Zooarchaeology & Field Ecology: A Photographic Atlas - Trevor J. Orchard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)

The Application of Palaeoenvironmental Methodologies to the Analysis of Coastal Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways: Evidence from the Severn Estuary, Southwest - Brown, Alex (2006)
Methods of palaeoenvironmental analysis (e.g., pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoal) play an increasingly central role in investigations of hunter-gatherer lifeways in the British Isles (10,000-4,000 cal BC). This presentation examines the results of the application of these methodologies to late Mesolithic hunter-gatherer sites (c. 6500-4000 cal BC) within the coastal zone of the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain, and their potential application to other geographical areas of study. Research in the Severn Estuary involved the excavation and investigation of stratified occupation contexts, many waterlogged or sealed by peat, in addition to analysis of off-site environmental sequences. Analytical techniques included high resolution pollen, plant macrofossil and quantified charcoal analysis. Marked charcoal horizons were identified from all the sites investigated, some suggesting distinct phases of anthropogenic activity involving the disturbance and manipulation of a range of vegetation environments from reedswamp to woodland edge. Charred seeds from occupation contexts, in cases associated with chipped stone and pollen evidence for small-scale woodland clearances, suggest that hunter-gatherers were managing seasonally available wild resources growing along the coastal woodland edge. The ubiquitous presence of charcoal in sedimentary sequences, sometimes occurring over several hundred years, is argued to reflect the deliberate management of the landscape by hunter-gatherers, either to promote the increased growth and productivity of a range of edible plants, and/or to provide improved graze for ungulate herbivores upon which humans could predate. This viewpoint is supported by ethnohistorical accounts of the role and use of fire in recent aboriginal populations, most notable the pre-Colonial Indians of the Pacific northwest coast of America (Boyd 1999a, 1999b; Turner 1999), the Atlantic coast of New England (Cronon 1983) and Australia (Flood 1983; Bickford and Gell 2005), suggesting that postglacial hunter-gatherers had a significant and sustained impact on the landscape. The application of palaeoenvironmental analyses has proven highly successful in furthering our understanding of Mesolithic lifeways in Britain, in particular, concerning patterns of seasonality, subsistence and settlement. This paper provides an opportunity to explore the applicability of these methodologies to other geographical areas where there is abundant archaeological evidence for hunter-gatherer activities (e.g., continental northwest Europe and northwest America), but where the potential of these methodologies may not yet have been explored or perhaps fully realised.

Chronometric Precision and Accuracy: Radiocarbon and Luminescence Age Estimates for Pacific Northwest Cooking Features - James W. Brown; James K. Feathers; James C. Chatters; Patrick T. McCutcheon; Steven Hackenberger (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)
Advances in chronometric dating are needed to refine chronologies and models of cultural change, and bridging arguments are needed to link age estimates with cultural events. We compare three dating approaches using matched samples from cooking features at three sites in the Puget Sound, finding that luminescence dates for fire-modified rock (FMR), and radiocarbon dates on calcined bone are congruent with radiocarbon dates for charcoal. Dates derived from different media on single features are often within 100 years of each other. We discuss the relative advantages of each type of dating. Calcined bone survives well in acidic soils and yields reliable, accurate, and highly precise age estimates. Luminescence dating is highly accurate, especially if the FMR was sufficiently heated, but has low precision. Calcined bone and FMR should be dated more often, and dated together when charcoal cannot be relied upon. Such practice will allow us to better mark and explain rates of economic changes by locale and region.

Accelerator 14C Dating of the Taber Child - R.M. Brown; H.R. Andrews; G.C. Ball; N. Burn; Y. Imahori; J.C.D. Milton (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)
The 'Taber Child', a fragmentary human infant skeleton found near Taber, Alberta in 1961, has been dated by tandem accelerator measurement of the radiocarbon content of collagenous residue obtained from 1.6 g of bone. Special care was taken to ensure removal of preservatives applied to the specimen in past years. An age of 3550± 500 radiocarbon years, equivalent to 4100± 750 calendar years before present, was found.

A Functional Analysis of a Late Archaic Lithic Assemblage - Brownell, Ward (1992)
Our knowledge of Late Archaic occupations in Southern Ontario is limited by the lack of sites with strong contextual information. However, there are numerous unanalyzed surface collections. Surface collected lithic assemblages have traditionally been considered poor indicators of human behaviour. With this in mind, a low-power use-wear study and debitage analysis bas been conducted on the Abbot site (AgHb-17), a surface collected lithic assemblage located just outside Brantford. This paper explores the potential of surface collected lithics to elucidate various aspects of Archaic culture.

Planning for the Future: Developing Strategies for Post-Repatriation Analysis of Archaeological Materials - Kevin Brownlee; Sitchon, Myra L.; Robert D. Hoppa (2005)
Archaeologists across Canada are dealing with the return and reburial of human remains and associated artifacts. During the repatriation process, archaeologists should work with communities to ensure that the needs of both the Aboriginal community and archaeologists are met. Working towards partnerships is not new and many examples now exist in Canada where archaeologists and Aboriginal people are working cooperatively on repatriation. Part of the success in Manitoba has been to negotiate with Aboriginal communities and meeting their needs by presenting technical information in community-friendly reports and displays. What is now required are strategies that will allow research on materials following reburial. This presentation will discuss approaches to documentation using some of the latest technology as well as standard recording methods. The goal is to be able to review the documented evidence in such a way that new data can be collected if required in the future. By developing strategies to effectively preserve archaeological data, future generations of archaeologists will continue to have the opportunity to research these items.

Insights into the Harvest of Fish Resources in the Northern Boreal Forest of Manitoba - Kevin Brownlee (2004)
This paper presents archaeological research conducted on the harvest of fish resources in the northern boreal forest of Manitoba. This study focuses on eleven fish spears and harpoons that were among forty-five bone and antler tools recovered from a 4000 year old human burial (GkLr-61 feature 2). Bone and antler tools have only been given a cursory examination in boreal forest archaeology due to the perishable nature of these materials. The importance of fish in the diets of northern groups was established through archival documents, ethnologies, interviews, and stable isotope analyses. The results were established further with archaeological analyses including experimental archaeology and wear pattern analyses. This research represents the first intensive study of bone and antler tools from this region of Manitoba using these methods. The outcome of this study suggests that fish were a primary dietary resource among boreal forest groups in northern Manitoba 4000 years ago.

Fostering Respect and Relevance in Archaeological Research - Kevin Brownlee (2006)
There is increased interest in collaborative research projects between archaeologists and First Nation people in Canada. Clearly articulated research frameworks and models that achieve a balance between the interests of archaeologists and community members are difficult to find. In order to address this issue, I developed and applied a research framework on the study of bone and antler tools from the central boreal forest of Canada. A central aim of my research was to ensure that the beliefs and perspectives of First Nation people were respected from research design through to the implementation and sharing of results. The foundation of the research framework is based on Agency theory and Participatory Action Research. The success in the application of this new model demonstrates how the perspectives of First Nation people can be validated through archaeological research and can continue to foster positive partnerships with archaeologists.

Quatre sépultures historiques du XIXe siécle au Manitoba - K. Brownlee; B. Hewitt; D. White; C. Meiklejohn; P. Badertscher; C. Willmott; L. Larcombe; R. D. Hoppa (2003)

Geochemical Fingerprinting of Dacite Tool Stone from the Punchaw Lake Village Site (FiRs-1), Nechako Plateau, British Columbia: Implications for Exchange and Transport - W. S. Lorenz Brüchert; John D. Greenough (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)
A comprehensive (forty seven elements) geochemical data set for eighteen artifacts strategically selected after macroscopic examination of approximately six thousand lithic artifacts from the Punchaw Lake Village Site (FiRs-1) on the Nechako Plateau, in the north-central interior of British Columbia (B.C.), shows that dacite was the dominant lithology used in stone tool manufacture. The macroscopic descriptions, plus exploratory statistics utilizing all geochemical data, reveal at least three geochemical artifact groups (A, B, and D). Differences between groups are consistent with derivation from three Paleogene caldera complexes in the central interior. Comparisons with tool stone (dacite) from the southern interior of B.C. show that, although there is little geochemical overlap, the compositional variation at Punchaw Lake is similar to what is seen for all of the southern interior. Geochemical group A artifacts from Punchaw Lake (eight artifacts, 41 percent) resemble, but do not overlap with, available geochemical data for Cache Creek/Arrowstone Hills dacite (approximately 300 km south) in the south-central interior, suggesting derivation from a geologic site/caldera between Punchaw Lake and Cache Creek, but a Cache Creek origin cannot be ruled out. Geochemical group A artifacts have textural traits leading to superior “workability” (e.g., finer-grained) compared to the two, less-abundant, geochemical groups (B and D). Group A dominance implies that “workability” was as important as proximity to a geological source in determining the abundance of dacite types at Punchaw Lake. Two group B samples (11 percent of artifacts) are very similar to dacite artifacts from Smith Creek and Princeton River in the southern interior suggesting five hundred kilometers of transport. Previous work on obsidian and valuable artifacts at Punchaw Lake supports exchange/transport for great distances, but dacite tool stone may be largely of local/regional (central interior) derivation. Hypothesis testing requires data for dacite artifacts from Quaternary, glacial outwash fields, associated with Paleogene caldera complexes in the central interior.

SIMS oxygen isotope analysis of human dental tissues from Fidler Mounds (EaLf-3), MB: mobility during Manitoba's Middle and Late Woodland period - Rachel ten Bruggencate; Robert D. Hoppa; Mostafa J. Fayek (2008)
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to obtain stable oxygen isotope data from the dental tissues of 12 individuals once interred at Fidler Mounds (EaLf-3), a cemetery mound site located in south-central Manitoba, 19 kilometers north of Winnipeg. Fidler Mounds was originally constructed c.1800BP and was utilized as a burial ground by precontact peoples in Manitoba for approximately 1000 years thereafter. The use of SIMS allowed the researcher to obtain several in situ _18O values from each individual's intact cementum, dentin and enamel. These values show that mobility patterns during Manitoba's middle and late Woodland period were extremely complex and varied. Additionally, intra-tissue _18O variability recorded through SIMS analysis indicates that traditional mass spectrometry may not be appropriate for assessing migration patterns within highly mobile populations.

Algonquian and Iroquoian Ceramics in the Upper Hudson River Drainage - Brumbach, Hetty Jo (1993)
What initially appeared to be anomalous 14C and TL dates from two sites in the Upper Hudson River drainage are re-evaluated. Both Waterford and Winney's Rift, located within the lands occupied by Algonquian-speakers at the time of contact, produced assemblages of late Middle Woodland to early Late Woodland ceramics in association with dates contemporaneous with Late Owasco developments elsewhere. Subsequent changes in material culture demonstrate that the Upper Hudson peoples slowly adopted later Owasco and Iroquoian ceramic style and technology. It is suggested that these changes were concomitant with the diffusion of corn horticulture from Iroquoian-speakers to the west and south.

Unearthing the Late Woodland:Ethnogenesis and Ceramics in the Northeast - Brumbach, Hetty Jo (1993)
In NewYork and adjacent areas, ceramic assemblages of the period ca A.D. 1000-1350, termed Owasco, are considered to have been ancestral to later Late Woodland Iroquoian ceramics. Contemporaneous ceramic assemblages in Ontario and Quebec (Pickering, Glen Meyer, Uren) are also considered ancestral to later Iroquoian ceramics. These attributions bring up the question of the ethnicidentity of the manufacturers of the early Late Woodland ceramics; that is, were they Iroquoian speakers? Or, were the Owasco and contemporaneous ceramics of Ontario and Quebec manufactured by non-Iroquoian speakers? By both linguistic groups? Can we discern patterns of continuity (vs. dis-continuity) in ceramics, based on stylistic and/or technological attributes, which may be related to continuity (or dis-continuity) in ethnic identity of the manufacturers? And perhaps most importantly, can questions concerning the sociopolitical and economic events of the Late Woodland stage in the Northeast surrounding Iroquoian ethnogenesis be studied through cerarnic evidence?

For Everything There is a Season: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence in the Plains of Southern Alberta and Northern Montana - Brumley, John (2001)
In 1995 the writer completed a study of seasonally sensitive bison dentition and/or fetal/newborn remains from 29 sites located throughout southern Alberta and northern Montana. Those remains represent a minimum of 357 individual bison for which the time of year or season in which they died can be inferred. This presentation focuses on the seasonality evidence from the five largest site samples examined. Those five samples collectively represent a minimum of 174 bison for which season of death can be inferred. Three of these five sites are located in Southern Alberta, and two in Northern Montana. Cultural phases represented include Pelican Lake, Old Women's, Saddle Butte and Highwood. Evidence from these sites strongly indicates the presence of two well defined and re-occurring patterns in the seasonal use of bison kills within the plains of southern Alberta and Northern Montana. Ethnographic analogues and other types of archaeological evidence both corroborate the patterning observed in this seasonality data, as well as providing a basis for further interpreting its significance in understanding the dynamics of prehistoric culture history, settlement, and subsistence within the region.

Settlement and Subsistence Systems within Southwestern Alberta: A Summary ofData from the Oldman River Dam Archaeological Project - BRUMLEY, John H. (1994)
The Oldman River Dam Archaeological mitigation project gathered considerable evidence regarding regional landuse, settlement and subsistence. The author presents a summary of that data within a regional cultural and temporal framework.

A Culture History Model for the Plains of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Montana - BRUMLEY, John H.; Patrick J. RENNIE (1994)
The authors argue that, for the period beginning 5-7,000 BP and extending to ca. 1,000 BP presently identified cultural complexes within the defined region can all be related to two broad cultural traditions referred to as Alsask Mondak. The authors discuss the characteristics and spatial distribution of these two traditions through time. During the last 1,000 years, two additional cultural traditions are introduced into the southem and eastern portions of the study area: the Wymont Tradition and the Extended Coalescent Tradition. The authors discuss the presently known characteristics and spatial distributions of these two traditions as well.

Gender and Ethnicity in Postclassic Greater Nicoya - Nicole Brunel (2008)
Cross-analysis of ceramic female figurines from Santa Isabel and other Mesoamerican artifacts for the purpose of comparison with ethnohistoric chronologies of ethnic migrations, settlements and interactions in Greater Nicoya. Along with ethnicity, emphasis is placed heavily on gender in Postclassic Greater Nicoya, also explored through observation of consistencies and contradictions between archaeological and ethnohistoric data. Major topics include, grand-mother and motherhood in the archaeological record, ideology, ethnic and gender symbolism in costume and bodily decoration, and gender complementarity.

Shellfish Harvesting Patterns at the Dundas Islands Group - Miranda Brunton; Meghan Burchell (2008)
This research uses a subset of data which contributes to a larger project focusing on shellfish analysis and harvesting strategies from the Dundas Islands Group in northern British Columbia. Relative ages of bivalves obtained from growth increment profiles of the Butter clam (Saxidomus gigantea) were identified in order to examine variability in site-level collection strategies. The results from two camps and two villages indicate intensive levels of shellfish collection at these locations. This suggests that that shellfish were an important dietary contribution, and may have played a critical role in sustaining the population at village sites.

Evidencefor the Early Settlement of Northwestern North America - BRYAN, Alan (1994)
Presence of several Lower Paleolithic sites dated between 200,000 and 500,000 years BP in Siberia suggests that a similar level of technology should be expected in northwestem North America. Dates on wood and bone from Central Alberta indicate that the ice-free corridor was always open before about 22,000 but closed until about 11,600 BP; the Northwest Coast was also heavily glaciated during that period, but could easily have been traversed before then. Native oral histories suggest that people occupied the region when it was more glaciated; perhaps in refugia. Many geneticists agree that the great diversity of mtDNA lineages indicates that initial occupation occurred soinetime before 20,000 BR. Some linguists have proposed that the great linguistic diversity in the American suggests an antiquity of 40,000 years. But archaeologists have the most reliable clock. Artifact assemblages lacking bifacial projectile points have been reported froin deeply buried geological contexts dated between 30,000 and 14,000 BP in Yukon, Alberta and Nebraska. Now is the time to embark on a concerted search for more early sites, and this quest should incorporate new approaches, such as human hair, which is datable and can provide ancient DNA.

Eastern Slopes Prehistory. Selected Papers - Alan L. Bryan (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

No Title - Alan L. Bryan (1973)
Evidence is now available to the effect that at least two flaked stone projectile point traditions were developing in parallel with the Clovis-Folsom Fluted Point Tradition. All three are material reflections of differential adaptations to environmental opportunities. Willow leaf-shaped El Jobo points with thick cross-sections are now quite well dated to between 12,000 and 14,000 B.P. in Venezuela, while the long stemmed Lake Mojave point tradition of the Great Basin has now been dated as early as 11,680 B.P. Probably the Lake Mojave form underwent general size reduction through time as did the Fluted Point Tradition. The presence of at least three partially contemporary and well differentiated projectile point traditions reflecting discrete ways of life in different areas before 11,500 B.P. implies that several antecedent cultural traditions developed indigenously in America during the Late Wisconsin from yet earlier cultural roots.

A Revised Chronology for the Varsity Estates Site, Calgary, Alberta - Alan L. Bryan; Ruth Gruhn (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
The Varsity Estates site, located on the slope of the Bow River Valley in west Calgary, is covered by Glacial Lake Calgary deposits. A 2-m-thick upper till unit under the glacial lake deposit contains abundant quartzite and carbonate pebbles and cobbles. Four artifacts recovered from the till are described, and hypothesized to be associated with quarry-workshop activity on the gravel-covered surface of the valley glacier. A reanalysis of the site stratigraphy suggests a terminal Pleistocene dating for the site, not a pre-Late Wisconsinan age, as previously hypothesized.

Tracing the Relational: The Archaeology of Worlds, Spirits and Temporalities - Simon Paquin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)

The Dune Site: A Late Archaic Cobble Industry on Prince Edward Island - Buchanan, Scott (1989)
The excavation of the Dune site in eastern King's County, Prince Edward Island further documents a Late Archaic presence along the southern shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Debitage recovered from the site demonstrates a technological differentiation between quartz and quartzite, both of which were obtained locally. The former resulted from a bipolar, expedient core reduction process while the latter represents bifacial reduction. Discreet activity areas associated with various stages of reduction were identified at the site. The social implications of this lithic patterning and source are discussed for the Maritime Archaic period.

Prehistoric Cultural Dynamics of the Lac la Biche Region - A.P. Buchner (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

The Oxbow Complex and the Anomalous Winter Hypothesis - A.P. Buchner (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)

Approaches to Algonquian Archaeology: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference - A.P. Buchner (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

The Laurel Culture in Southeast Manitoba - A.P. Buchner (1976)
The Laurel Culture is examined in terms of material culture, adaptive strategy, dating, origins and later developments. It is asserted the earliest ceramic-using peoples in southern Manitoba displayed an adaptive advantage over the indigenous Archaic inhabitants of this region in that the former utilized a more diffuse exploitation of their total environment. The appearance of Laurel Culture in southeast Manitoba corresponds with the onset of the sub-Atlantic Climatic Episode–a time of relatively pronounced environmental changes. These are to some extent reflected in local faunal assemblages. The applicability of Stoltman's seriation of Laurel ceramic 'types' to southeast Manitoba is discussed. The paper terminates with a case being made for cultural continuity between the Middle and Late Woodland cultures of this area insofar as this is relavant to the ethnic identity of the authors of Blackduck ceramics.

Replication of Ancient North American Ceramics / Reproduction de céramiques anciennes d'Amérique du Nord - BUDAK, Michael (1997)
As part of ongoing studies in the replication of western Woodland and Mississippian pottery, the author has experimented with the preparation, forming and firing requirements of native clays. The choice and addition of aplastics ('temper') to the clay body influences how it responds during the firing process. This paper reports on experiments with native clay bodies containing differing amounts of temper and their responses to wood fuelled open firing conditions.

Coffin Hardware and Children's Burials in Nineteenth Century Ontario - Danielle Budhoo; Aubrey Cannon (2008)
Evidence of the presence or absence and the form of coffin hardware on children's burials from the 19th century provides insight into the role and perception of children and into how death ritual may have differed in public and private environments. This study investigated coffin hardware handles from St. Thomas' Anglican Church cemetery in Belleville, Ontario. Its aim was to understand any relationship between age and the use of coffin handles during the 19th century. Comparison of coffin handle ornamentation and handle size indicated that children usually had smaller coffin handles, but were generally provided as much decoration as other age groups. Because coffin hardware is much less commonly found in children's burials in family cemeteries, its presence in public areas may indicate that even in death, it was necessary to keep up appearances.

The Conflict between Cultural Resource Management and Economic Development on Reserve: A Wet'suwet'en Case Study - Rick Budhwa (2005)
In the summer of 2004, the Wet'suwet'en experienced difficulties in establishing a balance between cultural heritage resource management (CHRM) and economic development. With the acquisition of federal funding necessary to complete a cultural interpretive centre, the Moricetown Band began the initial steps to construct the centre in the Moricetown Canyon, an area rich with sites dated to 6000 B.P. Unfortunately plans for the project did not include CHRM. Subsequently, the Office of the Wet'suwet'en intervened and performed a salvage excavation that resulted in the discovery of thousands of artifacts and human remains. Accordingly, the project plans had to be changed leading to complications.Provincial and federal policies that govern CHRM on Reserve Lands failed to mandate the necessary steps that would have avoided this situation. As a result, due to their ongoing reactionary nature, lack of planning for CHRM, and insufficient community and hereditary consultation, the Moricetown Band has lost a significant portion of their initial funding for their project. Ironically, in the process to construct a cultural interpretive center, the Moricetown Band has destroyed significant amounts of their cultural heritage. It will also suggest potential steps for avoiding such situations in the future.

An Alternative Model for First Nations Involvement in Resource Management Archaeology - Rick Budhwa (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)
The Wet’suwet’en are currently struggling to affirm their Aboriginal and territorial rights through the British Columbia treaty process. While this process continues, resource extraction activities remove large volumes of culturally important resources. At present, very few areas of the their territory have not been impacted by logging or mining development. Understandably, the Wet’suwet’en feel a sense of urgency regarding the conservation and protection of their natural and cultural resources. This paper examines how the Wet’suwet’en adapted the existing archaeological process within the resource management industry to better reflect their vision and cultural values. The creation of non-legislated policy and protocol agreements with various industry and government entities, combined with the Wet’suwet’en Territorial Stewardship Plan (WTSP), has allowed this First Nation to centrally position themselves in the archaeological process, which did not adequately address their needs. The primary result has been greater Wet’suwet’en involvement in decisions made regarding the management of their cultural resources.

An Alternate Model for First Nations Involvement in Resource Management Archaeology - Rick Budhwa (2004)
The Wet'suwet'en are currently struggling to affirm and clarify their aboriginal and territorial rights through the BC Treaty process. While this process has continued, resource extraction activities have continued to remove large volumes of economically and culturally important resources. At present, there are very few areas of Wet'suwet'en territory that have not been impacted by logging or mining development. Processes have been established which are intended to assist the Wet'suwet'en in protecting their cultural heritage resources and providing input into land use planning processes. However, despite these efforts, inadequate funding and increasingly 'streamlined' regulatory controls have eroded the ability of the Wet'suwet'en to influence the management of natural resources or the protection of cultural heritage features in a manner that reflects the Wet'suwet'en vision and supports cultural survival.As a result, the Wet'suwet'en have taken a proactive approach to managing archaeological concerns within their traditional territory. Using accumulated cultural heritage and traditional knowledge information, a new methodology for how archaeology is conducted has been developed. The Wet'suwet'en are now an 'active partner' with the proponent for all archaeological investigation within their territory. While this 'model' assumes a certain level of capacity on behalf of the First Nation, elements can certainly be adopted by other Nations that will allow them to have greater involvement and influence over cultural heritage resource management decisions made regarding their traditional landscape.

Traditions orales et archéologie autochtone : le programme du patrimoine culturel des Wet'suwet'en - Rick Budhwa (2003)

Corrélations entre les événements paléoécologiques catastrophiques et la tradition orale autochtone dans la r&eacu - Rick Budhwa (2003)

Archaeological Survey in the Heart of the Pediada: The Galatas Survey Project, Crete, 2005-2007 - D. Matthew Buell (2008)
At the beginning of the MM IIIB period a new palace was founded on the Galatas Kephala in the central Pediada, on Crete. Among Minoan palaces Galatas is exceptional because it was abruptly constructed by Knossian architects in an area that had no previous palatial organization.

The D.I.G. (Discoveries in Garbage) Project / Le projet D.I.G. (Discoveries in Garbage) - BUHR, Larry; Tim E.H. JONES; LEPP, Lorne P. (1997)
In the spring of 1995 three agencies, the Saskatoon Wildlife Federation,the Saskatoon Board of Education and the Saskatchewan ArchaeologicalSociety embarked together on a project to remove an abandoned pheasantfarm garbage dump or 'midden' from the premises of the newly designatedBrightwater Science and Environmental Centre, located about ten miles south of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The goal of the project was to restore the area to pristine 'pre-midden context' by involving Saskatoon school children in archaeological removalof debris, assisted by members of the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society.Archaeological methods were to be taught, including careful recording ofartifacts and creation of a comparative collection of different types ofartifacts found. This paper will review the first two years of thisproject and demonstrate how it has helped achieve both environmental andeducational goals.

The Archaeology of Brick Manufacture in Rural Saskatchewan / L'archéologie de la briqueterie dans la Saskatchewan rurale - BUHR, Larry (1997)
Coincidental with the opening of the Canadian prairie to European based agriculture in the late 1800s was development of commercial brickmaking to support construction of the infrastructure associated with the pioneering agriculture. The industry that arose to support this demand was borne from the same rich soil that supported agriculture, and for most of a century thrived as a small but viable activity. In Saskatchewan brick manufacture had a decidedly rural flavour, with both the early small endeavors and later, large scale operations being located near their respective clay sources in the countryside. This paper will present recent research on the history of this industry and its economic and technological impacts on rural Saskatchewan, as witnessed through archaeological and documentary examination of the brick plant sites and adjacent communities, including interviews with former plant workers.

An Experimental Evaluation of the Degradation of Lithic Artefacts - Bulbrook, Elizabeth (2000)
Lithic artefacts recovered from intertidal and subtidal excavations range in integrity. This range includes unequivocal flaked and ground stone tools, clearly eroded lithics (which nevertheless demonstrate enough characteristic features to be categorized as artefacts), and ambiguous forms which are reminiscent of lithic artefacts in their general shape, size and contour, but which cannot by themselves be said to carry any indisputabe evidence of human alteration. This range of unequivocal to ambiguous is entirely expected within fluvial environments, but what we lack are any precise measurements or analogies which might aid us in determining if the 'reminiscent' features we find on the highly eroded 'artefacts' are demonstrably expected features. This paper will discuss issues surrounding the identification of highly eroded lithics, and explore the results of the experimental evaluation conducted as part of this research project.

Reconstructed Ceramic Pots: Relationships Between Whole Vessels and their Rim Sherds - Steven Bull (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)

C. Moira Irvine (1941-1989) - Don Bunyan; R.G. Matson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

The Kugaluk Site and the Nuvorugmiut. The Archaeology and History of a Nineteenth Century Mackenzie Inuit Society - Ernest S. Burch Jr. (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

Examining the Framework for Gender Assumptions in Prehistoric Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America - Meghan Burchell (2002)
This paper examines the frameworks that have traditionally supported assumptions, and interpretations regarding gender in prehistoric slavery on the coast of British Columbia. It uses a hybrid of ethnohistoric and archaeological data to examine the construction of gender analysis in two specific contexts. The first is how (and if) gender was a significant element of prehistoric slavery. The second is how archaeologists interpret gender into reconstructions of prehistoric coastal slavery. The main theme of this paper is to examine how and why interpretations of burial populations have incorporated gender-based assumptions of slavery into their analysis. It also discusses the potential theoretical difficulties in creating such assumptions which can potentially limit the threshold of burial data analysis in relation to not only social and gender roles, but also in the understanding of the identity of the original population in relation to status and rank. A set of criteria will be discussed which will assist in developing a model for the interpretation of gender and status in Northwest coast burials.

Représentation des sexes et du statut dans les sépultures de la côte Nord-Ouest - Meghan Burchell (2003)

Stable Isotope Research in Canadian Archaeology: The Next 50 Years - Meghan Burchell; Alison Harris (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology as Historical Process - Meghan Burchell (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Gender, Grave Goods and Status in British Columbia Burials - Meghan Burchell (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)
A gender-based analysis of burials from the coast of British Columbia shows that there are no significant differences in the frequency of burial, or grave goods between male and female burials. A total of 1,130 burials were examined to identify any differences in age, sex, and grave good types. When examined regionally, within the south, central and north coasts, local patterns in mortuary treatment become apparent. Although the results for the north and south coasts show no difference in the overall frequency of grave goods between males and females, it does show that the south coast has more burials with grave goods and especially burials with ornamental inclusions. The regional differences in mortuary practices are explored through a discussion of descent systems, social structure, and the influence of conflict on mortuary ritual.

Shellfish Analysis from the Dundas Island Group - Meghan Burchell; Aubrey Cannon; Darren Grocke (2006)
This paper presents the methodology and preliminary results of shellfish analysis from sites on the Dundas Islands Group. Growth increment profiles of sectioned butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus) are used to interpret collection strategies, which can range from intensive harvesting of shellfish to light-casual collection. The variability in shellfish collection, and potential long-term harvesting strategies are interpreted through the comparison of growth increment profiles from different sites. Stable isotope analysis is also applied to determine potential patterns in seasonal collection strategies.

Patterns of land-use in Western Crimea during the Middle Palaeolithic - Burke, Ariane (2000)
Several Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Crimea (Ukraine) have recently been excavated. These sites cluster along the limestone escarpments that form the northern margins of the Crimean Mountains. Topographic, environmental and behavioural data from these sites and other, previously excavated sites is used to build an hypothesis for a regional pattern of land-use during the Middle Palaeolithic for future testing.

Assessing Seasonal Mobility in Human Populations and their Prey during the Upper Palaeolithic in Southwestern France - Burke, Ariane M. (1993)
This paper will examine current models of hunter/ gatherer settlement organisation for the Upper Palaeolithic in Southwestern France. Skelettochronological data and other seasonal indicators from a regional sample of Pleniglacial sites in the Aquitaine Basin will be used to assess the validity of the proposed models in this region. The mobility of human populations will be examined relative to the season movements of important prey species such as Rangifer tarandus, and Equus caballus. Human hunting strategies will also be examined relative to the known behaviour (ethology) of principal prey.

Archetypal Seascapes and Landscapes: Coast and Interior in the Archaeology of the Maritime Peninsula - Adrian L. Burke (2002)
Archaeological research in the Maritime Peninsula continues to grapple with the issue of coastal and interior occupations, particularly in terms of how these articulate with each other. This paper discusses the concept of coastal and interior adapted groups during the Ceramic period (ca. 3000 BP to 400 BP) by looking at how it is presented in the oral histories of the Native peoples of the region, 17th century ethnohistoric documents, 19th century nature writing, 20th century ethnographies, and current ecological and archaeological data. The idea of archetypal seascapes or landscapes is explored as a possible key to our understanding of this coast-interior concept and its use in archaeological interpretation.

Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites - Adrian L. Burke (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Butchery of a sheep in rural Tunisia (North Africa): repercussions for the study of patterns of bone disposal - Burke, Ariane (2000)
The process of killing and butchering a sheep in a small, rural village in Tunisia, is described from the perspective of marks produced on bone. Special attention is paid to patterns of bone disposal. Aside from the method of killing and bleeding the animal, which is done according to the rules of Hallel butchering, logical rules involving principles of least effort govern the processing of the carcass. The tools available, the manpower and the culinary traditions of the area also govern many of the decisions taken by the butcher. These data provide a basis for comparison with archaeozoological collections from similar cultural contexts, including late Roman and Byzantine settings in Tunisia.

L'archéologie d'un portage : le projet témiscouata - Burke, Adrian; Eric Chalifoux (1993)
Depuis trois ans, l'Université de Montréal réalise un projet de recherche archéologique dans la région du Témiscouata. Cette région est caractérisée par un réseau hydrographique permettant l'accés à l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent au nord et au bassin de la riviére Saint-Jean plus au sud. Depuis 1964, plus de 50 sites ont été inventoriés dans ce secteur, incluant deux affleurements de chert et plusieurs ateliers de taille. Cette communication présentera un aperçu de nos recherches concernant les différentes stratégies l'acquisition des matiéres premiéres, des schémes d'établissement et de l'identité culturelle des occupants de la région, du Sylvicole moyen jusqu'au Sylvicole supérieur.

Middle Palaeolithic Settlement Systems - Burke, Ariane (2005)
It has been suggested that, in order to understand the organization of past cultural systems, archaeologists should strive to understand inter-site relationships (Binford 1982). Traditionally, these relationships have been studied from the perspective of seasonal cycles of occupation, distance to raw material sources, and the quantity and diversity of tools. The function of a site within an integrated, regional system sometimes defies categorization in these terms, however - particularly in Middle Palaeolithic contexts. This paper explores prehistoric settlement systems from the perspective of systems of raw material procurement, animal procurement strategies and the building of social networks within defined territories.

La paléontologie comme instrument pour déchiffrer les relations prédateur-proie et la chasse aux hominidés : étude - Burke, Ariane (2003)

Archaeological Survey in Eastern Guadalajara Province, Spain: Initial Results - Burke, A.; J. Maíllo Fernández; N. Fuertes Prieto; M. Bisson; P. James; G. Levavasseur (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)
The Palaeolithic record of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula, the central Meseta, is still relatively poorly documented. In this article we report the results of a preliminary, stratified survey conducted in the eastern part of the province of Guadalajara during 2009 and 2010. The survey enabled us to identify a series of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites in an area where no previously recorded Palaeolithic sites exist. These results, in turn, are used to propose a predictive model of archaeological potential that will guide further surveys in the target region.

Changing Meanings, Changing Roles: Archaeometry of European and Native Materials from Early Contact Period Sites in the Far Northeast - Adrian L. Burke (2000)
The earliest phase of Aboriginal-European contact in the far Northeast remains to this day poorly understood. European documentary sources for the sixteenth and first decades of the seventeenth centuries are meager and sometimes contradictory with respect to aboriginal lifeways in the Maritimes, Maine and eastern Quebec region. Archaeology, combined with archaeometric analyses, can improve our knowledge of this elusive period in Northeast history. European materials are often incorporated alongside aboriginal materials on many Contact period sites in the Northeast. In some cases these materials are found in contexts of symbolic significance such as burials. In order to better understand the role that these European materials might play in aboriginal life and afterlife, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were conducted on European and Native materials from early Contact period sites in Maine and Quebec. Comparable materials from other contact and prehistoric sites in the greater Northeast were analyzed in order to provide baseline data. Despite the fundamental changes which aboriginal society underwent following European contact, the use of European equivalents to aboriginal materials seems to show continuity as well as change in how these materials are incorporated into the physical and symbolic life of aboriginal people during the earliest Contact period.

The Swordfish Hunters: The History and Ecology of an Ancient American Sea People - Adrian L. Burke (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)

Reconstructing the 'Age du Renne' - Burke, Ariane; Anne Pike-Tay (1992)
A popular representation of reindeer-dependent Ice Age peoples has endured since the designation 'Age du Renne' was bestowed upon the Upper Paleolithic of Southwest France in 1877. In this paper we expand the discussion of French Upper Paleolithic subsistence and settlement activities to include other prey species and ask whether the apparent emphasis on Rangifer is (a) the result of strategic planning (i.e. specialization), on the part of hunters, or (b) a function of species availability. Seasonality studies and prey mortality patterns are used as a means of assessing the degree to which Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers in Southwest France relied on reindeer.

Archaeological Chemistry (2nd Edition) - Adrian L. Burke (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Geophysical Survey of a Late Prehistoric Site in Eastern Quebec - Adrian L. Burke; Jason Jeandron (2005)
A geophysical survey was carried out during the summer of 2004 on a late prehistoric site in the eastern Quebec region of Bas-Saint-Laurent. The site, CjEd-5, dates to the Middle and Late Ceramic (Woodland) period and contains several stratified occupations within fine alluvial sediments. We carried out the magnetometer survey using a Bartington Grad 601 fluxgate gradiometer at closely spaced intervals of 1 metre. This poster presents the results of the survey and compares these to subsequent excavations that served as a 'ground truth' of the non-invasive geophysical investigation. The results were overwhelmingly positive and allowed us to save valuable time and resources by concentrating our excavations on features that were most likely to provide radiocarbon dates and close associations of artifact classes such as faunal remains and lithics.

Faunal Approaches to Logistical Complexity During the Mousterian in Western Crimea / Analyses zoologiques et détermination de la complexit&eac - Burke, A. (1997)
Three Mousterian sites from Western Crimea have provided ample faunal material for zooarchaeological study. Preliminary results allow us to reconstruct the regional and local environments of these sites. The three sites under consideration also provide us with illuminating contrasts in site function, location and faunal inventory. Early analysis indicates that they form part of what was undoubtedly a complex logistical system.

SQUELETTOCHRONOLOGIE APPLIQUéE à L'éTUDE DES SAISONS DE CHASSE AU PLéNIGLACLAIRE - Burke, Ariane (1991)
De nombreuses techniques existent permettant l'observation des lignes de croissance dans le cément des dents de mammiféres terrestres. Celles-ci peuvent être corrélées, chaque technique nous apportant des informations différentes sur la nature des structures observées. Cependant, la technique la plus éfficace pour l'étude du matériel fossile et sub-fossile reste l'observation au microscope, sous lumiére transmise, de lames minces non-décalcifiées. Dans cette étude, des observations de dents actuelles de cheval ont été faites et il en résulte un modéle d'apposition du ciment chez cette espéce qui différe de celui déjà observé chez d'autres ongulés. Ce modéle a été appliqué à lanalyse microscopique sous lumiére transmise (ordinaire et polarisée) de dents fossiles provenant de sites préhistoriques (18,000 à 14,000 B.P.) du Sud Ouest de la France. Une estimation de l'importance saisoniére du cheval vis à vis le renne dans l'économie humaine de cette région est faite, basée sur cette analyse et les données de Gordon (1989). Les résultats obtenus de cette analyse nous permettent de souligner l'importance de l'établissement d'un échantiflon de contrôle, ainsi qu'une analyse histologique approfondie, permettant une meilleure comprehension du modéle de dépôt du cément pour l'espéce étudiée. Les résultats archéologiques qui découlent de cette étude nous permettent de constater une certaine complémentarité entre le cheval et le renne dans les sites archéologiques du Pléniglaciaire dans le Sud Ouest de la France.

The Archaeology of a Portage Route The Témiscouata Project - Burke, Adrian; Eric Chalifoux (1993)
For the past three years, the University of Montreal has carried out archaeological research in the Témiscouata region of eastern Quebec. This region is characterized by a network of lakes and rivers which connect the upper St. John drainage to the St. Lawrence River. The area. appears to be intermittently occupied from the Late Archaic to the contact period. Over 50 sites have been found here since 1964, including two chert quarries and several lithic workshops. This paper will outline our current research on lithic procurement strategies, regional settlement patterns, and cultural identity of the Middle to Late Woodland occupants.

An initial survey of suitable sites for fishing properties on Scatary Island (Nova Scotia) - Burke, Charles; Jean-Pierre Chrestien (2000)
In August 1998, an archaeological survey was conducted on Scatary Island, southeast of Cape Breton, to locate twelve fishing properties established subsequent to land grants in 1718. The properties led to permanent settlement on the island. Two years before the exploration, archival research had been conducted in Canada and France. The examination of sectors that had previously been evaluated through aerial photography made it possible to produce a computerized map, with the assistance of Professor Gerard Mackinnon of the GIS/GPS Centre at the University College of Cape Breton. Sites that were located were positioned the first week of observation. Potential sectors were photographed in detail so that the evaluation of the landscape could continue off the field and future work could be planned. During this brief exploration, it was possible to locate the 18th-century properties and other sites that have been occupied since the mid-19th century.

Seasonal Indicators at Blaefish Caves, Yukon Territory: Seasonal Mortality and Age Profiles for Horse (Equus lambei) - A. Burke; J. Cinq-Mars (1994)
In addition to having yielded the earliest evidence of human occupation of eastern Beringia, the Bluefish Caves of northem Yukon, Canada, have also provided us with the largest and most complex in situ late PIeistocene fauna ever recorded in this region, if not in all of Beringia. This paper presents some preliminary research results on an important component of die Bluefish fauna, the equids (Equus lambei). More specifically, it presents data derived from the study of seasonal mortality profiles of these now extinct Beringian small horses. Estimates of season of death, used in this research, are obtained from a skeleto-chronologicaI study of a relatively large sample of horse teeth recovered from these three caves. Age profiles are also obtained using this technique. Seasonal mortality and age profiles of equid assemblages from the three Bluefish caves are compared. In contributing to the reconstruction of Full and Late Glacial landscapes in the Bluefish region, as well as in the large region of eastern Beringia, this research provides us with the means to investigate further the so-called 'productivity paradox', and may thus lead to a better appreciation of very ancient and poorly understood forms of human adaptation.

Archaeological Research at The Fortress of Louisbourg NHS - Burke, Charles (2002)
This paper will present the results of a six-year archaeology project designed to record cultural resources in the installation corridors for new underground services at the Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site of Canada. Besides requiring extensive archaeological research, mitigation, and salvage, the project permitted us to reevaluate past excavation, identify undisturbed areas, and for streets, to undertake a systematic approach to the recovery of cultural remains. Although more than a quarter of the original French townsite is excavated, serious information gaps remain. Throughout the 1960s and 70s archaeology focussed on the recovery of structural data for the reconstruction program with yards and streets frequently unexcavated. Over the past six years, archaeology has provided significant new information (and 150,000 artifacts) about the 18th century town and its suburbs. In particular, three seasons devoted to the excavation of Louisbourg's principal streets provide an opportunity to analyse street features like pavé and drainage systems in a broader context than before. Most important, the use of digital technology and GIS allows us to create seamless and accurate mosaics of archaeological features excavated and removed over several years.

Response to Solicited Dialogues on "A Never Ending Story" - David Burley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

The Beer that Made Milwaukee Jealous - Klondike Fashion - David Burley (1999)
Promoting itself as having the 'beer that made the Klondike famous and Milwaukee jealous', the O'Brien Brewing and Malting Company opened the Klondike Brewery in 1904. Located in Lousetown across the Klondike River from Dawson City, O'Brien's operation continued its production until prohibition of 1919. Archaeological survey and assessment of the brewery site in 1998 provides a range of data on brewery layout, its production line, equipment, and the cooperage. The present paper presents an overview and field report on this work.

The Buffalo Lake Metis Site: A Late Nineteenth Century Settlement in the Parkland of Central Alberta - David Burley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)

Flaked Stone Technology and the 1870s Hivernant Metis: a Question of Context - David Burley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)
Previous interpretation of hivernant Metis archaeological sites argues for a maintenance of lithic technology through the 1870s on the Canadian plains and parklands. Originating with Metis Indian ancestry, flaked stone tools, in association with historic technology, are viewed as the logical consequence of ethnic blending. Recent research at three hivernant wintering villages in Saskatchewan calls this association into question. In closer examination of the claims for lithic technology at other sites, the evidence is found to be equivocal. In this paper hivernant stone flaking is argued to be a product of archaeological interpretation based on fortuitous circumstance rather than historical reality.

CRM in the Ivory Tower - David Burley; Margaret Purser (2001)
Both in Canada and in the United States, the vast majority of university graduates in archaeology find employment in the CRM field. Notwithstanding this fact, very few universities offer more than a token CRM related course, and academic faculty shun the notion of applied training for students. Brian Fagan, quite appropriately, labels the situation An Academic Time Warp. Our paper provides a survey of CRM in the Ivory Tower highlighting on-going program developments in CRM at Sonoma State (California) and Simon Fraser universities.

A Never Ending Story: Historical Developments in Canadian Archaeology and the Quest for Federal Heritage Legislation - David Burley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)
Canada is one of the few first world nations lacking integrated and comprehensive heritage resource managment policy on a federal level. Though considerable sums of money have been spent by the Canadian government on archaeology from the 1960s to the present, and despite consistent lobbying efforts by the Canadian archaeological community, this situation remains in place. A critical history of Canadian archaeology and its politic, including recent Department of Communications initiatives for antiquities legislation is provided. With this latter legislation now forestalled, alternatives and challenges for the Canadian archaeological community in the remainder of the 1990s are identified.

Scarcity, abundance and steady state procurement systems: towards an understanding of east coast/west coast cultural developments - David Burley (1981)
Despite similarities in the range of exploitable resources and associated technological capacities, the indigenous peoples of the northeast and northwest coasts of North America had markedly divergent paths in a cultural evolutionary perspective. It is argued that such a differential development is related to varied intensities of specialization on the salmon resource and basic differences in the anadromy of species within this resource. The Pacific salmon, due to its once-only spawning cycle, has been described as producing extreme periods of both scarcity and abundance. Procurement and preservation strategies require large scale cooperation, regularized labour organization and some formalized mechanism for intra group redistribution. These traits are suggested to be the foundation stones for the ethnographic northwest coast cultural pattern. The Atlantic salmon, on the other hand, is available throughout the warm weather period thus providing a steady state resource. Seasonal scheduling to exploit this species is integrated into a generalized subsistence strategy whereby several resources can be procured simultaneously. Subsistence pursuits are best carried out by small, mobile groups of egalitarian hunters and gatherers.

On the spatial analysis of a plowed site at Bartibog - David Burley (Bulletin, 1976)

Specialization and the Evolution of Complex Society in the Gulf of Georgia Region - David Burley (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
The Coast Salish cultural pattern is viewed as a specialized hunting and gathering adaptation which has evolved out of a more generalized format. Accepting the interface between the Locarno Beach and Marpole culture types (circa 400 B.C.) as the transition point, it is difficult to recognize either the stimulus behind such a development or the mechanism by which it occurred. It is maintained that the Hope/Yale region of the Fraser Canyon is a locale better suited, in an ecological sense, for the generalized to specialized transformation. It is also suggested that immigration or full population movement from that area to the Fraser delta formed the basis for subsequent developments.

Plowed Site Spatial Reconstructions: The Bartibog Site as an Example - David Burley (1976)
In recent years, archaeologists have realized the value of analyzing the horizontal dimension in archaeological sites. That is, we now attempt to interpret site activity (settlement) patterning on the basis of artifact spatial associations on each of our occupation floors. Several analytic techniques, subsequently borrowed from quantitative plant ecology and geography, have been employed toward this end with relative success. However, the majority of applications thus far almost always have dealt with ideal data from undisturbed sites collected with exact provenience. Few have investigated the possibilities that spatial patterning may still be in existence within single component occupation floors following plowing. This paper reviews the problem by conducting a spatial analysis of materials excavated at the Bartibog site (CgDi 1), a late prehistoric component in northeastern New Brunswick. Several artifact class correlations are recognized and interpretations offered.

Faunal remains from the Nodwell site (BcHi-3) from four other sites in Bruce County, Ontario - James A. Burns (Bulletin, 1975)

Rights of Passage: Addressing Some Wrongs in the 'Ice-free Corridor' Debate from a Paleontologist's Point of View - James A. Burns (1994)
The advent of early humans in the New World has, for many years, assumed a route was available, likely through Alberta, at some time during, or just after, die Wisconsinan glacial stage. The notion dovetailed with the mounting evidence for habitation sites of that age in the contiguous United States. However, much was said and written without direct references to the evidence on the ground and in the ground of Alberta. In the last 9 years, over 70 dates exceeding 9000 y BP have been run for the Provincial Museum on animal bones and wood from paleontological sites across the province. These dates bracket a gaping hiatus from around 22,000 to 11,600 y BR. Big game hunters from Asia were absent from the region because conditions in the alleged 'ice-free' or 'western' corridor were unsuitable even for big game. The demonstrable explanation is extensive late Wisconsinan glaciation. The 'First Albertans' so far discovered postdate the earliest postglacial bone dates by about 1000 y, but mounting evidence for a single glaciation in Alberta (=Late Wisconsinan) also suggests that the field was open for many millennia before glacial onset around 22,000 y BP. So, when was the New World occupied, and by what route? The search continues.

Archaeology of the Petit Nord; Learning from People along the Northeast Coast of Newfoundland - Mélissa Burns (2008)
The main goal of the Archaeology of the Petit Nord project is to record the maritime cultural landscape of the French seasonal fishery in the Petit Nord region of Newfoundland, between 1504 and 1904. For my MA project I looked at a specific kind of feature –crosses and calvaires, which appeared in the Petit Nord landscape as early as 1680. Three monumental crosses are still standing in Carouge Bay, although these particular crosses were rebuilt by the French navy in the 1930s. During the summer of 2007, I conducted community archaeology at Dos-de-Cheval site (EfAx-09) to document those features. The French Shore Historical Society based in Conche was incredibly helpful throughout the project, and put me in touch with community members to interview regarding these features. This presentation will focus on the difficulties I faced as a young francophone woman trying to get information from older English residents of the Conche Peninsula about something they know but do not consider as part of their own culture.

We Don't 'Dig' Dinosaurs - Doing Public Archaeology in Manitoba / 'Non, nous ne 'fouillons' pas les dinosaures.' - - BURNS, Leslie; Linda Larcombe (1997)
The Manitoba Archaeological Society has been actively participating in public archaeology for the past 35 years. The association has been run by a small group of dedicated individuals who are professional archaeologists or archaeological students, living and breathing archaeology as a profession, a hobby, a form of exercise and a recreational activity. These enthusiastic people have undertaken the education of Manitoban's regarding Manitoba's cultural heritage using a variety of venues with varying degrees of success. The goals of public archaeology appear to be both simple and grand and the commitment to do public archaeology can be found in the MAS – What could possibly go wrong?

Insights from End Scrapers: A Case Study from the Anderson Site on the Lower Grand River of Southern Ontario - Bursey, Jeff (2006)
The Anderson Site (AfGx-54) was an early Uren Substage village site, dating to late in the 12th century A.D., salvage excavated in 1991 near the Town of Cayuga in southern Ontario. Certainly the most notable aspect of the recovered assemblage is the remnants of the chipped lithic industry, the analysis of which is ongoing. In this presentation, I will be examining a specific form of end scraper recovered during the investigations referred to informally in the literature as Glen Meyer Stemmed Snubnose. To date, there have been no relatively large assemblages analysed in detail since the original type was proposed over 30 years ago. Here I will provide a brief overview of the end scrapers recovered from the Anderson site that conform to this type. Particular attention will be devoted to examples that appear to be particularly well-made so as to draw attention to the reduction sequence. In particular, I will focus on the sequence of decisions used in manufacturing this style of end scraper as well as differences in the type of flakes removed compared to the knapping style observable in biface production. Finally, an example of the product of a juvenile or inexperienced knapper will be considered in order to generate some insights into how knapping had been learned in a prehistoric context.

The Ceramics from the Tara and Ireland Sites : Three Terminal Glen Meyer Components in the Burlington/Crawford Lake Area - Bursey, Jeff A. (1993)
In the summer of 1990, two overlapping villages at the Tara Site and a third village at the Ireland Site, were completely excavated by the Ministry of Transportation, central Region in the Burlington area just southeast of the well-known Crawford Lake area. Analysis of the ceramic assemblages from these three sites indicates an ethnic affiliation with the Glen Meyer late in the 13th century. In light of these results, the hypothesis of a distinction between Glen Meyer and Pickering in the Early Ontario Iroquoian Period appears supported at the expense of clinal variation. Further implications oft his ethnic affiliation, however, are that the Bennett and Gunby sites, previously assigned to the late Pickering, are instead Uren Substage sites evolved from a Glen Meyer base. This conclusion would seriously undermine the basis of the Conquest Hypothesis . Finally, it can be noted that the presumed boundary between the Neutral and the Southern division Huron, located between the Crawford Lake area and the Credit River in the late prehistoric period, appears to have an ancestry in the early Late Woodland, coincident with the boundary between the Glen Meyer and Pickering.

Discerning Storage and Structures at the Forster Site: A Princess Point Component in Southern Ontario - Jeffrey A. Bursey (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)
The Forster site, a Princess Point occupation on the Lower Grand River in Caledonia, Ontario, has produced some of the earliest evidence of Iroquoian community organisation and settlement systems in southern Ontario. Excavation at this site in 1997 produced evidence of a structural type that has not been previously described in detail. The settlement pattern and artifactual remains recovered are examined, and the identification of one of the structures recovered from the site as a specialised storage structure is discussed in the context of Iroquoian social and economic organisation. Investigations that incorporate multiple lines of evidence, recovered from all depositional contexts, such as was done at the Forster site, will increase our understanding of the role of domestication in the evolution of the Iroquoian social and economic system.

Early Archaic Site Clusters: The Problems of Identification and Interpretation - Jeffrey A. Bursey (2002)
Clusters of Paleoindian (Fluted Point Horizon) sites have become an accepted part of the late Pleistocene landscape. Over the last decade or so, similar clusters of Early Archaic (Corner-Notched Point Horizon) sites have been discovered as a result of CRM activities across southern Ontario. In this paper, the characteristics of these site clusters will be discussed as well as some possible interpretations based on the literature of ethnographically documented hunter/gatherer settlement patterns.

The Frog Pond Site (AhGx–359): The Identification of a 17th Century Neutral Iroquoian Medicine Lodge in Southern Ontario - Jeffrey A. Bursey (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)
The Frog Pond site (AhGx-359) was discovered and completely excavated in advance of a proposed highway construction project near Hamilton, Ontario. The archaeological remains recovered from this site do not conform to that of a “typical” 17th-century Iroquoian cabin site. Instead, the site is interpreted as a medicine lodge on the basis of analogies drawn from the ethnographic record. It is argued that case studies such as this one have great potential to inform us on topics such as continuity, change in religious practices, and ethnic identity.

An Interpretation of Population Dynamics in the Grassland/Parklands as Evidenced by Research at the Mullett Site in Southwestern Manitoba - Burton, Gaye; Teresa Hill (1989)
This paper presents results of recent excavations at the Mullett site in southwestern Manitoba within the framework of how data accumulated contributes to understanding population dynamics in the Grassland/Parklands ecological zone. The site demonstrates occupations dating from early Archaic to late historic times, but the focus here is on Besant through Late Woodland occupations. The paper discusses the ecology of the region and speculates on how ceramic and lithic material provide clues on population dynamics in the Grassland/Parklands interface region.

Holocene Climate Change and the Lake Baikal Region - Bush, Andrew B.G.; Dustin White (2001)
Through the use of various proxy data techniques, it has been demonstrated that climate during the early- to mid-Holocene was significantly different than today's climate. For example, the Earth's orbital parameters (which regulate the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of incoming solar radiation) were different than they are today and induced much stronger seasonal variations in temperature, particularly in continental interiors. Seasonal climate phenomena such as the South Asian monsoon were therefore much stronger than they are now. Experiments with global general circulation models (GCMs) have been quite successful in reproducing these Holocene climate changes. We will first present a summary of results from both proxy data analyses and numerical modelling of Holocene climate on a global scale. We will then discuss the current state of knowledge regarding regional Holocene climate in the Lake Baikal region, and present some techniques currently in use to downscale global GCM results to the finer spatial scale that is required for model-data intercomparisons in the region.

Exploring Soilscapes and Places Inside Labrador Inuit Winter Dwellings - Don Butler (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)
Inuit people have interacted with northern Labrador’s landscape in countless ways. This research explored their influence on the element compositions of soils beneath winter dwellings at three settlements. The objectives were to expand the range of element enrichments associated with Inuit dwellings and to consider variations within these enrichments, thereby contributing to reconstructions of how these people used indoor spaces. Six dwellings were sampled using a stratified systematic strategy. Multielement analyses using x-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy identified higher concentrations of phosphorus, sulphur, barium, lead, hafnium, caesium, lanthanum, and europium in archaeological samples relative to background samples. These enrichments relate to peoples’ use of sea mammal oil as lamp fuel, of baleen in sleeping platform construction, of recycled materials for building, and of European goods. Variations in element concentrations between dwellings indicate that cultural soilscapes have potential for identifying processes of stability and change in the use of interior places.

Geochemical Investigations of Inuit Winter Dwellings In Northern Labrador - Don Butler (2008)
The Inuit people of northern Labrador had a variety of effects on their landscape. However, there is an absence of archaeological research addressing their inadvertent influence on the soil's chemical record. Here, I contribute to this type of research by investigating the geochemical characteristics of soils from Inuit winter dwellings at Iglosiatik Island, Nachvak Fiord, and Komaktorvik Fiord, northern Labrador. My research at these locations distinguishes the geochemical composition of soils in association with household taskscapes, adding a geoarchaeological perspective to the Inuit use of space within winter dwellings. Spaces in these households had socially prescribed and proscribed functions, and the habitus enacted in these taskscapes modifies the soil's chemical record. As such, repetitive behaviour in spatially discrete locations can increase the concentration of inorganic elements or introduce foreign ones into the soilscape. These geochemical reflections of behaviour are useful for understanding social structures and identifying taskscapes that have no direct architectural or artefactual evidence. The geochemical characteristics of soils from lamp stands, cooking niches, storage niches, dwelling floors, sleeping platforms, entrance tunnels, and refuse disposal areas underwent comparison with off-site control samples to determine their degree of anthropogenic alteration. Elemental compositions of these soils were measured using x-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma – mass spectroscopy, while reduction – oxidation potential, pH, and total dissolved solids were determined using electronic meters. Correspondence and principle components analysis identified the distinct geochemical signatures of these cultural spaces.

The Ancient State of Puyŏ in Northeast Asia: Archeology and Historical Memory - Maksim Stoyakin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)

Fresno Reservoir Pottery: Saskatchewan Basin Ceramics in Northern Montana - James D. Keyser with a comment by W.J. Byrne (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)
A series of ceramics from five sites in the Fresno Reservoir area of north central Montana is described. These ceramics fall into two categories, one resembling Middle Missouri wares, and the other resembling pottery of the Saskatchewan Basin Complex. The presence of the latter is taken to indicate cultural relationships with southern Alberta. and suggests an occupation of the Fresno Reservoir area by Blackfeet.

The Pine Rise at Crawford Lake: Climate Change or Human Impact? - BYRNE, A. Roger (1999)
In a series of papers Campbell and McAndrews have developed the thesis that prominent pine rise in the Crawford Lake pollen record was the result of climate change, i.e., Little Ice Age cooling. As a corollary of this thesis the same authors also argue that Iroquoian forest clearance had only a minor effect on the vegetation of southern Ontario. A reconsideration of the Crawford Lake pollen record in the light of newly available archaeological evidence uncovered by Finlayson and his co-workers suggests that the climate change thesis is invalid. In this paper the implications of the pollen and archaeological records are reviewed. Several broader questions relating to the magnitude and ecological impact of of Little Ice Age cooling will also be considered.

Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story&" - William J. Byrne (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

The Prehistory and Ethnohistory of the Canadian Plains as Reflected by Ceramics - William J. Byrne (1973)
Although the ceramics from the Canadian plains are sparse in quantity, their formal and stylistic variations, at least in southern Alberta and the adjacent portions of Saskatchewan, are sufficiently distinctive to determine that the pottery can be divided into two major ceramic traditions, the Saskatchewan Basin complex and the Cluny complex. An Early variant of the Saskatchewan Basin complex is affiliated with Avonlea phase occupations dating approximately between A.D. 600 and A.D. 900, and a Late variant with subsequent Old Women's phase components; both of these phases were originally defined on the basis of non-ceramic–mainly lithic–data. The Cluny complex, in contrast, associates with a new phase, the One Gun phase, which appears to represent an intrusion of Middle Missouri peoples into the area sometime after A.D. 1725. It would appear quite definite that the Cluny complex/One Gun phase materials were manufactured by a splinter group of the Hidatsa, possibly the Crow, while at least the Late variant of the Saskatchewan Basin complex/Old Women's phase assemblages are the remains of prehistoric and protohistoric Blackfoot groups.

The resource question and rescue archaeology - William J. Byrne (Bulletin, 1976)

Historical Issues and Evolution in CRM: A View from Alberta - William J. Byrne (2001)
In any given jurisdiction, the beginnings of Cultural Resource Management are generally equated with the passage of appropriately named legislation or the introduction of specifically focussed programs. Alberta is no exception, and the initiation has generally been equated with the passage of the Alberta Historical Resources Act in 1972. In reality, CRM has been an important factor in the heritage movement for far longer than that, and the issues and principles of significance to the discipline have been evolving for well over 100 years.

Unexpected Contributions From An Unusual Man - William J. Byrne (2001)
For close to 30 years, the Province of Alberta has enjoyed the benefits of some of the most comprehensive heritage legislation in North America. As a result of its existence, a cultural resource management regime has been developed which sees the routine conduct of archaeological investigations in conjunction with development projects throughout the Province. These projects range in scale from multi-million dollar investigations spanning five years or more, involving a host of professionals and large territories such as those encompassed by the oil sands mining programmes in northern Alberta, down to brief inspections of individual residential properties. The cumulative effect of these investigations has been to open vast chapters of Alberta's prehistory. The existence of this system and the results it generates can be traced to the pioneering leadership of Richard G. Forbis.

The Archaeological Survey of Alberta - William J. Byrne (1976)
With the passage of the Alberta Heritage Act 1973, the province of Alberta changed from a province with little or no legislation relevant to archaeological resource management to one with a modern integrated legislative package concerned not only with archaeological protection but also with the promotion of archaeological investigation and documentation. This legislation has, in the intervening two years, been supplemented by amendments to the original Act which have served to strengthen its authority, and by the establishment of a provincial agency designed specifically to implement the provisions of the Act as they pertain to archaeology. At this time it is possible to review the activities of the Survey in its first two years, and to predict future activities and developments.

Old Copper Artifacts from Northwestern Ontario - Dawson. Kenneth C.A. (1969)
Recent copper artifact recoveries, together with a review of previously reported finds in Northwestern Ontario, are compared to types established in Wisconsin. Their distribution is plotted and the typology confirmed. Large copper gaffs, socketed pikes and punches and rat-tailed spatulas not previously typed characterize the assemblage in the region. Considering the associated materials, the context and extensive recoveries and the spatial distribution, it is suggested that the manifestations do not represent trade or movement of people into the region as has been suggested for the manifestations in Minnesota and Manitoba. Typology and provenience suggest a centre, predating the Nipissing stage, of early Old Copper at the junctions of major rivers and Lake Superior. This is particularly evident in the data of the Kaministiquia River. The assemblage persists and spreads east and west in the middle Old Copper period but is poorly represented by the late period.

Implications of the 'Sicco' Harpoon Head Type in Thule Culture - Arnold C.D. (1976)
A recent examination of archaeological specimens excavated from the Thule Eskimo site at Naujan, Repulse Bay revealed the presence of several harpoon heads of the Sicco Open Socket type, a form not chosen by Mathiassen for illustration in his 'Archaeology of the Central Eskimos.' Recently acquired data pertaining to the distribution of this artifact type suggests that it was an integral part of at least one variant of the initial Thule expression in the Canadian Arctic. Following a discussion on the validity of typological analysis, a consideration of the variation expressed in this harpoon head type serves to pose several questions regarding the nature of the cultural base which figured in the early development of the Thule culture.

INUIT WOMEN AS A CATALY T FOR CHANGE: A REPORT ON THE EXCAVATION OF THE NAIN MIDDEN (1780-1890) - Cabak, Melanie (1991)
A feminist agenda in archaeology recognizes the significance of gender as a universal principle of social organization. The pronounced division of labour along gender lines is well recognized in Inuit ethnography as well as in arctic archaeology (McGhee 1981). Archaeological excavation of a deep stratified midden at Nain affords an opportunity to consider the role of Inuit women in the nineteenth century.

Towards A Stewardship Program for Alberta's Heritage Resources - Cailliau, Juliette; DAMKJAR, Eric; Dean Wetzel (2001)
There are now in excess of 26,000 archaeological sites and 77,000 historic features recorded in Alberta. It is the responsibility of the Heritage Resource Management Branch of Alberta Community Development to manage and protect heritage sites that may be threatened by a variety of land developments. Management decisions are usually made at the time developments are proposed and the preferred method of mitigating potential impacts is through avoidance, thus preserving the resource for the future. However, sufficient mechanisms are not in place to ensure that avoidance is followed through by developers and that avoided sites are not impacted by later, unregulated, activities. The long term protection of heritage resources is in the interest of all Albertans. This paper examines ways of achieving effective stewardship of heritage resources through partnerships and agreements with a variety of stakeholders.

Fish Resource Use in Comox Harbour: Correlating Fish Traps and Fish Remains - Caldwell, Megan (2008)
This paper presents the results of recent sampling of shell midden deposits adjacent to Comox Harbour, British Columbia. Bucket auger and column sampling was undertaken to ascertain resource use patterns associated with the unique abundance of wooden stake fish traps located in Comox Harbour, proper, through the analyses of fish remains. These remains were identified and quantified with the intent of tracing changes in resource use that might be linked to the chronology of fish trap use, known from direct radiometric dates on fish trap components. This paper discusses the results of these analyses including spatial and temporal shifts in resource use, the relationship between fish traps and fish remains, and interpretation of fishing practices in Comox Harbour based on archaeological and ethnographic data.

Temporal and Spatial Shifts in Resource Acquisition Patterns as Seen in the Fish Remains at T'ukw'aa, Barkley Sound, B.C. - Caldwell, Megan (2006)
The Nuu-Chah-Nulth site of T'ukw'aa at the mouth of Barkley Sound , British Columbia, appears to consist of three different residential areas. Were the residents of these three areas socially differentiated? A preliminary examination of fish remains will assess whether or not differential use of resources may have existed between these three areas. As well, did use of fish resources shift through time, either between these three areas or at the site as a whole? Evidence from two other sites in Barkley Sound has shown a change in resource acquisition from mainly rock fish to salmon around 500 - 600 years ago, running counter to the common date of NAC salmon intensification (3,500 to 5,000 BP). Does this shift occur at the outer harbour site of T'ukwa'a, and is it seen across all three site areas?

The Archaeology of the Caribbean - Richard T. Callaghan (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Comments on Mainland Origins of Preceramic Cultures of the Greater Antilles - Callaghan, Richard (2001)
For several decades it has been hypothesized that the early Preceramic cultures of the Greater Antilles might owe there origin to cultures of the Yucatan mainland. Currently this hypothesis has at least a tentative acceptance. However, no detailed comparative analysis of the relevant materials has been conducted. Here, significant differences between the assemblages of the two regions are pointed out. Other mainland origins have been suggested but some have not been investigated well archaeologically. Finally, a simulation investigating the possibility of discovering the Greater Antilles from various mainland regions and subsequent travel between the islands and the mainland is presented. The results show that chance discovery of the Greater Antilles from the Yucatan Peninsula is not as likely as from Northern South America. Despite the greater distance, navigation between Northern South America and the Greater Antilles requires less navigation skill than from the Yucatan Peninsula.

The Use of Simulation Models to Estimate Frequency and Location of Japanese Edo Period Wrecks Along the Canadian Pacific Coast - Richard T. Callaghan (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)
Simulation models are used to estimate the frequency of Japanese Edo Period wrecks along the Canadian Pacific Coast and to suggest areas that have the greatest potential for the recovery of archaeological materials. During the Edo Period (AD 1603-1867), vessels of foreign design and traditional vessels capable of safely navigating in the open sea were destroyed to prevent contact with the outside world. Vessel designs were modified so that ships venturing into the open sea would be disabled by storms. Historical records indicate a number of Japanese vessels drifting onto the Canadian and adjacent coasts, in many cases with survivors. These records are used to set parameters for the start point of voyages, whether an attempt is made to steer the vessel, voyage duration, and time of year. The simulation uses the data contained in the U. S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World.

Archeology in a Region of Spodosols - Callum, Kathleen (1993)
Most archeologists have bandied about the adage that there were few organic remains excavated from the site, due to the acidic pH of the soil. Are archaeological materials impacted by the actual acidity, or by soil forming factors? In the Northeastem United States (especially Maine) and in the Maritime Peninsula of Canada, pedogenic conditions foster the formation of Spodosols (one of 10 USDA soil orders). Other soils in the Northeast and the Maritime Peninsula, such as Entisols, and Inceptisols, exhibit incipient spodic processes. How does archaeology in a region of Spodosols differ from other areas? This paper reviews the geographic occurrence of Spodosols, similar taxonomic groups in other pedologic classification systems, and the processes that characterize Spodosols. The geochemical processes creating Spodosols are of special interest to archeologists. Geoarcheological sampling protocols for these sites must recognize dominant pedologic conditions. These geochemical conditions change the nature of the cultural material record, affect the anthropogenic signature, and often transforin site cultural features. Two sites in Maine, the coastal Nahanada site, and the riparian Eddington Bend site will be utilized as examples of geoarchaeological sampling design and the problems facing interpretation of the resultant archaeological record after long-term spodic effects have impacted the cultural material record.

Species Identification of Shellfish Material from Four Sites in the Dundas Islands, British Columbia: An Examination of Variation in Collection Practi - Krystal L. Cameron; Meghan Burchell; Trevor J. Orchard (2008)
This research examines shellfish obtained through bucket-auger sampling of four shell midden sites in the Dundas Island Group, located off the northern coast of British Columbia. Shell fragments >8mm were identified to species level. Samples were analyzed from each twenty centimeter interval from the augers, making it possible to observe variability in site level collection practices. The results from the analysis suggest a relationship between collection practices, species availability and local ecology. Interpretations regarding the availability of shellfish resources are explored, focusing on environmental and cultural factors.

Anthrosols de deux fermes scandinaves - Courtney Cameron (2003)

Analyse des fossiles directeurs retrouvés au cours des travaux de prolongement de l'autoroute 63 - Courtney Cameron; Sandra Pentney (2003)

A Patch Work Quilt: Studying the Architectural Fabric of Medieval Period Caravanserais in Northwestern Pakistan - Campbell, Jennifer (2006)
Somewhere between the study of monumental and household architecture lies an aspect of vernacular architecture that involves the creation of space that is neither solely imperial nor familial in its function and fabrication. Caravanserais are compounds where merchants, pilgrims, scholars and government employees could stop for brief periods of time. Caravanserais provided protection from robbers and weather, water for drinking, bathing and ritual ablution, a place to perform daily prayers, a market place, and in some instances a manufacturing centre. Thus, these vernacular structures are uniquely situated for addressing the creation and formation of public buildings and the interpretation and use of these spaces by the groups who occupied them. This paper introduces research into medieval period caravanserais found in Peshawar city, Pakistan. This research addresses the reinterpretation and reoccupation of space/place; a common occurrence in areas of the world where State organization is both temporally and stratigraphically deep.

Three Dimensional Architectural Modeling: Viewing Sites in the Round - Campbell, Jennifer L. (2008)
The creation of three dimensional models in archaeology was once the domain of a computer savvy few, but advances in technology and software availability has opened this growing field of data analysis to more researchers. In this paper I address the use of ArchiCAD, an architectural drafting suite, for modeling standing and ruined archaeological structures. This software functions similarly to Architectural AutoCAD but with a friendlier user interface, a seamless three dimensional rendering component, and a photo rectification add-on. This paper presents the use of this software for modeling caravanserais from Northern Pakistan and discusses the difficulties and successes encountered in its use. It also reflects on the sorts of research questions three dimensional models can address and strategies for data collection when architectural modeling is intended in analysis.

Horizontal variability in shell midden composition: implications for interpretation of stratigraphic changes. - Campbell, S. (1981)
Shell midden sites are a common feature in the archaeological record of coastal areas and analysis of shell has played an important role in archaeological problems such as the evolution of subsistence systems. However, spurious conclusions may be reached when shell sampling and quantification give inadequate consideration to the structure of shell deposition. In particular, there is a tendency for differences in species representation between stratigraphically arranged samples to be conceptualized as trends of change through time, without regard for alternative explanations of variability such as sampling effects and horizontal inhomogeneity, or postdepostional effects. At the Duwamish site, 4SKi23, Seattle, Washington, shell lenses were collected as discrete features to provide analytic control in interpreting the variability of shell samples from larger depositional units. The results show that individuel shell lenses are environment-specific collections, and that two contemporaneous samples may differ as greatly as two stratigraphically distinct samples. This has implications for the type of sampling necessary to achieve a representative species composition for a given component.

Results of the Canim Lake Band Archaeological Inventory Study of 111 Mile Creek, Lac la Hache, BC - CAMPBELL, Bonnie (1998)
In 1997, the Canim Lake Band's Archaeological Inventory Study (AIS) was conducted by Arcas Consulting Archaeologists Ltd. in the 111 Mile Creek Drainage (near Lac la Hache, BC) as part of an Archaeological Overview Assessment (AOA) being conducted for the Cariboo Tribal Council. The purpose of the AIS was to generate base-line data to improve our understanding of the distribution of archaeological resources in the area and assist with forestry planning. Transects were placed in association with aquatic features to generate data about buffer size as used in AOA modelling processes. Aquatic features in two biogeoclimatic zones were tested. Each transect was surveyed twice; once judgmentally and again systematically using a predetermined test pattern. Testing included both surface and subsurface inspection. The survey was successful in two ways: (i) producing results which may be incorporated into the AOA model; and (ii) providing feedback on survey technique, particularly subsurface testing, which may have implications for future work in the region.

Cultural Contact and Interaction Reflected in Fauna: The Huron of South Central Ontario - Campbell, Jennifer L. (2004)
This paper highlights changes to the subsistence patterns of Huron groups in south central Ontario during the prehistoric, protohistoric and historic periods. An analysis of the faunal material from a group of Huron sites from the Trent River Valley, Victoria County, has revealed that changing subsistence strategies can be related to the arrival of Europeans and the dispersal of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians. These sites range in date from AD 1450 to 1615 and include both village and associated resource exploitation sites. Relating the changes in Huron subsistence strategies through time to the cultural forces/changes that motivated these shifts creates a more complete picture of the Huron confederacy at the time of European contact and in the periods preceding this contact.

Identification of Swan River Chert - Campling, N.R. (1976)
A common lithic mterial found in archaeological deposits of west-central Manitoba is Swan River chert. The distribution of this variegated chert extends across Saskatchewan as far West as east-central Alberta. No bedrock outcrop is known as yet, but considerable quantities of this material are present as cobbles in the glacial tills of the region. The great variation in the colour and texture of Swan River chert is discontinuous, so that about 20 to 35 distinct varieties can be macroscopically discerned. Several questions arise at this juncture. Do the 25 or so varieties represent different cherts with perhaps differences in flaking characteristics? If all varieties consist of only one chert type, a standardized description must be provided so that Swan River chert found within the region, more distantly, or in trading contexts can be readily identified. A standardized description would facilitate the determination of the full extent of its use through time and space. Preliminary analysis of some 30 thin sections of Swan River chert indicates no congruence between macroscopic and microscopic appearance. Aside from minor variations, all but two of the Swan River chert varieties exhibited the same three crystal habits: (1) medium-grained chalcedonic spherulites with flamboyant structure; (2) medium to large-grained euhedral granoblastic quartz grains; (3) fine silt-sized anhedral quartz crystal aggregates. Varieties not exhibiting the tri-modal crystal habit are not considered to be Swan River chert. Features pertaining to the genesis of this material remain contradictory.

What's In A Kitchen? The Early Formative Kitchen And Women At Yutopian / Qu'est-ce qu'il y a à l'intérieur d'un - CAMPO, Rachel (1997)
Assumptions about kitchens influence archaeological interpretations of prehistory. The unexamined assumption of a one room (or structure) kitchen affects interpretations about the use of space, the importance of food production, and the role of women. Using data from the Yutopian site in Catamarca, Argentina, I will present a model that considers multiple food preparation loci rather than single kitchen areas. This focus on multiple areas of food production will encourage the recognition of food production and foodways as an important and central component to life that influences the social fabric of a household and community. In addition, by focusing on women's central role in food production and preparation, the multiple areas model permits women's production to be studied as an integrating factor in a household and community.

LES TRANSITIONS ECONOMIQUES DE LA CôTE NORD-OUEST: L'EVIDENCE DE NAMU, COLOMBIE-BRITANNIQUE - Aubrey Cannon (1991)
Les données faune du site Namu sur la côte centrale de Colombie-Britannique avaient employé pour examiner l'ordre et la cause de changement majeure dans l'économie de la Côte Nord-ouest. Les données faune indiquent qu'il y avait utilisation intensive du saumon, et des autres resources marines. Ils indiquent aussi l'habitation semi-sédentaire, et la capacité pour l'entreposage de saumon, depuis 1000 ans avant l'utilisation des coquillages. Ceci suggére qu'un accroissement de la population et l'exploitation d'une plus grande diversité de resources marines n'avaient past été la cause d'un changement de la subsistance ou de l'habitation. La formation de la midden coquille est associé à l'intensification de la production du saumon qui suggére que l'intensification de l'utilisation et la réglementation des saumon était une cause nécessaire d'accroissement de population et élaboration sociale.

Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa - Aubrey Cannon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Canine Diet at Namu, British Columbia: The Implications for Zooarchaeological Interpretation - Aubrey Cannon (1993)
Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of dog bone from the site of Namu on the central coast of British Columbia is used to verify transitions in human diet inferred from zooarchaeological evidence. Faunal evidence shows a specific sequence of changes including increasing use of shellfish and an increase, peak, and subsequent decline in the proportion of salmon in the diet. Unlike human skeletal remains, dog bones are available for the entire temporal sequence of fauna-bearing cultural deposits. The isotope content of dog bone can therefore provide an dine-scaled monitor of transitions in palaeo-diet. The results of this study show the value of using bone chemistry analysis in conjunction with zoo-archaeological analysis and interpretation.

ISOTOPIC CONFIRMATION OF SUBSISTENCE TRENDS AT NAMU, BRITISH COLUMBIA - Aubrey Cannon; Henry P. SCHWARCZ; Martin KNYF (1996)
Isotopic analysis of dog bones is used to verify trends in the Namu subsistence economy over the period 6,060-1,405 BP. The results show comparable values to those obtained for human bone, and match trends in salmon and shellfish consumption indicated by the analysis of faunal remains. The study demonstrates the value of using domestic dog remains as an independent line of evidence to monitor trends in human diet on the Northwest Coast.

ECONOMIC TRANSITIONS ON THE NORTHWEST COAST: THE EVIDENCE FROM NAMU, BRITISH COLUMBIA - Aubrey Cannon (1991)
Faunal data from the site of Namu (ElSx-1), on the Central Coast of British Columbia are used to examine the sequence and cause of major transitions in the Northwest Coast economy. The Namu faunal data indicate intensive utilization of salmon and other vertebrate marine resources, the likelihood of semi-sedentary settlement, and the capacity for salmon storage at least 1,000 years before the significant utilization of shellfish begins. The implication is that population growth and a consequent shift to a broader range of marine resources was not due to any major shift in subsistence of settlement pattern. The onset of shell midden formation is associated with the increased production of salmon, which suggests that increased utilization and control of salmon was a necessary cause of population increase and social elaboration.

Quantifying Change in Archaeofaunal Abundance: The Economic Prehistory of Namu, British Columbia ( ElSx-1 ), 6500-2200 B.P. - Aubrey Cannon (1989)
The observation that divergent faunal taxa co-occur in equal stratigraphic proportions is the basis for developing a faunal deposition rate index to standardize taxonomic abundance among major stratigraphic units. This standardization method yields an unambiguous indication of changes in taxonomic abundance. In application, the method is used to monitor change in faunal utilization during 4000 years of economic prehistory at the site of Namu (ElSx-1) on the central coast of British Columbia.

Differentiating Shell Midden Site Function through Fine Sediment Analysis - Aubrey Cannon; MacDonald, Brandi Lee (2005)
We present the initial results of constituent analyses of the fine fraction (<2mm) of shell midden matrix obtained from auger samples collected at sites on the central coast of British Columbia. The analyses include measures of organic, carbonate, and inorganic content, and measures of inorganic grain size and shape. The results are compared between sites to determine whether variability in fine-grained midden content can differentiate reliably between short-term campsites and long-term residential settlements. The same data are compared between locations within sites to assess their utility in delineating residential and refuse disposal areas.

The contexts of some early to mid Holocene sites on the Central Coast of British Columbia - CANNON, A. (1998)
The contexts of some early to mid Holocene sites on the Central Coast of British Columbia. Core-testing of shell-midden sites in the Namu vicinity has revealed evidence of early to mid Holocene (10,000-5000 BP) occupation at three locations, in addition to the well-documented early occupation at Namu itself. All of these early sites occur on terraces that are greater than three metres in elevation, which contrasts with the lower elevations of initial occupation at more recent sites. Apart from elevation, the locational attributes of the early sites are highly varied, suggesting a diverse range of possible site functions. These few results from preliminary site testing highlight the potential effectiveness of core-testing for the investigation of early Holocene occupations, and point to a range of environmental and cultural factors relevant to the locations and discovery of early settlement in this region.

Routes, Crossroads, and Control Points: Defining Gateway Communities on the Northwest Coast - Aubrey Cannon (2008)
Examination of three villages on the central and south coasts of British Columbia illustrates their potential role as gateway communities. Their locations at the interface between environmentally or culturally defined regions, on routes travelled for resource acquisition or cultural interchange, explain a prominence that exceeds the economic or environmental potential of their locales. The village of Namu, within traditional Heiltsuk territory on the cental coast, and the Coast Salish village of Xway xway, in what is now Stanley Park, are situated at crossroads linking travel routes north and south and between inner and outer coastal zones. While it is unlikely these villages exerted direct control over routes, their locations conceivably created and sustained social protocols for visiting and gifting while on route to further destinations. The central coast Wuikinuxv (Oweekeno) village of Cockmi, in contrast, is strategically located to control a key point of entry to Rivers Inlet.

The Ratfish and Marine Resource Deficiencies on the Northwest Coast - Aubrey Cannon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)
The ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) is considered of negligible economic value, though it is often a major component of archaeological fish assemblages from the Northwest Coast. A lack of ethnographic reference to its use and poor nutritional qualities that rank it below most available fish species suggest that the ratfish is a marginal resource that was used only in response to a deficiency of preferred marine resources. Variation in ratfish abundance indicates temporal fluctuations in local site economies on the central coast of British Columbia.

Shell Growth Increments and Shellfish Harvesting Strategies on the Central British Columbia Coast - Aubrey Cannon; Meghan Burchell; Bathurst, Rhonda (2005)
Growth increment analyses of clam shell from sites on the central coast of British Columbia show evidence of distinct strategies of shellfish collection between site locations. The growth increment profiles of sectioned shells suggest at least three different collection modes. These include casual use of shellfish from the immediate vicinity of smaller campsites, intensive harvest of shellfish at specialized gathering locations, and periodic forays from base camps and villages for the selective gathering of clams from multiple locations in the site vicinity. The more intensive collection strategies appear to have involved sustainable selection of older clams. Specific strategies were sustained over millennia at different site locations.

évolution des idées en matiére d'histoires archéologiques de la côte Nord-Ouest - Aubrey Cannon (2003)

The Ratfish and Marine Resource Dericiency on the Northwest Coast - Aubrey Cannon (1992)
Data from faunal reports, ethnographies, and nutritional studies are used to assess the prehistoric economic value of the ratfish. (Hydrolagus colliei) on the Northwest Coast. It is shown that sites or components of sites that exhibit a relatively high proportion of ratfish among the fish remains also tend to exhibit relatively low quantities of salmon and a high ratio of deer to harbour seal among mammalian fauna. Ethnographic and nutritional data indicate the low food value of ratfish and deer in contrast to more highly prized salmon and harbour seal. It is concluded that increased or relatively intense use of ratfish can serve as an indication of economic hard times. On this basis it may be possible to construct a more finely textured understanding of spatial and temporal variation in Northwest Coast economy.

Supernatural Perceptions in the Settlement History of the Central British Columbia Coast - Aubrey Cannon (2000)
Recent research indicates a brief period of rapid expansion in the number of winter villages in the Namu vicinity on the central coast of British Columbia at around 2500 BP. This coincides with a period of decline and instability in the Namu salmon-fishing economy. This pattern of long-term winter-village settlement at Namu, followed by a short period of expansion in the number of villages, and subsequent renewed stability appears to have been governed by perceptions of the supernatural basis of resource availability and the demands of annual ceremonies to ensure resource renewal, rather than by the physical availability or productivity of resources in the region.

Less Invasive Approaches to Site Investigation - Aubrey Cannon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Ancient Jomon of Japan - Aubrey Cannon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

La diéte canine à Namu, Colombie-Britannique :Les implications pour l'interprétation zooarchéologique - Aubrey Cannon (1993)
L'analyse isotopique du carbone et de l'azote contenus dans les os de chien du site Namu sur la côte centrale de Colombie-Britannique sert à vérifier l'évolution de la diéte humaine déduite des témoins zooarchéologiques. Les restes fauniques montrent une séquence particuliére de changements incluant une utilisation croissante des crustacés de même qu'une augmentation, un sommet et ensuite un déclin de la proportion de saumon dans la diéte. Contrairement aux restes humains, nous possédons des os de chien pour l'ensemble de la séquence chronologique représentée par les dépôts culturels contenant des restes fauniques. Par conséquent, le contenu isotopique des os de chien peut s'avérer un indice trés fin de l'évolution des paléo-diétes. Les résultats de cette étude montrent l'importance d'utiliser l'analyse chimique des os parallélement à l'analyse et à l'interprétation zooarchéologiques.

Archaeology's Public: A Perspective From Two Canadian Museums - Debbi Cannon; Aubrey Cannon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)
Museum visitor surveys show that the audience for archaeological exhibits represents only a very small, highly-educated segment of the general population. Women and residents of foreign countries are shown to have a particular interest in local prehistory exhibits at the Royal Ontario Museum. Visitor comments and viewing behaviour at the ROM and the UBC Museum of Anthropology suggest a desire for greater contextualization of the lives of past peoples and more points of connection between past and present everyday experience. These results are used to suggest ways that archaeologists might expand and better serve the interests ofthe consuming public.

Shell Middens, Field Methods, and Theory in Northwest Coast Archaeology - Aubrey Cannon (2001)
The recent history of Pacific Northwest Coast archaeology shows how strategies of shell midden investigation have influenced interpretive frameworks. Vertical excavations of limited areal extent, well suited to early cultural historical research, have also contributed to linear evolutionary interpretations. These have been reinforced to some extent by more recent horizontal excavations of surface features, which are designed to investigate settlement patterns and social organization. Vertical and horizontal excavations, which are constrained by the depth and complexity of shell midden sites to limited areas of single-sites, tend to promote these more general, but often decontextualized interpretations based on ethnographic reconstruction and linear evolution. Alternative strategies of multi-site investigation, in contrast, highlight the role of contingency and agency in particular historical contexts.

Ancient DNA Insight into the Namu Salmon Fishery: Implications for Storage, Sedentism, and Archaeological History - Aubrey Cannon; Dongya Y. Yang (2005)
Results of ancient DNA analysis of salmon vertebrae from Namu show consistent use of a wide range of species and particular emphasis on those species, pink and chum, that are most suited for long-term storage. The consistent emphasis on readily stored species and the multi-seasonality of salmon fishing and other subsistence activities indicate that Namu was a sedentary, storage-based settlement from as early as 5000 BC. With the exception of a sharply lower numbers of pink salmon in the period ca. 2000 BC-AD 500, the species profile of the fishery is consistent throughout the past 7000 years. This shortfall in pink salmon may have been the key factor responsible for periodic food shortage and long-term contraction of the settlement at this time.

Kunaitupii. Coming Together on Native Sacred Sites - Gerry Canoty (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

A Report on the Activities of the CIDOC Archaeological Sites Working Group - Canouts, Veletta (2000)
Abstract not available.

The Early Period on the Central Coast of British Columbia - Roy L. Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
Unlike all other periods of Central Coast prehistory, the Early Period is typified by a high frequency of flaked stone tools. These assemblages include tools of diverse types: pebble tools, leaf-shaped bifaces, microblades, macroblades and Levalloisoid flakes and cores. This paper explores the question of the external affinities of these industries, their meaning in terms of way of life during the period, and their potential relationships to linguistic groups of the historic period.

Nechako Plateau Culturally Modified Trees - CARLSON, Arne K (1998)
Approximately 200 culturally modified tree (CMT) sites have recently been recorded in the central interior of B.C. during archaeological impact assessments of forest industry operations. Together, these sites represent somewhere between 8,000 and 12,000 individual CMTs. The most common type of CMT is the pine cambium stripping scar, representing about 98% of all the CMTs recorded. This is probably the most common type of CMT in the province. Spatial patterning in the distribution of these pine CMTs provides a regional scale picture of aboriginal land use over the period 1800-1950.

Nenana and Early Northwest Coast Similarities: Apples and Oranges or Oranges and Tangerines? - Roy L. Carlson; Philip M. Hobler (2000)
The earliest cultures of the B.C.-Alaska coast north of the Strait of Juan de Fuca are more similar to Nenana than they are to the early cultures of adjacent regions. Because of the nature and availability of the data, comparisons are limited to lithic types and assemblages. Types typical of both cultures include scraper-planes (core scrapers), foliate and tear-drop bifaces, perforators, and scrapers. Microblade technology is either absent or very rare. Nenana begins by 11,800 cybp and according to some researchers continues in some regions of central Alaska to 8500 cybp and thus overlaps with the earliest dated Northwest Coast assemblages which begin about 10,000 cybp and continue little changed for some 1500 years. In this paper we explore the degree of similarity between the early Northwest assemblages and Nenana and suggest an historical relationship in which Nenana is at least in part antecedent.

Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story" - Roy L. Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

The Early Component at Bear Cove - Catherine Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)

'Keeping the Lakes' Way': Reburial and the Re-creation of a Moral World Among an Invisible People - Catherine Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Glacial Lakes and Salmonids in the Southern Interior of British Columbia - Catherine Carlson (2001)
Bony skeletons of salmon encased in clay nodules eroding from glacial lake sediments along Kamloops Lake, in the southern interior of British Columbia, have been AMS radiocarbon dated to 18,110+90 and 15,480+60 BP. These are the only known salmonid remains of Late Wisconsin age in the Pacific Northwest, and are significant in demonstrating the presence of salmon in the river drainages during the late glacial maximum. On the basis of morphological size of the specimens, and on measurement of the low delta C13 value in the bone (-22.2 o/oo and -23.8 o/oo), it is argued that these were probably landlocked Oncorhynchus nerka (the Kokanee form of sockeye salmon). An experimental study of the ancient salmon DNA on these specimens is presently underway and has promise for resolving the species determination issue. This paper will discuss the salmon specimens and their geological source with the purpose of reconstructing the paleozoogeography of salmon in the Pacific Northwest including the implications for early human subsistence and migration patterns. Also addressed are the questions of the extent and timing of glacial lakes and ice retreat, and drainage patterns, in the southern interior of British Columbia in the Late Wisconsin.

Projectile Point Sequences on the Gulf Islands and the Central Coast of British Columbia - CARLSON, Roy (2005)
Biface industries are present on the coast of British Columbia by 10,500 years ago. Fluted points from undated contexts on the coast are known south of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but none have been found to the north on the coast of British Columbia where non-fluted, foliate (leaf-shaped) bifaces of several types are the earliest types found during the first 5,000 years of prehistory. In the Gulf Islands there is little evidence for human habitation predating 5000 BP. The biface types present at that time consist of both foliate and contracting stemmed forms similar to those found in the Fraser Canyon sequence. These types persist until about 2000 BP when triangular points with or without barbs become the most common types. After 1500 BP chipped stone points become rare, and those that are found are usually small side-notched or corner notched arrow points. On the central coast the earliest points are foliate bifaces without stems or barbs of which some resemble the Chindadn "heart-shaped" bifaces of the Nenana Complex of central Alaska that are also found in Haida Gwaii. By 6000 BP some of the foliate bifaces have incipient stems. Bifaces with definite contracting stems appear by 3500 BP, and both fishtail bifaces and side-notched bifaces appear on the central coast between 2000 and 1500 BP. Small side-notched arrow points are found after 1500 BP, but none of these types are common .

The Nineteenth Century Archaeology of Harlan I. Smith in Southern British Columbia - Catherine Carlson (2000)
Field letters and notes, photo scrapbooks, publications, and artifact collections of Harlan I. Smith from the American Museum of Natural History document the earliest archaeological expeditions to British Columbia. From a study of these records, the motivations, research questions, accomplishments, and relations with aboriginal peoples are revealed. Franz Boas largely dictated a biological approach to Smith's fieldwork, one that involved the collection of photographic portraitures and human skeletal remains; however Smith's published monographs from his expeditions focus on an analysis of the material culture of the Interior Salish peoples.

Indigenous Historic Archaeology of the 19th-Century Secwepemc Village at Thompson’s River Post, Kamloops, British Columbia - Catherine C. Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)
This paper explores the way that theoretical ideas, particularly those situated in post-colonial theory, inform interpretations about Indigenous peoples’ contacts with fur traders in the Canadian Plateau of British Columbia in the early 19th century. The theoretical discourse on the archaeology of colonialism frames the interpretation of an archaeological excavation of an historic Secwepemc (Shuswap) village associated with an early Hudson’s Bay Company fur trade post at Kamloops established in 1811. Following a decade of seasonal trading, a permanent trading post was built in 1821, and a new Secwepemc village was established adjacent to it. House features, faunal remains, and material culture were recovered from the site (EeRc–22) during four field seasons of excavation. An overview of historical and ethnographic texts provides additional information pertaining to Aboriginal peoples on the Plateau during the historic period. The excavations of both the village, containing traditional circular semi-subterranean pithouses, and the adjacent trading post have provided comparative evidence of trading relations and cultural continuity and change in Indigenous and fur trader households in the first three decades of contact at Kamloops.

The Pender Canal Site and the Beginnings of the Northwest Coast Cultural System - Roy L. Carlson; Paul Szpak; Michael Richards (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)
Data from the Pender Canal site excavations relevant to the time and place of origin of the Northwest Coast cultural system are presented with calibrated and new marine reservoir corrected radiocarbon dates. The emphasis is on the evidence for art, ceremonialism, and personal adornment present in the 4500 to 2600 cal B.P. time period, and their relevance as indicators of early socio-cultural complexity.

Prehistoric Economies of the Pacific Northwest Coast - Roy L. Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)

AMS Dating of Late Pleistocene Salmonids from Kamloops Lake, British Columbia / Datation par la technique SMA de salmonidés du pléistoc& - Catherine C. Carlson; KLEIN, Ken E. (1997)
Late Pleistocene age determinations on salmon bones from a geological site on Kamloops Lake, British Columbia are discussed. AMS radiocarbon dates ranging between 18,100 and 15,500 B.P. are problematic for current ice cover models in the southern interior Plateau. Implications for environmental reconstruction, salmon zoogeography, and archaeology are presented.

My Life with Dr. B. in the '50s - Carlson, Maureen (2005)
As a student of Carl Borden's at U.B.C. in the early 1950's, I worked as his lab assistant and participated in field work over a number of years at Musqueam, Chinlac, Tweedsmuir Park, The Kootenay Survey and the Milliken Site. A few stories and slides will be shared to remember my favourite professor and the early days of archaeology in B.C.

British Columbia's First Salvage Archaeology - CARLSON, Roy (1999)
The idea that developers who are impacting archaeological remains should pay for the necessary archaeological research was first successfully implemented in British Columbia in 1951-52 by the late C.E. Borden. He successfully solicited funds from the Ministry of Education and the Alcan Aluminum Company for the archaeological exploration of the reservoir area soon to be flooded by construction of the Kinney dam on the Nechako River. Archaeological survey was undertaken in 1951 and excavation of key sites in 1952. Although the amount of funding seems very little by today's standards it was a significant amount for that time, and allowed Borden to arrive at a chronology for the region and draw certain cultural-historical conclusions. It also set in motion the development of the site designation system still used in most of Canada today, and the drafting of the Archaeological and Historic Sites Protection Act which eventually led to the present legislation and the evolution of the Archaeology Branch from earlier government bodies. In this paper I review the archaeological data from the excavations in the reservoir area.

Charles E. Borden (1905–1978) - Roy L. Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)

Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum - Roy L. Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Morphology and Dating of Projectile Points from Northern Vancouver Island - Catherine C. Carlson (2005)
The coastal archaeology of the northern portion of Vancouver Island, including sites in Queen Charlotte Strait, Hardy Bay, and Quatsino Sound, has revealed a very small sample of projectile points, but with a considerable time span. Most are of the leaf-shaped spear point form. This paper will describe metric, stylistic, and raw material traits for this small sample in their dateable contexts. Comparison with points from other coastal areas suggest closest relationships are with central coast assemblages.

The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era - Roy L. Carlson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

A Place Where Chitons are Cooked: The Bear Cove Fauna in the Context of the Origins of Northwest Coast Maritime Culture - Catherine Carlson (1999)
The Bear Cove site (EeSu 8) was excavated in 1978 on the northern end of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The 8,200 B.P. stratigraphic sequence included shell midden and non-shell deposits, an early Pebble Tool Tradition artifact assemblage and later Developmental Northwest Coast artifact assemblages, radio-carbon dated samples (uncalibrated), and extensive faunal remains. This paper will present an overview of the hitherto unreported complete faunal assemblage from the early 8,020 B.P component to the later post-4,000 B.P. shell midden components of the site. The faunal data indicate a record of a fully marine-adapted culture that has focused on the sea for subsistence since early occupation.

ART AND SOCIETY ON THE NORTHWEST COAST - CARLSON, Roy (1996)
Northwest Coast Native art has usually been studied in relation to its role in social interaction involving rank, prestige and elitism. However, close examination of Northwest Coast ethnography and of the content and context of prehistoric Northwest Coast art indicates that there is an underlying spiritual dimension to the art tradition and that this dimension was the likely catalyst for the development of the art tradition in its early stages. In this paper the archaeological evidence from the excavations at the Pender Canal site and a summary of the ethnographic data relevant to this proposition are presented.

Standardization, Reliability, and Paleoindian Ovate Biface Production: A View from 20-Cl-227, the Round Lake Site Cache, Clinton County, Michigan, USA - Dillon H. Carr; William A. Lovis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)
Biface caches may be one of the most distinctive and enigmatic aspects of Paleoindian behavior. Here we contribute to discussion of this phenomenon by presenting an analysis and interpretation of a heretofore unreported biface cache, consisting of 24 ovate bifaces and a single large flake blank, documented in 1981 from the Round Lake locality (20-CL-227), Clinton County, Michigan, USA. Analysis of metric and non-metric attributes support an interpretation that the cached bifaces are, more probable than not, early Paleoindian in age, and are most likely attributable to the Gainey fluted point phase (ca. 11,500–10,800 14C B.P.). Moreover, the cache is distinguished by a high degree of standardization, and represents the same intentional point in the chaine opératoire of fluted biface manufacture, suggesting production by a single individual. As a necessary complement to our technological analysis of the cache, we situate our interpretation of the Round Lake cache within the broader regional context of Great Lakes Paleoindian behavior.

The 'Image of the Indian' and archaeological theory in Canada: how has the use of theory discouraged First Nations involvement? - Carr-Locke, Sarah E. (2001)
This paper will be examine archaeological discourse in Canada in order to consider how it has affected the discipline's relationship with First Nations. As many have shown, interactions between colonial state powers with original inhabitants of the land were and to a certain extent still are also shaped by images formed through popular discourse. Following Trigger (1980), I argue that the stereotyping of Indians has been the most important single factor shaping the development of archaeology in North America. In order to move towards a way of doing archaeology that is anti-colonial and cooperative, archaeologists must critically examine and take a certain amount of responsibility for archaeology's hand in constructing images of Aboriginal Peoples. By examining the development of archaeology in Canada, with careful consideration to the use of theory, these images may be recognized and explored. Through this historical examination, it will be demonstrated that Canadian archaeology has viewed Indians as subjects or objects but only recently as actors in the formulation and dissemination of their own histories.

Inheriting the Past: The Making of Arthur C. Parker and Indigenous Archaeology - Carr-Locke, Sarah E. (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)

A Land of Many Cultures: Planning for the Conservation of Archaeological Features in the City of Toronto - Carruthers, Peter; Ronald Williamson (2006)
In 2002, the City of Toronto initiated a comprehensive planning and management study for archaeological resources within the City. The Archaeological Master Plan has four major goals including the compilation of detailed, reliable inventories of registered and unregistered archaeological sites within the City, the preparation of a thematic overview of the City's settlement history as it relates to the potential occurrence of additional pre-and post-contact archaeological resources, the development of an archaeological site potential model, based on known site locations, past and present land uses, environmental and cultural-historical data, and assessment of the likelihood for survival of archaeological resources in various urban contexts and assessment and the provision of recommendations concerning the preparation of archaeological resource conservation and management guidelines for the City. The study began with a comprehensive review of archaeological conservation policies in major cities around the world focussing on Europe, Asia and North America. The resultant design for this study represents one of the most effective approaches to archaeological resource conservation currently employed by a major city anywhere in the world.

The Lake Temagami Site (CgHa-2): Comparing Materials and Manufacturing Methods from a Multi-Component Site in Northeastern Ontario - CARSCALLEN, Charles (1994)
The multi-component Lake Temagami Site consists of at least four discrete clusters of lithic artifacts spread over an area of approximately ten acres. These clusters are interpreted as discrete occupation areas. The excavations in the first season of work (1993) concentrated on a single late prehistoric component. The component yielded a lithic assemblage dominated by quartz artifacts manufactured using bipolar reduction. Based on test pit samples, this stands in sharp contrast to the other three components which are dominated by rhyolite, greywacke and rhyolite and quartz respectively. Preliminary analysis of this assemblage has focused on the need for a meaningful method for describing quartz assemblages as well as a means of comparing such assemblages with those manufactured on other materials.

The Allandale Site:A Uren Period Special Purpose Site in Simcoe County - Carscallen, Charlton (2002)
This paper will describe the results of mitigative excavations at the late 13th Century Allandale Site (BcGw-69) in Barrie, Ontario. Although much of the site has been destroyed through construction and reconstruction of the Allandale Train Station over the past 150 years, a large midden remained in tact. Ceramic recoveries from the site include 92 ceramic vessels and an enormous quantity of fish bone, mammal and bird bone. Despite the lack of settlement pattern data, the faunal assemblage and physical situation of the site on the shores of Lake Simcoe argue for its use as a seasonal procurement location.

Archaeological Investigations and Analysis of the Cumberland House I (or Old Cumberland House) (1774-1794) Recoveries / Fouilles à la Cumberlan - CARSON, Laurie (1997)
As trading relations between the Hudson's Bay and Northwest Companies began to intensify, a number of explorers were dispatched to the western regions of Canada for the purpose of establishing posts and securing trade relations with native populations in the surrounding areas. In 1774, Samuel Hearne founded the first Hudson's Bay Company inland trading post, Cumberland House I (or old Cumberland House) along the southern shore of Cumberland Lake. In 1790 construction began on Cumberland House II (or New Cumberland House) 1.5 km northwest of the old site and by 1794 Old Cumberland House was abandoned and operations were moved to the new location. Three field seasons of excavation, in the summers of 1991, 1992 and 1994, were carried out at the Old Cumberland House site under the supervision of Dr. David Meyer and Jill Musser from the University of Saskatchewan. This presentation deals with the subject of those investigations and subsequent analysis of the Old Cumberland House archaeological collection.

From strontium to the social? The intellectual shortcomings of obsidian characterization studies - Tristan Carter (2008)
In an East Mediterranean context, the work of Renfrew et al in the 1960s set the bench mark not only with regard to archaeometric innovation, but also in terms of the grand social science questions being asked through the material. Subsequent critiques of Renfrew's (substantiavist) position and the alleged significance of fall-off patterns led to something of an abandonment of characterisation work in the Aegean and Near East until a new wave of analyses in the recent decade. It is argued here that these new characterisation studies represent far more of a geo-archaeological and archaoemetric success story than they do with regard to a social archaeology, i.e. while we now have high precision techniques to source our artefacts, archaeologists have fallen short in their interrogation of the results. Drawing upon recent work at Neolithic çatalhöyük (central Anatolia) and Bronze Age Malia (Crete), this paper explores some of the ways that we might maximize our investment in characterisation studies, through the adoption of a chaîne opératoire / contextual analytical framework, considerations of the 'samples' material attributes and the potential of GIS as not only sophisticated means of integrating and analyzing spatially variable data but also as a way of charting some of the bodily experiences associated with procurement from afar. While the case studies will be East Mediterranean, it is believed that the critiques and responses have a far wider application.

AN ANALYSIS OF A SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY BLACKSMITH SHOP AT FERRYLAND, NEWFOUNDLAND - CARTER, Matthew (1996)
During the summer of 1994 a Memorial University field crew completed the excavation of a smithy in an area of Ferryland commonly referred to as 'The Pool.' The excavations revealed a forge of stone construction, measuring approximately 1.2 by 1.8 metres, as well as other structural evidence and an immense amount of iron and slag. The smithy was in a remarkable state of preservation, enabling archaeologists to retrieve a vast amount of information. This paper will discuss dating of the forge and the layout of the smithy. Various types of artifacts will be described to help determine what types of items were being manufactured and repaired by the Ferryland smiths.

Oral Tradition, Archaeology, and the League of the Iroquois - Casagrand, Robert S. (1992)
An historical analysis of the oral tradition concerning the formation of the League of the Iroquois is discussed, focussing on the limitations of using ritual oral discourse for interpreting the circumstances that influenced the formation of the League. This analysis differs from previous work on this topic by emphasizing oral tradition as a dynamic system utilized within a changing social context. The bounds within which information flow, modification, and manipulation occur imply the roles and origins of consistent verbal motif types that appear throughout the tradition. Implications for the interpretation of settlement patterns, exchange, and symbolic attributes are examined in reference to assemblages in the Mohawk River drainage.

It Ain't The Meat, Its the Motion: Subsistence and Mobility in Holocene Ghana - Casey, Joanna (1992)
This paper looks at the lithic assemblages from a series of Kintampo Complex (Ceramic LSA, 3500-3000 bp) sites on the Gambaga Escarpment in Northeastern Ghana, West Africa. These assemblages contain a small, formal component of ground and chipped stone tools, and a large, informal component of bipolar flakes and flake tools. The size and relative permanence of the Kintampo communities argue for a settled, horticultural subsistence, but the informal tool assemblage indicates regular access to non-local sources of lithic raw material. In this paper I will demonstrate two things. First that the act of forest clearing and burning enhances the animal protein yield to such an extent that a formalized hunting strategy and its consequent toolkit are rendered superfluous, and second, that without the necessity to create a formal, portable toolkit, bipolar technology is a highly effective means of producing efficient tools.

Southampton Beach Shipwrecks Site: Artifacts and Archives - Identifying a shipwreck, buried on the Lake Huron shore, as the Royal Navy Brig H.M.S. Gen - Kenneth A. Cassavoy (2008)
In 2001, low water levels on Lake Huron exposed several frame tips of a shipwreck buried under the sand of a Southampton, Ontario, beach. A series of archaeological excavations between 2001 and 2004 revealed and documented the buried hull of an unidentified early 19th-century Great Lakes sailing vessel. This paper describes how the subsequent analysis of artifacts from the shipwreck, combined with lengthy archival research, culminated in the positive identification of the hull as the War of 1812 British Royal Navy Brig H. M.S. General Hunter.

Southampton Beach Shipwrecks Project: The excavation, lifting and reburial of an 1870's stone-hooker work barge discovered under the sand of a La - Kenneth A. Cassavoy (2008)
The investigation of shipwreck frame tips, exposed by low water levels along the shore of Lake Huron led to the discovery that two vessels - from different periods - were buried in the same location under the sand of a Southampton, Ontario, beach. One of the vessels was a stone-hooker work barge from the 1870's period of harbour construction in the Southampton area. In order to protect the work barge from intermittent exposure and wave damage on the beach, it was fully excavated in the spring of 2007, lifted by crane and moved to a new, deeper resting place further north on the beach. This paper describes both the excavation and the complex task of lifting, moving and reburying the vessel. It also illustrates how the detailed recording of the vessel has provided what may be the only existing record of how these sturdy little workhorse vessels - ubiquitous on the Great Lakes in the era of sail - were constructed.

Photo-Realistic Visualization of Archaeological Sites - CHALMERS, Alan; John TIDMUS; Simon STODDART (1994)
Evidence from the archaeological record yields clues as to how our ancestors lived. However, our perceptions and analyses of this data may be clouded by the lack of surviving structures or unmodified landscapes that can be used to put this evidence into a better context. Recent developments in computer visualization are providing powerful tools for modelling multi-dimensional aspects of the data gathered by archaeologists. Computer graphic techniques can be used to reconstruct and visualize features of a site which may otherwise be difficult to appreciate. This new perspective may enhance our understanding of the environments in which our ancestors lived. Recent developments have made it possible to 'construct' virtual environments on a computer and view photo-realistic images of these scenes [4]. It is possible, therefore, to recreate an archaeological site on a computer and provide the viewer with an accurate representation of the actual rernains. Furthermore, geometric modelling techniques enable extrapolations from existing evidence to reconstruct the site as it may have appeared to the original inhabitants [5]. Although static images are useful for providing impressions of a site, far greater insight can be obtained by making it possible for the user to navigate through the three dimensional representation. This experience will be enhanced by the photo-realistic nature of the computer model including accurate illumination and the presence of environmental factors such as smoke dust or fog. It is essential that such a navigation systern is interactive, responding immediately to the operator's directions [3]. In all image synthesis techniques, the fundamental step is computing the amount and nature of light from the three dimensional environment reaching the eye from any given direction. This computation is carried out by simulating the behaviour of light in the environment. This simulation must allow for the medium participation of light emitters such as flames, light absorbers such as soot clouds, and light scatterers such as dust or smoke. The particle tracing technique traces the path of photons as they are emitted from light sources and uses the reflected/refracted/emitted particle flux given by a large number of these particles as a measure of the illumination of the environment [4]. This model accurately simulates the physical propagation of light, and can be used for complex scenes involving medium participation. Experience, based on sequential implementations of the particle tracing method, has shown that even for relatively simple environments the number of particles that have to be considered in the simulation can be of the order of a few hundred thousand. On the single processor machine this can amount to many minutes and even hours of computing time. The application of advanced parallel processing methods should allow the visualization to be accomplished in real-time [1,2].This paper will describe a parallel computer system, currently under development as a joint project between computer scientists and archaeologists, for reconstructing and photo-realistically visualizing archaeological sites.References:[1] A. G. Chalmers, S. Pattanaik, A. Biriukov, and P. Sharpe. Parallel processing for interactive photo-realistic building walkthroughs. In W. Straser and F. Wahl, editors, Graphics & Robotics, Schloss Dagsthul, Apr. 1993.[2] F. W. Jansen and A. G. Chalmers. Realism in real-time? In Proceedings of the Fourth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Paris, June 1993.[3] J.H.R. John, M. Airey and F.P.Brooks Jr. Towards image realism with interactive update rates in complex virtual building enviromnents. ACM SIGGRAPH Special Issue on Interactive 3D graphics, 24(2):41-50,1990.[4] S.N. Pattanaik. Computational methods for global illumination and visualisation of complex 3D environments. Ph.D. thesis, National Centre for Software Technology, Juhu, Bombay, Indian, Feb. 1993.[5] P. Reilly and S. Shennan. Applying Solid Modelling and Animated Three-Dimensional Graphics to Archaeological Problems. Technical Report UKSC 209, IBM UK Scientific Centre, Winchester, Oct. 1989.

Using Archival Data Pertinent to Fur Trade Contact in the Colvile District. - David H. Chance (1973)
The character and abundance of ethnohistoric data available on the fur trade contact with the peoples of the H.B.C, Colvile District of the Columbia Plateau are evaluated. Most attention is given to the documents of the Hudson's Bay Company, but some comparison is made to other types of records. Along with the discussion of sources, reference is made to some of the conclusions that may be drawn from them with varying degrees of reliability. Such conclusions refer to demographic changes, alterations of political structure, the emergence of larger ethnic entities, rates of acculturation in relation to the proximity of Fort Colvile, interpretations of the markets, the spread of European ideology and custom, trapping intensity, the role of the Company in gold mining, and the question of peonage to the Company.

An Early Late Woodland Pottery Sequence East of Lac Saint-Pierre : Definition,Chronology and Cultural Affiliation - Claude Chapdelaine (1993)
Quels sont les principaux attributs utilisés pour définir la poterie du début du Sylvicole supérieur? Nous examinerons attentivement cette importante question en nous référant à un ensemble de sites pouvant servir à établir une séquence régionale. Nous étudierons également la chronologie de ces sites à occupations multiples qui soulévent la difficulté d'associer la poterie à une tradition particuliére. Finalement, en nous appuyant sur une définition précise et un cadre spatio-temporel adéquat, nous porterons notre attention sur la signification culturelle et l'identification ethnique de cette poterie du Sylvicole supérieur.

Une archéologie sociale des Iroquoiens de Saint-Anicet, la question identitaire / A Social Archaeology of the Saint-Anicet Iroquoians: A Question of Identity - Claude Chapdelaine (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
The Saint-Anicet region has received continuous archaeological attention between 1992 and 2017, resulting in a large dataset on three village sites. The McDonald, Droulers, and Mailhot-Curran sites represent a local sequence covering the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. The material culture, specifically remains of longhouses, corn cultivation, and a rich ceramic assemblage, clearly indicates an Iroquoian identity. While the main goal of fieldwork was to build a social archaeology based on the extensive excavation of longhouses, fieldwork was guided by the conviction that Saint-Anicet Iroquoians were members of a distinct group, identified as St. Lawrence Iroquoians by archaeologists. This study will review the data and arguments supporting this specific cultural identity while problems linked to this identity building will be acknowledged.

Laurentian Archaic in the Middle Ottawa Valley - Claude Chapdelaine; Norman Clermont; Jacques Cinq-Mars (2000)
A revision of the Laurentian Archaic Concept for the Middle Ottawa Valley is made possible using data from the Morrison and Allumettes Islands Sites. Data from Morrison Island has been published recently and it will be summarized here along with the first conclusions stemming from the preliminary analyses of the Allumettes Island site collections. It will thus be possible to discuss the analytical potential of these two sites for the understanding of the human occupation of the Middle Ottawa Valley during the Late Archaic.

An Early Late Woodland Pottery Sequence East of Lac Saint-Pierre : Definition,Chronology and Cultural Affiliation - Claude Chapdelaine (1993)
What are the specific attributes of the pottery that we can assign to the Early Late Woodland Period? We will address this simple but crucial question with a brief presentation of the sites used to build the regional sequence. The chronological problem will also be discussed since most of the sites which produced these ceramics are multi-component sites. With a clear definition and a reliable spatio-temporal framework, the cultural significance of the Late Woodland pottery will be examined in order to establish its most probable ethnic affiliation.

Saint Lawrence Valley Prehistory - the last 25 years (1975-2000) - Claude Chapdelaine (2000)
The Saint Lawrence Valley is still considered a major prehistoric highway and the last 25 years of archaeological research have confirmed its dominant position in the Northeast. Significant advances in key issues such as the peopling, the development of regional identities, the changing interaction networks, the evolution of pottery and the emergence of settled life and agriculture will be synthesized. A cursory look at the Contact Period and at the prospective of archaeology in 'la Belle Province' will also be addressed.

Droulers-Tsiionhiakwatha: chef-lieu iroquoien de Saint- Anicet à la fin du XVe siècle - Tiziana Gallo (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

A New Eastern Plano site in Rimouski (DcEd-2) - Claude Chapdelaine; Steve Bourget (1993)
Durant le mois de septembre 1992, une bréve intervention archéologique, à proximité du site Plano de Rimouski (DcEd-1) fouillé à l'été 1991, a permis la mise au jour dans une section boisée d'un nouveau site partiellement intact. Ce site, situé à une altitude de 86 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer et s'étendant sur une forme de relief sablonneuse semblable au premier site de Rimouski, a révélé la présence d'une pointe apparentée au type Sainte-Anne-des-Monts et caractéristique de la culture Plano. Aprés une bréve description du site, nous décrirons les outils et la distribution artéfactuelle. à l'intérieur d'un cadre local puis régional, nous examinerons finalement la signification culturelle de ce nouveau site.

TIME OF ARRIVAL OF EASTERN ST.LAWRENCE IROQUOIANS IN THE QUéBEC CITY AREA BASED ON NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS - Claude Chapdelaine; Greg Kennedy (1991)
The Eastern St. Lawrence Iroquoians encountered by Jacques Cartier in the sixteenth century were living in a cluster of villages around present day Québec City on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. They have been regarded as a recent expansion from Iroquoian groups living to the south as late as the fifteenth century. This hypothesis has never been confirmed by a detailed analysis and the purpose of this paper is to clarify the time of arrival of this Iroquoian group in the Québec City area. We will therefore present the new data produced by the neutron activation analysis of more than 50 pottery samples dating to the Middle and Late Woodland Period. The results indicate the necessity to revise the current hypothesis and suggest an in situ development for a small Iroquoian-speaking group going back as far as the Middle Woodland period.

A New Eastern Plano site in Rimouski (DcEd-2) - Claude Chapdelaine; Steve Bourget (1993)
In September 1992, limited fieldwork in the vicinity of the Eastern Plano site of Rimouski (DcEd-1), excavated during the summer of 1991, led to the discovery of a partially intact portion of a new site in a wooded lot. Located at the same altitude, ca 86 m above sea level and on a similar sandy landform, the site has revealed a diagnostic Plano point of the Sainte-Anne-des-Monts type. Following a general description of the site, the tools will be presented as well as the artifactual distribution. The cultural significance of this new site will also be discussed within local and regional frameworks.

Une station cosmopolite du Sylvicole Moyen: Pointe-du-Buisson No. 3 - Norman Clermont et Claude Chapdelaine (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)
The middle Woodland pottery from Area 3 at the Pointe-du-Buisson site exhibits a complex of diagnostic behaviour traits which lead us to postulate that this locality was frequented at different times by Amerindian groups who shared a variety of techniques but differed in their choice of decorative arrangements. Insofar as pottery attributes are concerned, Area 3 is unique in that we find here, concentrated in one place, a number of cultural manifestations that occur only as separate and distinctive entities in other regions such as southern Ontario, the State of New York and the Ottawa Valley.

THE MARITIME ADAPTATION OF ST. LAWRENCE IROQUOIANS - Claude Chapdelaine (1991)
The St. Lawrence Iroquoians living in the Québec City area have been regarded as a very particular Iroquoian group. They were the only group within Iroquoia to have a direct access to the sea and its rich fauna. Several sites containing evidence of an Iroquoian presence in the St. Lawrence estuary will be reviewed as will be the site from Place Royale in downtown Québec City and the cluster of fishing camps in the Cap Tourmente lowland. The analysis of the related ecofactual data will provide us with some insight into the maritime adaptation of these northern horticulturists. The importance of the sea resources in their annual cycle will also be discussed.

Iroquoians of the Saint Lawrence Valley: Increasing Regionalism - Claude Chapdelaine (1993)
Understanding the Iroquoian presence in the St. Lawrence Valley is challenged by growing regionalism but we can still study this vast Iroquoian world as an interaction sphere with a sornewhat long story of reproduction success. Increase cultural variability at the regional level has led most archaeologists to divide the Valley into several homogeneous cultural areas. The current state of pottery seriation (the emergence of the diagnostic St. Lawrence Iroquoian pottery) and settlement patterns as well as other general aspects of these cultural groupe will be addressed within geographic divisions.

Eastern Saint Lawrence Iroquoians in the Cap Tourmente Area - Claude Chapdelaine (1992)
The principal objective of this paper is to present new evidence concerning the Iroquoian occupation of the lowlands east of Quebec City. For the last three years, we have investigated more than twenty prehistoric sites in the Cap Tourmente area but I will concentrate here on eight Late Woodland sites. Most of the Iroquoian sites arc located on the first available terrace emerging from the Saint Lawrence River. The geographical setting of these settlements indicates a pattern of fishing stations regularly distributed on a stretch of 4 km along the lower terrace. The discovery of a small 16th century village, containing at least 4 longhouses, in the same enviromnent as the smaller fishing camps is intriguing. On the basis of this new Iroquoian cluster and its characteristics, we will dis-cuss the settlement pattern and the related adaptive system of these northern farmers.

The Origin of The Iroquoian Rim Sherd From Île Aux Basques - Claude Chapdelaine; Laurier Turgeon; Greg Kennedy; Dominique Lalande (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)

Les peuples de la rivière. Recherches archéologiques menées dans le cadre de la construction du complexe de la Romaine - Claude Chapdelaine (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)

Mailhot-Curran un village iroquoien du XVI siècle, Collection Paléo-Québec 35, Recherches amérindiennes au Québec - Bruce Jamieson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)

Morphological and Chemical Variability of Copper Artifacts from the Morrison Island Site - Claude Chapdelaine (1998)
The assemblage of copper artifacts from the Morrison Island Site is definitely one of the most important collections for understanding the role of the copper industry in the Northeast. The morphology of the artifacts is presented as well as some remarks on the function and the technological aspects of this collection. The results of a neutron activation analysis are used to address chemical variability and the location of potential sources. We conclude by discussing the significance of this rich Archaic assemblage located at a strategic point along the Ottawa Valley.

Rêves d’Amériques: Regard sur l’archéologie de la Nouvelle France/Dreams of the Americas: Overview of New France Archaeology - Nadia Charest (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Archaeology in British Columbia: Problems in Procedures, Methods and Goals - A. Charlton (1976)
A natural gas pipeline proposal in the summer of 1974 marked the first time in a pipeline situation that archaeological values were fully addressed and considered as a separate component of the overall environmental assessment impact study. Experience on this project and others has led to a fuller understanding of the role of archaeology in pipeline and other transportation corridor situations. This paper summarizes those experiences and suggests alternative research strategies based upon a 'site avoidance' or 'preventative archaeology' philosophy. Problems concerned with description and evaluation of archaeology sites and mitigation procedures are also discussed.

Lower Fraser Prehistory: A.D. 400 - 1,250 - A. Charlton (1973)
Archaeological research in the Lower Fraser/Gulf of Georgia region has concentrated upon the establishment of local chronologies of culture. This cultural sequence spans the last three millennia, although recent investigations (Carlson, 1970; Calvert, 1970) suggest that this may be pushed back another 1,000 to 2,000 years. A major problem in the cultural sequence has been an apparent hiatus which appeared to exist between A.D. 400 and A.D. 1250. Surface collections from a prehistoric coastal midden in the region suggested that data from the site would hopefully be able to shed some light on this developmental gap. It was with this in mind that excavations during the summer and autumn were undertaken at the Belcarra Park. On the basis of observed physical stratifaction and material culture excavated, two components (Early and Late) are recognized. Two C-14 dates show that the late component (Belcarra Park II) falls within the above mentioned hiatus. It is suggested that considerable culture change, reflected in technology, took place during this time period.

Cultural resource management and conservation archaeology in British Columbia: A case study - A. Charlton (Bulletin, 1976)

Research on the Early Stone Age of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa - Chazan, Michael (2005)
The Early Stone Age of southern Africa encompasses over one million years of human evolution. Although there is a rich archaeological record for this time period few sites have been accurately dated or well analyzed. In 2004 in collaboration with archaeologists and geologists from South Africa and Israel I began a broad based project to date the Early Stone Age of the Northern Cape Province in South Africa. Included in this study are the sites of Riverton, Canteen Koppie, Wonderwerk Cave, and Kathu Pan I. The dating methods used include paleomagnetism, Optically Stimulated Luminescence, and Electron Spin Resonance. This paper presents an overview of the sites covered by the project and the major characteristics of the Early Stone Age of the Northern Cape Province. Of particular interest is the emergence of aspects of behavior often associated with modern humans towards the end of the Early Stone Age sequence. These behaviors include blade production, the controlled use of fire, and aspects of symbolic behavior.