@article {12570, title = {Unsettling the Archaeology Field School: Development of a Community Engaged Model at the University of Northern British Columbia}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {44}, year = {2020}, pages = {105{\textendash}132}, abstract = {

In this paper, Unsettling Archaeology refers to improving how we as archaeologists work with Indigenous communities on their heritage. A fundamental part of this process involves how we train students, and the archaeology field school provides a perfect vehicle in which to explore new avenues. Since 2000, the University of Northern British Columbia has partnered with a number of Indigenous communities on the coast and in the interior of British Columbia, to deliver 13 field schools in various locations. A key pillar of the field school model is the integration and weaving of traditional knowledge taught by community members, and a science-based approach to field methods, taught by university staff. This paper describes the initial field school model and highlights problems and successes with implementation.

}, author = {Farid Rahemtulla} } @inbook {11009, title = {Geomorphology as an Aid to Mapping Archaeological Resources in NOGAP Areas}, booktitle = {CAA Occasional Paper No. 1}, volume = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {55-63}, abstract = {By incorporating air photo and surficial geology map interpretations, terrain units are defined. Landscape units combine terrain units and other physical parameters, such as drainage, presence of permafrost, etc., which are thought to affect archaeological potential. Finally, landscape categories based on geomorphology in conjunction with position or geographic location allow for an effective means of classifying the archaeological potential of large areas of landscape.}, author = {Vern N. Rampton}, editor = {Jacques Cinq-Mars and Jean-Luc Pilon} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9048, title = {Prophecy of the Swan: The Upper Peace River Fur Trade of 1794{\textendash}1823}, volume = {21}, year = {1997}, pages = {093-094}, editor = {C.L. Ramsay} } @article {9805, title = {Palisade Extension, Village Expansion and Immigration in Trent Valley Huron Prehistory}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, pages = {177-183}, author = {Peter G. Ramsden} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9367, title = {The Bruner-Colasanti Site: An Early Late Woodland Component, Essex County, Ontario}, volume = {8}, year = {1984}, pages = {185-187}, editor = {Peter G. Ramsden} } @article {9804, title = {An Hypothesis Concerning the Effects of Early European Trade Among Some Ontario Iroquois}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {2}, year = {1978}, pages = {101-106}, abstract = {

This paper presents evidence in support of the hypothesis that Iroquoian people in south-central Ontario were participating in a trade in furs which found their way to European buyers in exchange for metal goods, among other things, by A.D.1500; and, further, that involvement in this trade had profoundly affected many aspects of Iroquoian settlement, social structure and political behaviour by that date.

}, author = {Peter G. Ramsden} } @article {11110, title = {The Use of Style in Resistance, Politics and the Negotiation of Identity: St. Lawrence Iroquoians in a Huron-Wendat Community}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {40}, year = {2016}, pages = {001-022}, abstract = {

The late sixteenth century Huron-Wendat Benson site in the Balsam Lake area of south-central Ontario has produced substantial quantities of a characteristic \‘barred\’ ceramic motif found virtually nowhere else. In addition, it has produced ceramics that are \“hybrids\” of Huron-Wendat and St. Lawrence Iroquoian styles. An analysis of these ceramics leads to the interpretation that they are part of a complex process of power brokering by women in the community. In part this entails symbolic resistance on the part of adopted St. Lawrence Iroquoian women. At the same time, it reveals a strategy used by both St. Lawrence Iroquoian and Huron-Wendat women of sending signals of ambiguous political allegiance, either to achieve a degree of political flexibility, or to attempt to mediate between the community\’s two competing political factions.

}, author = {Peter Ramsden} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9366, title = {The Roebuck prehistoric village site rim sherds {\textendash} an attribute analysis}, volume = {7}, year = {1975}, pages = {233-234}, editor = {Peter G. Ramsden} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9365, title = {The Wiacek Site: A Late Middleport Component in Simcoe County, Ontario}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, pages = {249-250}, editor = {Peter G. Ramsden} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9001, title = {Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Community}, volume = {19}, year = {1995}, pages = {179-181}, editor = {J. Scott Raymond} } @article {9806, title = {Interior Occupation: A Maritime Archaic Site at South Brook Park, Western Newfoundland}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {20}, year = {1996}, pages = {123-128}, author = {David Reader} } @article {9807, title = {The Contributions of the University of Calgary to the Field of Maya Archaeology}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {36}, year = {2012}, pages = {1-28}, abstract = {

Founded by Richard \“Scotty\” MacNeish and Dick Forbis in the early 1960s, the Department of Archaeology at the University of Calgary has been at the forefront of archaeological research since its inception. Designed by its architects to be the first department of anthropological archaeology in the world, both MacNeish and Forbis recruited like-minded scholars to join the faculty. Over time, the prehistory of the Maya region has become one of the program\’s strengths due to the significant contributions of former faculty members, such as Scotty MacNeish, Dave Kelley, and Peter Mathews. In this paper, I examine the prodigious influence of these scholars on the field of Maya Studies. I also highlight the ongoing research programs of current faculty members Geoffrey McCafferty and Kathryn Reese-Taylor, and their graduate students, as well as research associates Sharisse McCafferty and Karen Bassie-Sweet. Finally, I appraise the legacy that the University of Calgary continues to build within Maya archaeology.

}, author = {Reese-Taylor, Kathryn} } @article {9486, title = {Prehistoric archaeological research on the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains 1967{\textendash}1971}, journal = {Bulletin}, volume = {6}, year = {1974}, pages = {001-031}, author = {B.O.K.~Reeves} } @article {9808, title = {Laurel: a Re-evaluation of the Spatial, Social and Temporal Paradigms}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, pages = {193-234}, abstract = {

The study of the Laurel manifestation of Middle Woodland is now more than 40 years old. This paper presents a new overview of Laurel, concentrating on the temporal and spatial paradigms using ceramic seriation and radiocarbon dates. As well, preliminary data on a completely excavated Laurel village in Kenora, Ontario, supplemented by data from four other Laurel house structures in the area, reveal clues to Laurel community patterns and social structure. Laurel radiocarbon dates show an initial expansion of Laurel from a Boundary Waters heartland of Ontario and Minnesota and a later contraction. At least three Laurel Composites, are identified \– Manitoba Lakes, Boundary Waters and Superior \– through ceramic comparison. The Boundary Waters Composite integrates four Complexes, based on ceramic variances and time periods. A summary is presented of chronological ceramic sequences for the Boundary Waters Composite of Laurel as a possible model for future Laurel ceramic studies.

}, author = {C.S. \&$\#$8216;Paddy\&$\#$8217; Reid and Grace Rajnovich} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9450, title = {Indigenous Archaeology: American Indian Values and Scientific Practice}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, pages = {192-195}, editor = {Rudy Reimer} } @article {11809, title = {Lithic Sourcing in Canada}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {137-143}, author = {Rudy Reimer} } @article {9809, title = {Nineteenth Century Clay Tobacco Pipes from the High Arctic}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {2}, year = {1978}, pages = {123-137}, abstract = {

Analysis of clay tobacco-pipe assemblages was undertaken for seven 19th-century sites in the High Arctic. The naval affiliation of two of the sites is suggested by the presence on them of pipes made by T. Pascall of Dartford, near the location of the Royal Navy victualling establishment. The distributional evidence of pipe-fragment frequency and bowl-stem ratio for one of these two sites suggests one area of intense pipe usage by a relatively immobile smoking population.

}, author = {C.F. Richie} } @article {9810, title = {Non-Cetacean Vertebrate Remains from Two Thule Winter Houses on Somerset Island, N.W.T.}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {099-117}, abstract = {

A study was made of non-cetacean faunal remains from two Somerset Island Thule winter houses (circa A.D. 1000 \– 1200). About 4300 identifiable bones were recovered from House l at PeJr-1 on Creswell Bay and House 6 at PcJq-5 on Cape Garry. At these sites a variety of mammals and birds were present but only a single fish bone was found. Non-cetacean food procurement centred on the ringed seal; Arctic fox remains rank second in abundance at both houses. There are only minor differences between the archaeological faunas at the two sites. Although it is difficult to evaluate cetacean and non-cetacean food contribution at Thule settlements, dietary reliance on ringed seal, supplemented by other non-whale vertebrate species, may prove to be the basic pattern for Thule sites.

}, author = {Anne Meachem Rick} } @Symposium Papers {10960, title = {Bird medullary bone: A seasonal dating technique for faunal analysis}, volume = {7}, year = {1975}, pages = {183-190}, author = {Anne~Meachem~Rick} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9199, title = {A Theory of Athapaskan Prehistory}, volume = {17}, year = {1993}, pages = {136-138}, editor = {R. Ridington} } @article {9811, title = {A Spatial Analysis of the Late Mousterian Levels of Riparo Bombrini (Balzi Rossi, Italy)}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, pages = {070-092}, abstract = {

We present a preliminary analysis of the spatial distribution of various artifact classes in the Late Mousterian levels of Riparo Bombrini (northwest Italy). This work shows the presence of a consistent gap in artifacts across all levels, which is interpreted as reflecting the position of the dripline prior to the shelter\’s collapse. Hearths are identified in levels M1\–3, M4 and M5, and their position at the back of the shelter is similar to that of \“sleeping hearths\” identified at other Mousterian sites. Lastly, the distribution of artifacts is shown to co-vary with the nature of the prevalent mobility strategies in use at different times over the site\’s occupational history. Notably, use of the site as a logistical base camp is correlated with the presence of hearths and the accumulation of noisome debris beyond the dripline and outside of the shelter. Other uses of the site seem to have favored the discard of some classes of artifacts within the shelter itself. This shows that Neanderthals were indeed able to organize their use of space in patterned and somewhat predictable manners, and that the length and nature of their occupation of the rockshelter need to be taken into account in such analyses.

}, author = {Julien Riel-Salvatore and Ingrid C. Ludeke and Fabio Negrino and Brigitte M. Holt} } @article {14066, title = {Shxwexw{\'o}:s (Place of the Thunderbird), A Terraced Hillside Settlement on the Harrison River: Examining an Undocumented Form of Residential Landscape}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {48}, year = {2024}, pages = {87-119}, abstract = {

The hillside settlement of Shxwexw{\'o}:s (Place of the Thunderbird) (DhRl-97) is located in the midst of a densely settled residential landscape at the confluence of the Chehalis and Harrison Rivers in southwestern British Columbia. Hillside settlements such as Shxwexw{\'o}:s have rarely been investigated archaeologically anywhere in the Salish Sea or Northwest Coast, which may contribute to major gaps in our understanding of past land use and social histories. Our mapping and excavations indicate that as many as 40 family-sized groups created platforms on which they could erect small houses primarily between approximately 1500 and 1200 cal BP. Faunal and botanical evidence reveals people were living on these platforms through much of the year, hunting for deer and other mammals, harvesting plants, and fishing for salmon. Artifact distributions and analyses reveal that wide-ranging activities occurred across a large portion of the site and that people had access to a variety of local and non-local tool stone materials.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.51270/48.1.087}, author = {Morgan Ritchie and Jerram Ritchie and Chris Springer and Jonathan Duelks and Nicholas Waber and Alessandria Testani and Natasha Lyons} } @article {9812, title = {The Archaeology of the Dunsmore Site: 15th-Century Community Transformations in Southern Ontario}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {27}, year = {2003}, pages = {001-061}, abstract = {

Located in southern Simcoe County, Ontario, the Dunsmore site is a two-hectare, mid- to late 15th-century Iroquoian settlement that had a complex history-one that may have included both seasonal tenancies and year-round occupations. The settlement appears to have served as both a seasonal fishing camp and a semi-permanent agricultural village, perhaps involving members of several different communities. Through a review of the settlement pattern, artefacts, and subsistence data recovered from Dunsmore, an attempt is made to explore the role of such sites in the general trend towards community amalgamation, which is one of the hallmarks of 15th-century Iroquoian socio-political organization.

}, author = {David A. Robertson and Ronald F. Williamson} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9400, title = {The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteoarchaeology}, volume = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {140-142}, editor = {Heather Robertson} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9370, title = {Northern Ontario Fur Trade Archaeology; Recent Research}, volume = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {182-184}, editor = {E.S. Rogers} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9054, title = {Marine Fish Osteology. A Manual for Archaeologists}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {242-244}, editor = {Alfonso Rojo} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9428, title = {Les Chasseurs-cueilleurs ou l{\textquoteright}Origine des In{\'e}galit{\'e}s}, volume = {8}, year = {1984}, pages = {076-079}, editor = {Nicolas Rolland} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9373, title = {Men Among The Mammoths. Victorian Science and the Discovery of Human Antiquity}, volume = {19}, year = {1995}, pages = {181-185}, editor = {Nicolas Rolland} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11543, title = {Alberta{\textquoteright}s Lower Athabasca Basin: Archaeology and Palaeoenvironments}, volume = {41}, year = {2017}, pages = {347-352}, editor = {Martin P. R. Magne} } @article {9815, title = {The James Pass Project: Early Holocene Occupation in the Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {17}, year = {1993}, pages = {085-091}, author = {Brian Ronaghan} } @article {9816, title = {A Geospatial Analysis of Toolstone Acquisition and Use: A Preliminary Investigation of Material Quality and Access Over 4,000 Years in the Salish Sea}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {371-393}, abstract = {

The importance of resource acquisition on the Northwest Coast has received increasing attention in the development of models of social inequality. Moving the discussion beyond faunal and plant resources, we propose that toolstone may also be viewed as a critical resource tied to daily practices impacted by resource territoriality. The limited distribution of high quality lithic materials, in addition to heavy retouch and reuse in formed tools, may reflect an increasingly territorialized or restricted resource use through time. A material quality index (MQI) is used to assess toolstone from 16 sites in the Salish Sea over the past 4,000 years. Material quality data are then compared to measures of tool curation, the degree of artifact retouch and reuse. The data suggest that control over resources plays an indirect role in the patterning of utilized toolstone and the degree of retouch of formed chipped and ground stone tools in the region.

}, author = {Adam N. Rorabaugh and Caitlyn Y. McNabb} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9379, title = {Evolutionary Archaeology: Theory and Application (O{\textquoteright}Brien, editor) and Darwinian Archaeologies}, volume = {22}, year = {1999}, pages = {168-172}, editor = {Robert M. Rosenswig} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9378, title = {Pottery Economics in Mesoamerica}, volume = {33}, year = {2009}, pages = {320-321}, editor = {Robert M. Rosenswig} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9377, title = {Myth of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations}, volume = {30}, year = {2006}, pages = {342-345}, editor = {Robert M. Rosenswig} } @article {9818, title = {Ethics in Canadian Archaeology: An International, Comparative Analysis}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {21}, year = {1998}, pages = {099-114}, abstract = {

Ethical questions have assumed a central role in archaeological discourse during the past few years. In May of 1996 the Canadian Archaeological Association ratified its first code of ethics called: Statement of Principles for Ethical Conduct Pertaining to Aboriginal Peoples. This paper compares the CAA statement with those of the national archaeological associations from New Zealand, Australia and the United States as well as the World Archaeological Congress and the Society of Professional Archaeologists. A content analysis provides a quantitative assessment of major themes addressed by each of the six documents. Significant differences are documented between the Canadian, Australian and New Zealand associations on one hand and the Society for American Archaeology on the other. The former ethical documents provide a privileged position for Native involvement in archaeological endeavours, the latter does not.

}, author = {Robert M. Rosenswig} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9380, title = {Archaeologies of Complexity}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, pages = {397-399}, editor = {Robert M. Rosenswig} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9146, title = {"An Appearance of Strength" The Fortifications of Louisbourg}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {250-253}, editor = {George A. Rothrock} } @article {9820, title = {Old Cuts and Scrapes: Composite Chipped Stone Knives on the Canadian Plateau}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, pages = {001-031}, abstract = {

Existence of highly curated, hafted, composite chipped stone knives involving both bifacial blades and unifacial scrapers is postulated for the Canadian Plateau, and behavioral implications related to these tools are explored and addressed. Many researchers assume ad hoc that chipped stone, convex-edged, unifacial endscrapers\&$\#$39; are clear indices of hide working. Here, such formed unifaces are argued to have also functioned frequently and effectively for an important step in fish cleaning and processing. Composite knives made during the Nesikep Tradition (ca. 7,000 to 4,500 BP) may have been an important inclusion in most personal tool kits, and would have been designed to deal with a broad range of tasks, making them invaluable for groups practicing unanticipated opportunistic and immediate food consumption, and fairly high group mobility. Use during the much later Kamloops horizon (ca. 1,200 to 200 BP) likely reflects processing large numbers of salmon in preparation for both immediate and delayed (stored) consumption. The functional efficiency of a replicated Lehman Phase composite knife was subjectively assessed by experimentally cleaning/dressing several sockeye salmon. Recommendations for future research directions relating to composite knives are offered, as is a provisional general outline of appropriate methodological strategies to investigate these tools in greater depth.\&$\#$39;

}, author = {Mike K. Rousseau} } @article {9819, title = {The Oregon Jack Creek Site (EdRi{\textendash}6): a Lehman Phase Site in the Thompson River Valley, British Columbia}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, pages = {039-063}, abstract = {

Archaeological excavations in Area 1 of the Oregon Jack Creek site (EdRi-6) in the Thompson River Valley of British Columbia have revealed a single prehistoric occupation associated with a radiocarbon age determination on elk bone collagen of 4850 \± 100 B.P. (Beta 11453). The occupation is a component of the recently defined Lehman phase, a middle prehistoric cultural manifestation that is presently estimated to date between ca. 6000 and 4500/4000 B.P. Artifacts, features and faunal remains from Area 1 indicate that at least three elk (Cervus elaphus) were butchered and processed. Other inferred activities include: multidirectional and bipolar core reduction and flake blank preparation; manufacture of bifacial projectile points and knives; production and use of unformed unifaces; freshwater mussel consumption; and construction and use of a small pit feature which may have been used for boiling food.

}, author = {Mike K. Rousseau and Thomas Richards} } @article {9821, title = {Settlement Patterns of the Beothuk Indians: a View from Away}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {013-032}, abstract = {

Zooarchaeological and ethnohistorical evidence for Beothuk settlement patterns is discussed under three periods. For the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the evidence supports the current model of occupation of the coast in summer and in the interior in winter. In the terminal period this pattern appears to continue, contrary to earlier suggestions. In the early historic and late prehistoric period the pattern may have been substantially different, and it is suggested that European settlement may have caused the change.

}, author = {Peter Rowley-Conwy} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9145, title = {"An Appearance of Strength": The Fortifications of Louisbourg}, volume = {9}, year = {1985}, pages = {192-194}, editor = {Reg Roy} } @article {9640, title = {Geoarchaeological Contributions to SCAPE Research in the Glacial Lake Hind Basin, Southwestern Manitoba}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {222-250}, abstract = {

The purpose of this paper is to present a chronology of geoarchaeological contributions to SCAPE investigations conducted within the glacial Lake Hind Basin located in southwestern Manitoba. Initial investigations focused on determining the age of parabolic dunes that dominate the modern Makotchi-Ded-Dontipi dune field landscape. Results of this phase of the investigation demonstrated that these dunes are late-Holocene and that the spatial pattern of archaeological sites within this dune field is indicative of a purposeful settlement pattern. Results of subsequent research produced a basin-wide model for local water table fluctuation-eolian landscape response linked to regional-scale paleoenvironmental change; determined that all dune fields within the basin are late-Holocene; and demonstrated that these ecologically complex dune field landscapes dependably provided water and a variety resources that made them attractive to past human groups. Future research will focus on identifying the degree to which these landscapes are the result of human activity.

}, author = {Garry Running IV and Karen Havholm and Matthew Boyd and Dion Wiseman} } @article {9639, title = {A Practical Guide to Planning and Conducting an Interdisciplinary Archaeological Research Project: Lessons Learned from SCAPE}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {48-64}, abstract = {

The purpose of this paper is to share some practical tips and lessons learned during the course of SCAPE (Study of Cultural Adaptations within the Prairies Ecozone) with researchers interested in organizing or participating in a large-scale interdisciplinary archaeological project. Archaeologists, Earth scientists, and paleoecologists were involved in SCAPE from its inception. Interdisciplinary communication proved a key element to success of the project. Even when participating researchers come from home disciplines considered to be \"inherently interdisciplinary\" developing such communication was not a simple matter. Many beneficial mechanisms were developed for fostering such communication. Meeting together frequently, attending conferences as a group, and living and working together in the field proved particularly helpful. Unifying systems were developed for: collecting spatial data, archiving and cataloguing disparate data-sets in a GIS, sharing these data amongst participating researchers during the project, and managing analyses of all data collected in the field.

}, author = {Garry L. Running IV and B.A. Nicholson and Matthew Boyd and Dion Wiseman and Sylvia Nicholson} } @article {9822, title = {Reconsidering the Middlesex Burial Phase in the Maine-Maritimes Region}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {169-181}, abstract = {

The Middlesex Phase is examined, considering the possible reasons for its appearance in the Maine-Maritimes region. The evidence for diffusion and migration are compared, suggesting the former as a more likely source. Comparison is drawn between Middlesex and the preceding burial tradition in the region. Lastly, the use of the term \&$\#$39;Middlesex\&$\#$39; is questioned.

}, author = {Douglas E. Rutherford} } @article {9823, title = {Neither Seen Nor Heard: Looking for Children in Northwest Coast Archaeology}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, pages = {64-88}, abstract = {

Children were a significant part of all past populations, yet they are often overlooked in archaeological inquiry. The reasons for this absence involve both conceptual and practical obstacles: the transposition of present-day, Euro-American understandings of the child as dependent and incapable, and the difficulty of identifying clear archaeological signatures associated with children\—particularly in prehistoric contexts. In this paper, I focus on the archaeology of the Northwest Coast region, finding only limited ethnographic accounts of children, and virtually no mention of them in the archaeological literature. After discussing the factors that contribute to the invisibility of children in archaeological interpretation in general, I argue that there is no justification for assuming children in the ancient Northwest Coast were non-productive. I present archaeological and ethnoarchaeological research\—from the Northwest Coast and other regions\—that may point the way for future analyses of child life in the ancient Northwest Coast. In particular, foraging models and faunal analysis can be used to reflect the distinctive subsistence strategies of children.

}, author = {April Ruttle} }