many other areas. The problem remains resistant to study and has received few contributions in the literature. Since much of the substance from the original paper has never appeared elsewhere in print, it is high time to take up Taylor's challenge and present a publishable version accounting for Taylor's unique contributions, his critique of the original draft, contributions by other scholars, and new field data.

ARCHAEOLOGY OF A THULE VILLAGE IN NORTHERN LABRADOR - William Fitzhugh (1991)
The Thule period and its relationships to Dorset and late Indian occupations of central and northern Labrador is an important but little known period in Labrador prehistory. Large populations and strong cultural, economic, and ethnic contrasts characterize this period, which led directly to the establishment of modern Inuit and Innu populations and laid the foundation for the historical period. While Late Dorset, Point Revenge, and historic Inuit cultures are well-described, the Thule period has not been given sufficient attention. This paper presents information from recent Thule excavations on Staffe Island in the Killinek region in the context of other Labrador Thule data and proposes an interaction model for the period AD 1000-1500 leading to the modern era.

Archaeologioal Reconnaissance in Hamilton Inlet and Lake Melville, Labrador, 1968 - William Fitzhugh (1969)
The initial field season of a planned two-year study of the archaeology of the central coast of Labrador has been completed. Aided by air-photo interpretation a survey of the transitional zone from the forested interior to the barren coast has resulted in recognition of a dual series of Indian and Eskimo components. At North West River small Indian sites spanning a period of about three thousand years have been excavated, and a five-stage sequence of occupation has been proposed. Surveys in Groswater Bay (Hamilton Inlet) suggest amplification of the NWR data to include an older unit using ground slate tools and late prehistoric unit which may represent prehistoric Naskaupi. Eskimo remains include recent historic sites within eastern Lake Melville, and a fine sequence of 16th-18th Century winter sites in the Narrows. Labrador Thule culture was not found but probably exists in the outer reaches of Groswater Bay. Finally, a series of small Dorset campsites was found on Ticoralak Island, indicating a regional variant of this culture with several new Dorset types represented. Very little evidence was found suggesting contact between Eskimo and Indian groups for any of this period. Dorset and Indian cultures contemporaneous with it are distinctly different in technology, typology, and geographic distribution. Other points to be discussed include a possible hiatus of Eskimo occupation between Dorset and Thule times, distributional evidence for several of the Indian components, and comments on cultural ecology and lithic analysis.

A Heterarchical or Hierarchical Landscape? An Alternative Approach to the Distribution of Tholos Tombs in the Bronze Age Argolid - Rodney Fitzsimmons (2008)
The present study seeks to re-assess the role played by tholos tombs in the processes of social stratification and state formation that took place in the northeast Peloponnese of the Greek mainland during the Early Mycenaean period. Between the LH IIA and LH IIIA:1 periods (ca. 1600-1370 B.C.), a total of fourteen tholos tombs displaying a wide range in size, technical skill and location were constructed throughout the region. Traditional scholarship associates these funerary monuments with nearby settlements and interprets them as prominent vehicles for the advertisement of status and prestige on the part of local elite. This paper offers an alternate interpretation, suggesting instead that they served to symbolize the expanding authority of a single regional power, namely Mycenae, functioning as territorial indicators marking the boundaries of Mycenaean dominance at the edges of the Argive plain and laying claim to the entire region on behalf of the Mycenaean elite.

Lawn Point and Kasta: Microblade Sites on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia - K.R. Fladmark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)
This report summarizes data from Lawn Point and Kasta on the Queen Charlotte Islands, northern Pacific coast of British Columbia. These archaeological sites have yielded multiple stratified microblade components, radiocarbon dated between 7,400 and 5,500 years B.P.

Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations near Shuswap Lakes, B.C. - Sharon Johnson Fladmark (1973)
During the summer of 1972, under a salvage contract from the National Museum of Man, archaeological investigations were conducted in the Shuswap Lakes region of south-central B.C. In total 7 sites were tested, four of which had housepits. Test excavation of these housepit sites of the Kamloops phase (1360-1750) revealed information on house structure and the subsistence base. EfQv 4, on the Adams River, represents a fishing/hunting camp of a middle period: artifacts include 2 large corner-notched points and 1 lanceolate point. EeQw 6 which, due to necessities of salvage was most intensively investigated, yielded approximately 2,000 artifacts. In addition, a probably historic burial was excavated. Burial goods include 22 artifacts, several of which are engraved bone and dentalia. The complete absence of microblades and microblade cores in the sites tested is of interest when considered in relation to the high number of Plano type points from this region.

The Prehistory of Northern Interior British Columbia - FLADMARK, Knut (1999)
This paper will offer a summary overview of current information about the prehistory of the intermountain interior of British Columbia, north of the Chilcotin Plateau. Covering over 330,000 sq. km. (the approximate size of Finland) it is archaeologically the least known part of the province, with only a few excavated sites. Nevertheless, as far as currently available information suggests, throughout prehistory it seems to have been influenced by cultural information (and/or people) moving inland along Bering Strait, Arctic Ocean and Pacific drainage systems, which all closely converge in this area, and which may have stimulated a unique array of sub-regional cultural patterns.

Possible Early Human Occupation of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia - Knut R. Fladmark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

Par voie de terre ou de mer? Examen des traces prouvant l'existence d'une route côtiére par laquelle les premiers Nord-Amé - Knut R. Fladmark (2003)

Prehistory of the North American Subarctic: the Athabaskan Question - K.R. Fladmark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)

FROM LAND TO SEA: LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTS OF THE NORTHERN NORTHWEST COAST - FLADMARK, Knut (1996)
This paper summarizes current information regarding Late Quaternary environments of the Northern Northwest Coast. Special attention will be paid to palaeoenvironmental factors with the potential of absolutely limiting a human presence in any given region, or strongly affecting cultural adaptations, including the timing and extent of Late Pleistocene ice-advances, major sea-level changes and the developmental histories of the Stikine, Nass and Skeena River systems. Lesser attention will be paid to the evolution of terrestrial biotic systems since about 15-20,000 years BP, as revealed by palynological studies. Because of significant intra-regional variation, palaeoenvironments will be discussed in terms of three subareas: 1. the Queen Charlotte Islands, 2. Southeastern Alaska and, 3. the northern mainland coast, extending inland along the rivers to about Telegraph Creek-Hazelton. A particularly interesting feature was an emergent land-bridge which connected the Queen Charlotte Islands to the mainland in the early Holocene and which ended in a very rapid rise in sea-levels about 9-10,000 BP, possibly recorded in Haida flood legends. Other potentially catastrophic events described in native traditions include the Aiyansh lava flow about 220 BP in the Nass River valley and the Rocher Déboulé landslide in the Skeena River valley about 3,500 years ago.

An Introduction to the Prehistory of British Columbia - K.R. Fladmark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1982)

Thoughts on the Origin and Relationships of Northwest Coast Art - K.R. Fladmark (1973)
The relative significance of in-situ development versus external influences on the early evolution of Northwest Coast art is discussed in the light of recent archaeological data. Evidence is presented to support the view that some stylistic features of Northwest Coast art are a result of relatively late prehistoric influences from the Bering Strait region.

An Archaeological Survey of the Peace River Valley of British Columbia - K.R. Fladmark (1976)
Archaeological surveying in the Peace River valley of British Columbia in the summers of 1974 and 1975 was funded by B.C. Hydro as part of an impact assessment program for proposed hydroelectric reservoirs. Over 300 sites have been recorded to date on the basis of both judgemental and probabilistic sampling procedures. Artifact typologies and geochronology indicate occupation of the area from at least 10-11,000 B.P. although no excavated sequences are yet established. Projectile point types frequently indicate close ties with the Northwestern and Central Plains. Of special interest was the relocation of a number of Northwest Company and Hudson's Bay fur trade forts, including the earliest such site on the mainland of British Columbia, established ca. 1794.

Introduction to Charlie Lake Cave - FLADMARK, Knut (1994)
Excavations at Charlie Lake Cave in 1983, 1990 and 1991 produced a significant sequence of deposits spanning Late Pleistocene and Holocene times. This symposium presents recent research on sediments, artifacts and fauna, followed by a discussion period. Artifacts from the site will be on display.

AMS Dating of Two Wooden Artifacts from the Northwest Coast - K.R. Fladmark; D.E. Nelson; T.A. Brown; J.S. Vogel; J.R. Southon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1987)
Two wooden artifacts of considerable artistic and technological interest to Northwest Coast prehistorians have been dated using the AMS radiocarbon method. The results indicate that prehistoric Northwest Coast artists were producing wood carvings fully comparable in quality and iconographic complexity to those of the ethnographic peoples of the same region.

A comparison of sea-levels and prehistoric cultural development on the west and east coasts - K. Fladmark (1981)
In an earlier work I proposed that the prehistory of the north-west coast could be broadly divided into 2 basic sequential culture stages: (1) an early lithic Horizon which seemed to represent a relatively simple and generalized adaptation; and (2) a later shell-midden horizon which approximates the relatively complex and specialized culture pattern of the ethnographic Pacific coast. I attempted to explain the relatively radical and synchronous shift between these 'horizons' all along the northwest coast, about 5000-4000 B.P., as an indirect result of the quasi-stabilization of regional relative sea-levels. The fundamental theoretical assumptions were: a. attainment of a specialized 'climax' cultural adaptation is not possible until the natural ecosystem reaches and maintains an optimum steady state; b. equilibrium of coastal ecosystems is most directly governed by the lateral location of the shoreline, and its rate of movement, which in turn is a product of various factors affecting regional sea-level, and bottom topography. Although specifically intended as a model attempting to explain northwest coast culture change, the basic concept should be applicable to any maritime region. In this paper I will apply this model to the prehistory of the Atlantic region of Canada and adjacent northern New England. Local sea-level curves and prehistoric sequences will be compared and con- trasted to those of the northwest coast. It will be argued that northeastern Atlantic sea-levels have been significantly less stable than those of the northwest coast, particularly over the last 3-5000 years. This may be a fundamental indirect cause preventing the development of complex maritime oriented cultures in late coastal Algonquian prehistory.

An Overview of the Late Prehistory of Subarctic British Columbia - FLADMARK, Knut (2005)
British Columbia spans significant portions of the Northwest Coast, Plateau and Subarctic culture areas as usually defined for aboriginal North America. However, in comparison to the considerable amount of information now available for its Northwest Coast and Plateau segments, the precontact human story of Subarctic British Columbia still has received no published synthesis. This paper will offer an initial summary and discussion of the late prehistory (i.e. the last ca. 5,000 years) of that large region.It has long been presumed that access to salmon was a significant factor increasing human populations and heightening cultural complexity on the adjacent Northwest Coast and Plateau. The validity of that notion for Subarctic British Columbia will be tested by comparing the late prehistoric cultural records of its 'salmon' vs. 'non-salmon areas. Attention also will be paid to that persistent question of how long Athapaskan groups may have occupied their ethnographic territories in Subarctic BC and who (if anyone) lived there before them. Related to that is the possibility that such pre-contact ethnolinguistic distributions also were linked to a differential availability of salmon.

Ancient Canada - Knut R. Fladmark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

Pottery Replication Studies: Applications for Research and Interpretation / études sur la reproduction de poteries : applications pour la reche - FLYNN, Catherine; Mary Ann TISDALE (1997)
Over the last few years the authors have conducted informal experiments in hand building and open pit firing. We focus on replicating vessels found in collections from Manitoba, Saskatchewan and portions of the Northeastern Plains area. This paper will report on our findings thus far, and explore some of the interpretive opportunities that arose from research activities.

The Comnunity, Settlement and Subsistence Patterns of the Nootka Sound Area: A Diachronic Model - William J. Folan (1973)
A detailed analysis of all available prehistoric and historic data relating to the Nootka Sound Area, Vancouver Island, British Columbia has made possible the formation of viable inferences leading to a developmental model of the cultures inhabiting the shore of the Sound from earliest times to present. Pertinent data have been drawn principally from ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources describing, the inhabitants of Yuquot, a Nootkan village.

Yuquot, British Columbia: The Prehistory and History of a Nootkan Village - Folan, W.J. (1969)
During the summer of 1966, the National Historic Sites Service of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development carried out extensive excavations at the site of the 18th century Spanish military post of Santa Cruz, located within the confines of the prehistoric, historic and contemporary Nootkan village of Yuquot. A multi-discipline effort is being made to analyze the numerous ethnohistorical documents describing the site and its inhabitants during the 18th and 19th Centuries, the 5000 prehistoric and historic artifacts and approximately 100 cubic feet of faunal material recovered during excavation. The results of this study will provide a description and analysis of the prehistoric, historic and contemporary inhabitants of Yuquot plus the role of the site in relation to European, American and Canadian economic and political development.

An analysis and interpretation of the lithic collection from Tall Jawa, an Iron Age site on the Madaba Plateau, Jordan - Foley, C.M.; Urva Linnamae; Dawn Cropper (2001)
This paper examines the lithic material from Tall Jawa, a predominantly Iron Age site in Jordan. There were over 800 lithic specimens recovered from several seasons of excavation. Types range from a Levallois core to blades and burins. While preliminary analysis suggests that most were not in situ, there is evidence to suggest that lithic tool use and technology lasted well into the Islamic period in this region of the Near East. This observation is significant in light of the assumed drastic decline of lithic technology with the advent of metallurgy.

Sinnock: Apaleolithic Camp and Kill Site in Manitoba - Richard G. Forbis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

Proposed Antiquities Legislation for the Province of Alberta - R.G. Forbis (1973)
Established in 1971 under the auspices of the Environment Conservation Authority, the Committee for the Conservation of Historical and Archaeological Resources has presented to the Alberta government a number of proposals to be considered for legislation. The recommendations and the principles underlying them are briefly discussed.

One View of Plains Archaeology in Canada: the Past Decade - Richard G. Forbis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1982)

Final Report on the 1983 Season at the Head-Smashed-in Buffalo Jump, Alberta - Richard G. Forbis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1986)

Anthropology on the Great Plains - Richard G. Forbis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)

Smith-Wintemberg Award - Richard G. Forbis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Early Man in the New World - Richard G. Forbis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)

The Present State of Archaeology on the Canadian Prairies - R.G. Forbis (1973)
Contrasts are presented between the state of archaeology on the Canadian Plains of several years ago in comparison to the present situation, with a view toward illustrating the general nature of changes that have come about both in organizational facilities and research results. Comments on future requirements in both areas are suggested.

Archaeological and Ethnographic Correlates of Seasonality: Problems and Solutions on the Northwest Coast - Pamela J. Ford (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)
Archaeologists paying attention to the clumped nature of Northwest Coast resources suggested that archaeological sites might exhibit functionally-specific materials as a result of site-specific activities. Since a seasonal round of resource acquisition and residential mobility had been observed in the historic period, hypotheses developed that prehistoric subsistence strategies were also based upon the seasonal round. Archaeologists have attempted to test these hypotheses by assessing seasonality at various sites. Additional ethnographic information suggests that the faunal materials for which season at death can be determined may not be good indicators of season of site use. Other questions relating to site complexity, site-specific activities, and subsistence may more readily be addressed with archaeological data form the prehistoric period without reliance upon the ethnographic record for interpretation.

Traversing Unknown Territory: Deciphering the Subsistence and Settlement Patterns of Ontario's Western Basin Tradition (ca. A.D. 500 to 1600) us - Lindsay Foreman (2008)
After three decades of intensive research, the lifestyle choices of the members of the Western Basin Tradition (WBT), who occupied southwestern Ontario during the Late Woodland period (ca. A.D. 500 to 1600), remain somewhat of a mystery to archaeologists. To date, the material cultural evidence recovered from these sites has been rather sparse in comparison to their Ontario Iroquois Tradition (OIT) neighbours in the southeast. Current interpretations of Western Basin subsistence and settlement patterns are based on a combination of ceramic, lithic tool, subterranean feature, and postmould data. This paper adds another element to our understanding: an examination of the hunting, processing, transport, cooking, and discard practices of these groups through the analysis of the faunal remains recovered from their sites. Data synthesized from a number of Western Basin zooarchaeological reports prepared over the past three decades were combined with new data collected during the past year. The results provide greater insight into: Western Basin seasonal activities and overall mobility, the animal species of dietary, economic, social, and spiritual importance, the microenvironments that were preferentially exploited and occupied, and whether the adoption of maize horticulture by these groups affected the timing and location of animal procurement and settlement locations.

La vérité sur les cerfs, les tortues et les chiens : examen des interactions entre les humains et la faune chez les anciens Mayas - Lindsay Foreman (2003)