@Conference Paper {10695, title = {St. Lawrence Iroquoian Problem Areas - 1993}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Some of the problems confronting St. Lawrence Iroquoian archaeology will be examined on several levels ranging from those revealed by current (1992) topical literature regarding the Iroquoians and anthropological literature collateral to Iroquoian archaeology, to those inherent in current St. Lawrence Iroquoian archaeological orthodoxy.}, author = {Pendergast James F.} } @article {9584, title = {Dechyoo Njik (MlVm{\textendash}4) and Traditional Land Use Patterns on the Old Crow Flats, Yukon Territory}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {23}, year = {1999}, pages = {029-050}, abstract = {

This paper presents the results of the excavation and analysis of the Dechyoo Njik site (MlVm-4), a late prehistoric/historic camp located in the southwestern portion of the Old Crow Flats area, in the Northern Yukon Territory. Dechyoo Njik was used as a summer multi-functional location, for the gathering of various resources including fish, migratory waterfowl and muskrats. The artifact collection revealed the presence of a well-integrated technological system, characterized by the manufacture of simple stone tools aimed at sustaining a complex bone and antler industry. The prehistoric component of the site is culturally affiliated with the Klo-kut Phase (from A.D. 700 to the Historic Period).

}, author = {M{\'e}lanie Fafard and Raymond LeBlanc} } @Conference Paper {10696, title = {Traditional Land Use Patterns in the Southwestern Portion of the Old Crow Flats, Yukon Territory}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {The excavation, in 1997, of an archaeological site (MlVm-4) located on the southwestern portion of the Old Crow Flats area has provided valuable information concerning the traditional land use patterns of Native people in the northwestern Yukon Territory. The site is located on a sand bar, at the confluence of Schaeffer creek with a smaller stream locally know as Dechyoo (goose with red feet and nose) njik (creek). A single radiocarbon date on worked antler suggests a very late context of protohistoric occupation. The lithic and osseous industries encountered at the site appear to be culturally affiliated with the Klo-kut Phase (A.D. 700 up to the Historic Period), recognized at Klo-kut and Rat Indian Creek, two caribou hunting camps located on the Porcupine River. Historic remains were also collected at the site, thus indicating the presence of a more recent occupation. The analysis of the faunal remains revealed that the site was a multifunctional location, primarily used for fishing, muskratting, and bird hunting. The presence of these three dominant taxa in the collection indicates that the occupations at the site mostly took place somewhere between March and late September. Thus, it seems that MlVm-4 represent a complement to locations such as the Klo-kut and Rat Indian Creek sites. While these were almost exclusively used for the acquisition of caribou, at MlVm-4, supplementary resources were used for subsistence.}, author = {M{\'e}lanie Fafard} } @Conference Paper {10697, title = {Spatial Analysis of an Early Thule Dwelling from Assuukaaq Island, Northern Quebec}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {This paper presents a preliminary spatial analysis of a Thule semi-subterranean dwelling from site JhEv-3, located in Burgoyne Bay on the southern coast of Hudson Strait. The interpretation is based on spatial distribution of artifacts, faunal remains, lithic debris, in addition to stratigraphy. Based on visual inspection, the house can be separated into three distinct spatial units: the inside, the midden and the peripheral area. These clusters provide information concerning house construction, maintenance and abandonment. The presentation will provide a small-scale example of Early Thule occupation on the southern coast of Hudson Strait.}, author = {FARID, Emma} } @Conference Paper {10699, title = {Early Lead Smelting in the Mid-Western United States: Lead Isotope Evidence}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Utilization of the rich lead-zinc deposits of Missouri (SEM) in early historic times, has been documented, but there are no records that the ore from mineral occurrences in the Upper Mississippi Valley (UMV) was exploited. Lead isotope analysis of Lead artifacts (mainly musket balls and metallic debris) found on mid eighteenth century sites in Illinois (Guebert, Kolmer, Fox encampment, Starved Rock outpost) show clearly that both SEM and UMV sources were used to supply raw materials for those products. The same technique indicates that European lead was also being used. Neutron Activation Analyses (NAA) on the available suite of samples record a broad range of trace elernents, none of which distinguish the sources.}, author = {Farquhar, R. M. and J. A. Walthall and R. G. Hancock} } @Conference Paper {10698, title = {Provenance of Lead in Lead M{\'e}tal and Pewter in 17th Century and Early 18th Century Historic Sites in Illinois and Ontario}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Lead isotope analyses can be successfully and directly used to differentiate the source of the metal in lead and pewter samples at 17th and 18th century historic sites in central and northeastern North America. The data suggest that a single mineral deposit in the Upper Mississippi Valley (UMV), and at least two in the south-east Missouri (SEM) lead-zinc mining area were exploited. The latter deposits can also be differentiated on the basis of neutron activation analysis (NAA) for their copper and silver contents. With the present small database, NAAcannot be used to distinguish SEM from UMV or European deposits. Tin concentrations suggest that artifact production involved the occasional addition of small amounts of pewter to lead products. Even some of the lead that originated from. Europe contains tin, implying that remelting of metals may have taken place after importation. The ore sources of European leads are not known, because there is no isotopic data base for comparison. It does appear that at least three separate deposits may have been involved.}, author = {Farquhar, R. M. and I.A. Walthall and R.G.V. HANCOCK} } @Conference Paper {10700, title = {Digital Photography for Archaeologists}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Digital photography for archaeologists will cover types of digital cameras, uses of digital images as well as modifications of images. Examples will include the field, the lab and the classroom.}, author = {Farrow, Debi} } @Conference Paper {10702, title = {Boreal Forest Archaeological Potential Modeling: The Tommy Lakes Integrated Information Project}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The present archaeological potential model used by Government agencies in northeastern British Columbia for management and planning purposes relies almost exclusively on digital information generated from digitized terrain maps. While the model is an efficient method of assessing relative archaeological potential over large areas, modeling attributes have not been critically examined for accuracy. The existing model also lacks some important variables, and as a result, a refined model has been produced. It is presently being tested on the Tommy Lakes area of NE BC, and incorporates real-life information gathered on the project area (i.e. geomorphology, wildlife habitats, traditional ecological knowledge). While the identification of archaeological potential is a key purpose of this new model, it also aims to reduce the visual and physical impacts of forestry developments on heritage sites and cultural landscapes in the area through informed planning and management.}, author = {Favarque, R{\'e}mi N.R. and Vandy E. Bowyer and Andrew de Vries} } @Conference Paper {10701, title = {Assessing the Impact of Geophysical Projects on Archaeological Sites: Model and Fact}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {An increasing number of geophysical exploration projects are subject to archaeological impact assessments under British Columbia{\textquoteright}s Heritage Conservation Act. While present modeling allows the identification of areas within the developments with a potential to contain buried archaeological remains, industry practices make it difficult to conduct field work prior to development. As such, verification of impacts must be completed after the fact. Impact assessments of three geophysical projects are described, illustrating the weakness and strengths of present government management policies and practices.}, author = {Favarque, R{\'e}mi N.R. and DAHLSTROM, Bruce} } @Conference Paper {10703, title = {The way in which archaeologists interpret their data depends on an often unstated conception of what they believe the archaeological remains mean in t}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, author = {Fawcett, C.} } @Conference Paper {10704, title = {Archaeology without Artifacts: Research Experiences Outside of Excavation}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {One goal of my MA research was to talk to people and record their oral histories and opinions on archaeology. I wanted to engage the community in their rich history and current archaeological explorations of the past. Armed with digital recorder in hand, I went to the Inuit community of Nain, Labrador with the na{\"\i}ve enthusiasm that I assume many graduate students have before embarking on their first real research project.}, author = {Amelia Fay} } @Conference Paper {10705, title = {IROQUOIAN VILLAGE ECOLOGY}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {Patterns in Iroquoian village relocation are presented. Typically, a village was located at the edge of its agricultural catchment and relocated a distance of two kilometres. Reasons for this relocation pattern are evaluated in light of archaeological, geographical, and historical data for a cluster of thirteenth and early fourteenth century village sites near Burlington, Ontario. A strategy for Iroquoian village relocation is offered, emphasizing the interrelationships between temperate forest regeneration and Iroquoian demands for cleared fields, building supplies, and firewood.}, author = {Fecteau, Rudy and Jim Molnar and Gary Warrik} } @Conference Paper {10707, title = {Domestic Architecture as a Symbol of Power: An Example from Chiapas, Mexico / L{\textquoteright}architecture domestique, symbole de puissance : l{\textquoteright}exemple du}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {The household is the basic unit of organization within any society and, as such, provides an appropriate point of departure for the study of prehistoric social and economic organization, including the development of social inequality. Variations in wealth and power within a community are frequently expressed in domestic architecture. Because houses are durable material symbols that can be continually expanded and elaborated, they are ideal for displaying social, economic and political divisions. Ongoing investigations at the site of Paso de la Amada, located near the Pacific Coast of southern Chiapas, Mexico, have produced an emerging picture of an Early Formative (1550-1150 BC) village in the incipient stages of developing social inequality. Six superimposed house floors have been excavated on Mound 6, the largest of several earthen mounds at the site. The houses represented by these floors were large structures built on a clay platform of monumental proportions. At least some of the houses appear to have been unique in the community, in terms of their form, size, and elaborateness, and they likely served as a visual display of the elevated status and power that their occupants held within the community.}, author = {FEDDEMA, Vicki and Michael BLAKE} } @Conference Paper {10706, title = {Coping with the Growing Pains: CMTs as Archaeological Resources}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {In 1997, the majority of permits issued in British Columbia by the Archaeology Branch were for forestry-related studies. In coastal regions, especially, culturally modified trees (CMTs) are the focal point of such studies. Until relatively recently, CMTs were not considered to be {\textquoteright}real{\textquoteright} archaeological resources, in the same sense as lithics, fish weirs, or petroglyphs, for example. This was primarily because it is often impossible to determine the precise date of modification of a CMT and, by extension, whether or not the CMT is protected under the Heritage Conservation Act. Without clear precedents as to how to deal with CMTs as archaeological resources, and in the absence of established standards of practice within the archaeological community, different individuals and consulting companies are dealing with CMTs in very different ways. This is creating confusion and discord among archaeologists, our forest industry clients, and the First Nations within whose traditional territories we are working.}, author = {FEDDEMA, Vicki} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9123, title = {Contributions to Plains Prehistory}, volume = {11}, year = {1987}, pages = {209-210}, editor = {Gloria J. Fedirchuk} } @article {9585, title = {Response to David Morrison{\textquoteright}s "Fedirchuk on Julian Technology" in a Reassessment of the Julian Complex, Fisherman Lake, N.W.T.}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {9}, year = {1985}, pages = {081-083}, abstract = {

Morrison\&$\#$39;s conclusions regarding the Julian Technology are questioned. Although he refutes the distinctiveness, coherence, and uniqueness of the Julian Technology, his interpretations of the assemblage indicate that the artifacts exhibit the same qualities which he denies it has.

}, author = {Gloria J. Fedirchuk} } @Conference Paper {10713, title = {The Sea Also Rises: Early Holocene Occupation on a Dynamic Landscape}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {This paper will present preliminary results from two intertidal sites in southern-most Haida Gwaii and place them in the context of a period of rapid marine transgression. Waterlogged deposits in a test at one of these sites produced a small assemblage of fauna including bear, caribou, bird, sea mammal, fish, and shellfish in association with abundant stone tools. A date of ca. 9,500 BP was obtained on spirally fractured caribou bone from these deposits.}, author = {Daryl Fedje and Quentin Mackie and Cynthia Lake} } @Conference Paper {10708, title = {Karst Caves and Drowned Landscapes: Windows on Environmental Change and Archaeological Visibility at the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {During the latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene the Northwest Coast was subject to a series of rapid environmental changes. Paleolimnological studies demonstrate changes in relative sea level position, vegetation communities and climate. Landscape modeling of the Haida Gwaii archipelago, including swath bathymetry of the sea floor, allows production of physical images of the ancient landscapes and targets for environmental and archeological research. Most recently, investigation of karst caves in the south of Haida Gwaii has opened a small window on the human and paleontological components of these ancient landscapes. At Gaadu Din we have recovered a paleontological record extending from ca. 12,000 to 10,000 BP and a small number of human artifacts dating from ca. 10,500 to 10,000 BP.}, author = {Daryl Fedje} } @Conference Paper {10712, title = {EARLY HOLOCENE ARCHAEOLOGY AT RICHARDSON ISLAND, HAIDA GWAII}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {The Richardson Island site is a multicomponent campsite dating to the early Holocene. The site includes two localities, one in the present-day intertidal zone and one on a 15-metre raised beach. In 1995 deeply stratified cultural deposits associated with the 15-metre raised beach portion of this site were investigated through examination of natural exposures, systematic auger sampling and test excavation. The cultural horizons date from ca. 9,050 BP at the base to ca. 8,000 BP near the top. The lower horizons are characterized by abundant bifaces and large stone tools while the upper horizons exhibit high frequencies of microblades, microblade cores, large stone tools and a few bifaces. Lithic analysis from the well-dated archaeological components at Richardson Island and nearby Echo Bay suggests that a technological transition occurred shortly after 9,000 RCYBP. Before 9,000, biface technology is well represented and there is very limited evidence for microblade technology. After this time evidence for bifaces becomes rare while microblade technology is abundantly represented. This evidence fits well to that recovered from other sites in Haida Gwaii as well as from Namu on the Central Coast and several maritime sites in southern Alaska.}, author = {Daryl Fedje} } @article {9586, title = {Preliminary Results from Investigations at Kilgii Gwaay: An Early Holocene Archaeological Site on Ellen Island, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia}, volume = {25}, year = {2001}, pages = {098-120}, author = {Daryl W. Fedje and Rebecca J. Wigen and Quentin Mackie and Cynthia Lake and and Ian Sumpter} } @Conference Paper {10711, title = {Early Period Archaeology in Gwaii Haanas}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Results of preliminary archaeological and paleoecological investigations in the Juan Perez Sound area of Haida Gwaii on the Northwest Coast are presented. These include reconnaissance at several Early Period intertidal lithic sites as well as archaeological excavations and paleoecological analysis of two sites on Arrow Creek, Matheson Inlet. Results show that the sites were occupied during a time of rapid sea-level change. The oldest archaeological remains date to shortly before 9,200 RCYBP and the youngest to 5,650 RCYBP. The discovery of well-preserved archaeological deposits in a setting that has been subject to marine transgression and regression offers promise for the eventual discovery of earlier archaeological sites at much lower sea-levels and a better understanding of early human occupation of the Northwest Coast.}, author = {Daryl Fedje} } @Conference Paper {10710, title = {Remote imagery of deeply drowned early post-glacial alluvial landscapes}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Based on global sea level history we can, in general terms, delineate the broad areas of the BC continental shelf that would have been subaerially exposed 12,000 to 13,000 years ago. Specific regional differences can be anticipated primarily due to isostatic factors but, at least on the outer coast, these will include forebulge effects which will tend to augment subaerial exposure. We now have a sea-level curve that details the last 12,000-plus years history of relative sea-level change in western Hecate Strait. Using this curve and existing bathymetric data we can reconstruct the regional landscape at 12,000 to 13,000 BP. From this we can see that the environment of eastern Haida Gwaii was very different to that of today. Most recently, imaging early post-glacial landscapes in parts of western Hecate Strait has progressed to the point where a variety of terrestrial landforms, now deeply drowned, can be resolved and positioned to the sub-metre level. Swath bathymetric imagery in southern Juan Perez Sound provides landscape detail superior to the air photo coverage of adjacent Moresby Island. We can predict potential locations of archaeological sites on this landscape, however, the challenge is to overcome the logistics of sampling at ocean depths of 100 to 140 metres.}, author = {FEDJE, D.W. and H. JOSENHANS} } @article {9587, title = {Sea-levels and Archaeology in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {33}, year = {2009}, pages = {234-253}, abstract = {

A sea-level history is being built for the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve (GINPR) by radiocarbon dating paleo-marine and archaeological organic samples. This work highlights visibility issues for this region for shore-proximal sites older than one or two millennia. It also demonstrates the need to ensure that archaeological assessments include systematic investigation, with shovel and auger testing, in the intertidal zone.

}, author = {Daryl W. Fedje and Ian D. Sumpter and John R. Southon} } @Conference Paper {10709, title = {A Projectile Point Sequence for Haida Gwaii}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {Twenty years ago the combined archaeological assemblages of Haida Gwaii were remarkable for a unique negative trait: a near absence of chipped stone bifaces. Unlike the BC Mainland, and the rest of the Americas for that matter, this still holds true for the post-8,000 BP archaeological record. Recent work across Haida Gwaii shows that prior to 8,000 BP chipped stone projectile points are common. Here we present a brief description of a projectile point chronology for Haida Gwaii that includes ca. 10,600 BP basally ground leaf shaped points; 10,000 to 8,500 BP teardrop shaped bipoints and lanceolate points; 8,000 to 5,000 BP microblade armed composite points and post-5000 BP bone and wooden points.}, author = {Daryl Fedje and Quentin Mackie and Duncan McLaren and Tina CHRISTENSEN} } @Conference Paper {10714, title = {Recent Excavations at Gilman Falls (74-106): A Middle Archaic Occupation (ca 7000 B.P.) in Central Maine}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {This paper presents a preliminary analysis of a Middle Archaic assemblage recovered from buried cultural contexts at the Gilman Falls site (74-106) in Maine. Three seasons of excavation have resulted in the recovery of a large assemblage of lithic tools, from cultural contexts at 60 to 150 cm below current ground surface. A small faunal and floral assemblage was also recovered. This paper describes the site, the fluvial deposits that contributed to the burial of cultural occupations, and presents a summary of the lithic assemblage. Radiocarbon assays yielded dates around 7000 B.P., and provide a preliminary evaluation of cultural chronology in this area of the Northeastern United States. A new pollen diagram, recently completed in conjunction with this project, offers an opportunity to examine the changing environment of post-glacial Maine and Middle Archaic cultural adaptations to it.}, author = {Fenton, James P and David Sanger} } @Conference Paper {10717, title = {Comment r{\'e}pertorier et conserver les p{\'e}troglyphes Mi{\textquoteright}kmaq du parc national Kejimkujik}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Les p{\'e}troglyphes du parc national Kejimkujik ont {\'e}t{\'e} ex{\'e}cut{\'e}s au si{\'e}cle dernier par des familles de Mi{\textquoteright}kmaq, des chasseurs et des guides, qui habitaient et travaillaient dans la r{\'e}gion du lac Kejimkujik. Ces gravures sur pierre {\'e}tablissent un lien historique direct avec la communaut{\'e} Mi{\textquoteright}kmaq d{\textquoteright}aujourd{\textquoteright}hui. Plus de quatre cents images illustrent ainsi les divers aspects de la culture : religion, moyens de subsistance, culture mat{\'e}rielle, noms et dates. Les images sont grav{\'e}es sur de l{\textquoteright}ardoise lisse, avec une pr{\'e}cision remarquable. Comme il est difficile de reconna{\^\i}tre les lignes grav{\'e}es des d{\'e}fauts de la pierre, il est pratiquement impossible de dresser un inventaire de ces gravures qui soit pr{\'e}cis et objectif L{\textquoteright}expos{\'e} d{\'e}crira bri{\'e}vement les gravures et expliquera les diff{\'e}rentes m{\'e}thodes utilis{\'e}es au cours des cent derni{\'e}res ann{\'e}es pour essayer de r{\'e}pertorier les p{\'e}troglyphes jusqu{\textquoteright}{\`a} la m{\'e}thode actuelle de moulage des gravures mise au point par la Division de la conservation du Service canadien des parcs (voir le r{\'e}sum{\'e} de M. Harrington).}, author = {Ferguson, Rob} } @Conference Paper {10716, title = {The Mi{\textquoteright}kmaq Petroglyphs of Kejimkujik National Park : Problems of Recording and Preservation}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {The petroglyphs at Kejimkujik National Park were produced in the last century by Mi{\textquoteright}kmaq families, hunters and guides living and working around Kejirnkujik Lake. They provide a direct historical link with todays Mikmaq community. Over 400 images record various aspects of the culture, including religion, subsistence, material culture, and names and dates. The glyphs are incised on smooth slate, with remarkable detail. The fine lines often vary little frorn the many craks and scratches on the rock surface, making accurate, unbiased recording difficult. This paper will briefly describe the images, and discuss various methods which have been used for recording over the past 100 years prior to the present programm of moulding being undertaken by the Conservation Division, Canadian Parks Service (see abstract by M. Harrington).}, author = {Ferguson, Rob} } @Conference Paper {10720, title = {Impact Assessment in New Brunswick: A Coordinated Approach}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {The Government of New Brunswick recently passed Regulation 87-83 under the Clean Environment Act to provide the legislative framework for Environmental Impact Assessment. The regulation sets out criteria for the scope and nature of the undertakings that have to register with the Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment and be screened for potential impact. The major difference between this new regulation and the previous EIA policy is that the requirement for registration and screening now extends to projects proposed by municipalities and private developers, as well as government-sponsored projects. The Environmental Sciences Branch of the Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment acts as the coordinator in this multidisciplinary planning approach. This paper outlines the EIA process in New Brunswick, with special emphasis on how heritage concerns are addressed.}, author = {Ferguson, Albert M.} } @Conference Paper {10715, title = {Kejimkujik: The Recording of Nineteenth-century Mi{\textquoteright}kmaw Rock Art In Nova Scotia}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {In 1887-1888, George Creed recorded a remarkable collection of petroglyphs on the shores of Kejimkujik Lake in Nova Scotia. Probably the first extensive recording of a Canadian rock art site, it was included in Garrick Mallery{\textquoteright}s 1893 publication, Picture Writing of the American Indians. Both Mallery and Creed misinterpreted the age and much of the meaning of the images. Yet their interpretations continue to influence our understanding of the petroglyphs today. The petroglyphs, numbering more than four hundred, include images of people, clothing and designs, fauna, commercial porpoise hunting, sailing ships and canoes, streetscapes, traditional faith and Christianity, and literacy. Since 1970, Parks Canada has produced an extensive new recording through photography, direct tracings, and moulding, with varying degrees of success. This paper will illustrate the variety of images, discuss issues of interpretation and misinterpretation, and outline measures that have been taken to preserve the record of this rapidly disappearing legacy for future generations of Mi{\textquoteright}kmaq.}, author = {Ferguson, Rob} } @Conference Paper {10719, title = {THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HILL: THE BURIED HISTORY OF SIGNAL HILL NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {The nineteenth-century British garrison on Signal Hill in St. John{\textquoteright}s has left us a surprisingly rich historical record buried in the ground. Today the park provides city residents and visitors alike with a stunningly beautiful natural landscape. Hidden throughout that landscape are the defences, barracks and workshops of its former military occupants. Archaeology in the park helps to illuminate the long struggle of the soldiers, not against human adversaries, but against a more persistent foe - the harsh environment. The Canadian Parks Service is currently developing these archaeological resources to help tell the story of Signal Hill.}, author = {Ferguson, Robert} } @Conference Paper {10718, title = {AN ACADIAN SETTLER ON P.E.I: THE HACH{\'e}-GALLANT HOUSE AT PORT LA JOYE}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {The cellar of a domestic building, ca. 1720-1745, at the first French settlement on Isle Saint Jean (P.E.I.) contained one of the few undisturbed archaeological deposits in this heavily farmed site. The property had belonged to Michel Hach{\'e}-Gallant, considered the first Acadian settler on the island and ancestor of many of P.E.I.{\textquoteright}s present inhabitants. Location of the cellar by EM-38 conductivity meter is discussed, as well as structural artifactual and faunal evidence of the Gallant occupation.}, author = {Ferguson, Robert and Frances Stewart} } @Conference Paper {10721, title = {Archaeology in the Banana Republics? Recent Excavations in Rivas, Nicaragua}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {This paper details the first season of archaeological excavation by a University of Calgary team in the region of Rivas, located in southwestern Nicaragua. The aims of the project are to investigate ethnohistoric accounts of the Nicarao, an indigenous group of Nahuat-speakers thought to have migrated to this area a few hundred years prior to European arrival in the New World. The strength of the link between the Nahuat-speakers of Nicaragua and those of Central Mexico is an important issue, relevant to the role of lower Central America in the Mesoamerican interaction sphere. The first season=s test excavations centered on Santa Isabel A, located close to the shores of Lago de Nicaragua and one of the most important sites in the area. It is hoped that this research will provide insights into the idea of ethnicity and ethnic boundaries, as well as combat the dearth of archaeological knowledge in Nicaragua.}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, Deepika and Larry Steinbrenner and Geoffrey McCafferty} } @Conference Paper {10722, title = {GIS on the Local Level: A Study on Methodologies and Results from a Stone Circle Site}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Although GIS has now come into its own for large scale modelling and site management purposes its application to smaller site specific applications has not been generally recognized. This paper examines the use of GIS techniques through the use of ArcView and related software to a specific archaeological site, the Pawson Site (DgMr-152), a large stone circle site located south of Estevan, Saskatchewan. The various problems of data recovery and recording are examined, current results are reviewed, and recommendations for such small-scale future GIS projects are offered.}, author = {FERRIS, Bill} } @Conference Paper {10726, title = {PLANNING FOR THE PLANNING ACT...AGAIN}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {On March 28th, 1995, the Ontario Government passed a revised Planning Act which, among other things, consolidated and enhanced archaeological conservation provisions in the provincial land use planning process. On June 6th, 1995, the Ontario Conservative party won a majority government in the provincial election and, amongst other things, immediately proposed reforming the Planning Act. The NEW new Planning Act is currently slated to be revised and proclaimed by the summer of 1996. At the time of writing this abstract, archaeological conservation provisions are proposed for the new version of the Act, albeit addressed in a starkly reformed manner. This paper offers a personal {\textquoteright}tour{\textquoteright} of the seemingly endless cycle of revising legislation, implementing policy and training users to address archaeological conservation in land use planning over the last three years; and considers the implications of the current changes in land use planning for the continued(?) conservation of archaeological heritage during a time of radically changing government priorities and realities.}, author = {FERRIS, Neil} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9128, title = {Presenting Archaeology In Court: Legal Strategies for Protecting Cultural Resources}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, pages = {149-152}, editor = {Neal Ferris} } @article {9589, title = {Warning-Steep Grade Ahead: Current Directions in Canadian Archaeology {\textendash} Papers of the CAA Plenary}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {24}, year = {2000}, pages = {149-200}, author = {compiled by Neal Ferris} } @Conference Paper {10725, title = {Perles, ficelle, ceintures : arch{\'e}ologie du contact et arch{\'e}ologie en tant que contact}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Neal Ferris} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9126, title = {Archaeology Beyond Dialogue}, volume = {29}, year = {2005}, pages = {304-306}, editor = {Neal Ferris} } @article {9588, title = {Between Colonial and Indigenous Archaeologies: Legal and Extra-legal Ownership of the Archaeological Past in North America}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {27}, year = {2003}, pages = {154-190}, abstract = {

For over a century and a half, archaeologists have fought to protect the archaeological record from impacts caused by looting, antiquities trafficking, development, and other threats to the preservation of, in effect, the raw material of the archaeological enterprise. But as post-colonial sensibilities slowly permeate North American society, descendant communities have challenged the basis for both archaeologists to assert an exclusive stewardship of the archaeological record, and the state\&$\#$39;s authority to endow this exclusivity to archaeologists. This paper reviews the historical context from which archaeologists have obtained in legislation a privileged trust from the state to manage and protect the archaeological record in North America, and the challenges First Nations have made to being excluded from their ancestor\&$\#$39;s past. While the changing balance in the politics of archaeology in North America is undermining archaeologists\&$\#$39; exclusivity, it also offers opportunities for archaeology to become more inclusive and relevant in society.

}, author = {Neal Ferris} } @Conference Paper {10729, title = {Late Woodland Central Algonquian Autumn Settlement-Subsistence Patterns from the Van Bemmel Site}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {Until recently, the Western Basin Late Woodland Tradition of southwestern-most Ontario has been an unknown archaeological entity. However, several salvage excavations conducted over the last two field seasons have substantially increased the database for this cultural group. In particular, data recovered suggests that the settlement-subsistence pattern for this group was characterized by band coalescence-dispersal over the course of the seasonal round, based on periods of resource abundance and scarcity. Consequently, sites tend to reflect subsistence strategies utilized for relatively specific periods of the seasonal round. This is so for the Van Bemmel site (AdHm-31), a Younge phase (900-1200 A. D.) habitation located on McGreagor{\textquoteright}s Creek in west Kent County. Preliminary results suggest that site function was as a late fall hunting camp, where butchering and processing of mainly deer was the primary (almost exclusive) activity. This is reflected in both settlement data, faunal remains, and material culture.}, author = {Neal Ferris} } @article {11797, title = {Objects as Stepping Stones: Sustainable Archaeology}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {004-012}, author = {Neal Ferris and Aubrey Cannon and John Welch} } @Conference Paper {10724, title = {Contact Archaeology in Southern Ontario... and Other Oxymorons}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {Interpreting the early contact archaeology in southern Ontario usually begins with the assumption that contact with Europeans was an entirely unique experience to Aboriginal people, the impact of which exacerbated by a "profound localism" assumed previously during the Late Woodland. Central to these contact era interpretations of Aboriginal archaeology has been the assumed dominance of European interests and motivations on events and Aboriginal behaviours. Yet these are assumptions that emerge from a distinct conceptual filter: one that sees archaeology interpreted through history. A revised conceptual filter that sees history interpreted through archaeology - archaeology being an oppositional dataset to written records rather than an assumed compliment to them - leads to a very different understanding of the archaeological record. This shift in emphasis and reorientation leave the concept of "contact" to be an oxymoron, and demonstrates archaeological patterns and Aboriginal behaviours to be remarkably consistent with the patterns and behaviours seen archaeologically in previous - and subsequent - centuries.}, author = {Neal Ferris} } @Conference Paper {10728, title = {LOYALISTS ALONG THE GRAND NINETEENTH CENTURY ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MOHAWK VILLAGE, SIX NATIONS, BRANTFORD}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {After the American Revolution, the British Government granted a large tract of land along the Grand River in Southwestern Ontario to members of the Six Nations Iroquois who were loyal to the British Crown and had chosen to leave New York State. About 1,800 people, led by Joseph Brant, settled along the river south of present day Brantford. By the late eighteenth century a chain of Six Nations villages extended down the Grand River, consisting of loose agglomerations of log cabins. In what eventually would be south Brantford was the Upper Mohawk Village, where Joseph Brant, his family, and a number of other Mohawk families lived, adjacent to a frame chapel. Development activities in the early 1980s, situated adjacent to the still standing Mohawk Chapel revealed a number of features related to the nineteenth century Upper Mohawk settlement. Excavations focused on an area represented by two cellar pits with associated features, occupied sequentially by the same family between the beginning of the nineteenth century and 1860s. The archaeological materials recovered from these two occupations, as well as the findings from other areas of the village, document changes to settlement-subsistence and material culture use through this period of massive change in southern Ontario, and also show how changes differed between this highly Christianized Iroquois group and other, more conservative sectors of the Grand River Six Nations community. As well the archaeological data obtained from this site both augment and contradict traditional historical interpretations of Mohawk culture history in the nineteenth century, demonstrating the potential value archaeological investigations have in the area of Late Historic Native studies.}, author = {Neal Ferris and Kenyon, Ian} } @Conference Paper {10723, title = {Managing Minimum: The Development and Use of Technical Guidelines for Archaeological Consulting Activities in Ontario}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {The developrnent of the archaeological consultant industry in Ontario began in earnest by the late 1970{\textquoteright}s. Revisions to the provincial Environmental Assessment and Planning Acts further fuelled the growth of this industry through the early 1980{\textquoteright}s, and much of the last decade has seen a consistent growth in the range and types of development activities now requiring statutory review for possible impacts to cultural heritage resources. The Regulatory \& Operations Group of the Cultural Operations and Field Services Branch, Ministry of Culture and Communications, is responsible for providing this review, as well as for the review of archaeological consultant reports generated as a result of MCC heritage conditions being attached to developrnent proposals. By the mid 1980{\textquoteright}s, when the consultant industry and MCC review staff had begun to participate in a large scale in the developrnent review sector, it was increasingly apparent that minimal requirements for field and reporting activities were needed. Thus MCC and the consultant industry, as well as representatives from archaeological organizations, the development sector and municipal approval authorities, began discussing the means to develop technical guidelines for development review generated assessment and mitigation activities. In 1988 a draft guideline was developed to define minimal standards for field assessments, and for the reports written as a result of those activities. This guideline has provided archaeological consultants with minimal standards to follow and MCC staff with an objective base from which to evaluate reports. The development sector has also been provided with a description of what they generally could expect of the archaeologist hired to fulfil cultural heritage conditions on a development proposal. During the past 5 years use of this document, limitations have become apparent, and subsequent revisions have attempted to address these matters. Efforts have also been made to develop a mitigation guideline to provide minimal standards for excavation and avoidance methodologies in this development review context. This paper will review the development of the archaeological assessment technical guideline for the consultant industry in the Province of Ontario, and review its relative usefulness over the last 5 years. Current efforts to expand the range of activities covered by technical guidelines will also be examined.}, author = {Neal Ferris} } @Conference Paper {10727, title = {The Trouble With Normative....}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {If there is a common theme to the history of archaeology across Canada it has been the struggle to develop and define cultural historical sequences in each part of this vast country. And this has led to archaeologists developing very specialized expertise for particular geographic areas, and so resulting archaeological sequences tend to reflect this specialization, entrenching an insular regionalism in Canadian archaeology that can often seem to make archaeological efforts of little consequence beyond a telling of local history. And this is only further exacerbated by the tendency to draw links between these archaeological sequences and historically specific Native cultural groups. Moreover, it has been suggested that Canada{\textquoteright}s geography and diverse archaeological record has kept Canadian archaeologists too busy to worry about the theoretical ism debates that have come and gone elsewhere in the discipline. In a sense, this is implying that theoretical issues are something someone else can specialize in - we{\textquoteright}ve got our hands full working to uncover the past. But if this is the case for Canada, such an a-theoretical or unreflective archaeology has left many critical concepts such as culture and ethnicity, as well as their archaeological manifestations, unexplored and simply assumed within constructed regional culture histories. The implications and limitations of archaeology as local history and under-theorised in Canada will be explored, and strategies for moving on offered.}, author = {Neal Ferris} } @Conference Paper {10730, title = {Recent Recoveries of Human Remains from Northern Manitoba}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Since 1990, the skeletal remains of approximately100 First Nations individuals have been recovered from the Churchill River Diversion area in northern Manitoba, representing a range of cultural phases over the preceding 6500 years. The majority of these were the result of archaeological mitigations conducted by the Province of Manitoba (Historic Resources Branch) consequent to hydroelectric flooding, with analysis conducted in conjunction with The Manitoba Museum, the University of Winnipeg and the University of Manitoba. This paper will outline the physical anthropology of some of the individuals in question, and examine patterns among mortuary practice particularly in regards to Historic burials.}, author = {Finch, David M.} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11044, title = {Cuneiform}, volume = {39}, year = {2015}, pages = {349-351}, author = {Odette Boivin} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {12548, title = {The Archaeology of Patterson Village {\textendash} A 19th Century Company Town in the Township of Vaughan, Ontario}, volume = {43}, year = {2019}, pages = {256-258}, editor = {Francisco Rivera} } @Conference Paper {10731, title = {Le site Draper - s{\'e}quence d{\textquoteright}expansion du village : la mod{\'e}lisation virtuelle tridimensionnelle et les animations en interpr\é}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {William D. Finlayson and Rick Fischer} } @Conference Paper {10735, title = {On the Use of Computers in Processing Settlement Pattern Data from Iroquoian Sites}, year = {1976}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {In 1975, salvage excavations were carried out at the Draper site, a 15th century Huron village site near Toronto, Ontario. This resulted in the investigation of more than five acres of the site. All settlement pattern data is being processed by computer. This paper summarizes the nature and potential of the computer-based system which has been developed.}, author = {William D. Finlayson} } @Conference Paper {10734, title = {The Archaeology of Communities: A Northern Iroquoian Example from Southern Ontario, Canada}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {Archaeological study of more than 250,000 artifacts from 75 Iroquoian sites in the Crawford Lake area of Southern Ontario over the past 25 years has revealed a complex occupation by {\textquoteright}proto-Huron{\textquoteright} peoples, and by {\textquoteright}proto-Neutral{\textquoteright} peoples and the prehistoric and historic Neutral peoples who were their descendants. These were Iroquoian- speaking peoples who practiced slash-and-burn horticulture and lived in long houses in villages from 0.5 to 5 hectares in extent. Current data reveal that the area was first occupied about A.D. 1000 by {\textquoteright}proto-Huron{\textquoteright} peoples, and it has been possible to trace the history of two communities of {\textquoteright}proto-Huron{\textquoteright} peoples as they relocated and merged their villages at least 13 times over a period of 500 years. In the late 15th century A.D. five communities of {\textquoteright}proto-Neutral{\textquoteright} peoples moved into the Crawford Lake area from the west and established their villages within 2.8-7.3 km (mean=4.6) of the single {\textquoteright}proto-Huron{\textquoteright} village. This had the effect of surrounding the original {\textquoteright}proto-Huron{\textquoteright} occupants. It is hypothesized that the peaceful co-existence and close proximity of these villages was possible as a result of alliance formation and maintenance which involved trading, feasting, and perhaps exchange of women. Material culture recovered from archaeological deposits of these sites reveals that many artifacts served not only a practical function but also as badges indicating the community where they were made and used. The approach taken, and results obtained, have significant implications for the archaeological study of slash-and-burn horticulturists world-wide in the 21st century.}, author = {William D. Finlayson} } @Conference Paper {10733, title = {The Last 25 Years of Archaeology in the Great Lakes Region of Southern Ontario: The Good (not the Bad and the Ugly)}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Over the past 25 years, there have been significant advances in archaeology in the Great Lakes region of southern Ontario. From increases in the numbers of archaeological projects, to the advent of legislation pertaining to archaeological resources; to the application of new technologies to archaeological problems, archaeology has been changed radically. These advances have increased our knowledge of the history of the occupation of Canada by Native peoples over the past 11,000 years. This paper reviews these significant developments.}, author = {William D. Finlayson and Lawrence Jackson and David Smith} } @Symposium Papers {11003, title = {The 1975 rescue excavations at the Draper site {\textendash} a preliminary report}, volume = {7}, year = {1975}, pages = {221-229}, author = {William D. Finlayson} } @article {9877, title = {The 1971 excavations at the Donaldson site: A preliminary report}, journal = {Bulletin}, volume = {3}, year = {1971}, pages = {012-026}, author = {William D. Finlayson} } @Conference Paper {10732, title = {Additional Data on Saugeen Focus Burial Practices}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {The excavation of a secondary cemetery at the Donaldson site has provided additional data on burial practices in southwestern Ontario during the Middle Woodland Period. Methods of treatment of the body prior to internment were extended to include dismemberment and partial cremation. Additional burial positions included the extended position and the flexed position with the individual lying on its stomach. There were also differences in the kinds and nature of association of grave goods. The occurrence of Hopewellian grave goods such as cut sheet mica and copper pan pipe covers indicates a limited but definite participation in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere.}, author = {William D. Finlayson} } @Conference Paper {10736, title = {RE-EVALUATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME CANOE ROUTES}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {Assessment of linear corridors can provide researchers with new perspectives and opportunities, especially if the approach includes the integration of multi-disciplinary data. This was found to be the case during an Environmental Impact Assessment of a 125 km-long Trans-Canada Highway corridor through southern New Brunswick. Research and collation of cultural and bio-physical data have resulted in a new interpretation of the association between several archaeological sites and the Washademoak-Petitcodiac canoe route. This paper presents data that point to nearly 4,000 years of route utilization. Cow Point, at the western end of Grand Lake area, is not an anomalous burial site along a pre-contact backwater. The paper presents the hypothesis that Cow Point is at a highly productive hub or confluence of pre-contact travel routes. Data supporting that contention are provided.}, author = {FINLEY, Scott and Dale HOOD} } @Conference Paper {10740, title = {Integrating Heritage into Forestry Management: A Saskatchewan Approach}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Forestry presents unique challenges to the field of cultural resource management, because the scale of impact is huge and the range of potential disturbances are highly variable. Consequently, most foresters have not been willing to consider heritage impacts within their management planning. With funding from Weyerhaeuser Canada, Mistik Management Ltd., Forestry Canada, and the Saskatchewan Heritage Foundation, a three years research project to integrate heritage into forestry management has been initiated. The objectives of this program are to classify forestry impacts, to produce a regional model to aid in predicting where archaeological sites are located, and to provide a management systern that is able to integrate site sensitivity with potential forestry impacts. The result will be a GIS-based system that will allow Saskatchewan forestry companies to use the least damaging harvesting and reforestation techniques in areas with the highest site potential, or to avoid these areas completely. The first year of this project has been completed and this paper will report on the result.}, author = {Finnigan, Jim and Terry Gibson and Don Pawson and Dave Harman} } @Conference Paper {10739, title = {Issues in Heritage Potential Modeling: A View from Central Saskatchewan}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {The development and use of heritage potential models have increased dramatically in the last few years, driven by the availability of powerful, yet affordable GIS systems, and driven by large scale land developments, primarily forestry. Although there are some common themes in the approaches taken, few practitioners have begun to address such fundamental issues of scale, precision, accuracy, evaluation and modification. Heritage potential models make good straw men and unless these issues are addressed, the primary consumers of these models will begin to lose confidence. This paper addresses these issues from the perspective of a series of interrelated modeling projects in central Saskatchewan. The project began as a series of 10,000 ha test models and over a four year period evolved into a 10,000,000 ha model. As such, it provides an ideal data set for discussing these issues.}, author = {James FINNIGAN} } @Conference Paper {10743, title = {PREDICTIVE MODELING ALONG THE SASKATCHEWAN RIVER}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {During the 1970s and 1980s a substantial amount of archaeological survey was completed along stretches of the Saskatchewan River between Nipawin and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. A wide range of survey techniques was employed, from surface reconnaissance to probabilistic sampling. Because this river is situated in a transitional zone between the aspen parkland and the boreal forest, a clearer picture of the distribution of sites here could be used as starting model for site location in the two adjacent ecotones. This paper presents a preliminary report on process of building a predictive site location model for the Saskatchewan River.}, author = {Finnigan, Jim} } @Conference Paper {10738, title = {Are Resource Managers Expert (Systems)? A Proposal for Developing and Applying Knowledge-Based Rules Using GIS}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Effective resource management requires an intimate knowledge of the resource base and an equally thorough understanding of the types of impacts and their effects. Current resource managers are hampered because they, and the rest of the archaeological community, have a less than desirable knowledge of both. As a result, typical decision making matrices are relatively simple, employing discontinuous variables (high, medium, low), and binary assumptions (there is an impact/thrre is no impact). This is not the best level of decision making that can be achieved, and is particularly ineffective for managing regional scale impacts such as forestry and agriculture. It is argued here that we should start looking at the resource management process in a much broader context. Ideally, we would look at probability of site occurrence, type of site, probability of detection, type of impact, equipment used, soils, weather, vegetation cover, etc. In doing so, we are forced to move from a two dimensional to an {\textquoteright}n{\textquoteright} dimensional decision matrix. Without ingesting harmful substances, people don{\textquoteright}t like to think in {\textquoteright}n{\textquoteright} dimensions. Computers are not as inhibited {\textendash} what{\textquoteright}s a dimension? We can create expert systems to determine the best possible management solutions and then apply these solutions, as rules, to the landscape using GIS. This paper discusses a proposal for an appropriate pilot study and outlines some of the potential benefits of such an approach.}, author = {Finnigan, Jim} } @Conference Paper {10742, title = {Baseline Knowledge: Issues in Managing an Unknown Resource / Connaissances de base : la gestion d{\textquoteright}une ressource inconnue}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {The key component in any resource management plain is to know something about the resource being managed. As part of the current integration of archaeology into forestry activities, archaeologists are being asked to create heritage management plans on huge tracts of land with often little or no baseline information. The first response is usually to fall back on analogy and to take plans from elsewhere and apply them to the study area. Often this is referred to as modeling although many attempts fall far short of the minimal definition of what constitutes a model. This paper discusses the need to develop minimal baseline knowledge of a region as a prerequisite of developing a heritage management plans. It goes further to suggest that it is both unscientific and unethical to develop plans without some level of baseline knowledge. Finally it discusses the components required for developing baseline knowledge of a region and ways these can be integrated into a developing resource management plan.}, author = {Finnigan, Jim} } @Conference Paper {10737, title = {Development Archaeology/Public Archaeology the Souris Basin Heritage Study}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {The province of Saskatchewan is building reservoirs along the Souris River and Moose Mountain Creek. The Saskatchewan Research Council is directing a multi-year archaeological study of these reservoirs for the Souris Basin Development Authority (the proponent). One of the components of this study is public archaeology. This is the first time in Saskatchewan that a program of public archaeology has been incorporated into an impact mitigation study. This paper discusses the range of public programs offered in 1988 and the public response to date. Suggestions for an improved program are offered.}, author = {Finnigan, Jim and ROLLANS, Maureen} } @Conference Paper {10741, title = {Post-Inundation Impacts within the Rafferty and Alameda Reservoirs}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {The Rafferty and Alameda Reservoirs were constructed in the late 1980s as part of an integrated water management project in southeastern Saskatchewan. Although precipitation within the region has been below normal, portions of both reservoirs have been inundated since the early 1990s. In 1993, the author had the opportunity to re-visit both reservoirs after a partial draw-down. This paper will compare current hypotheses on reservoir impacts to heritage sites with the results of the 1993 field work. In general, site impacts were quite severe despite the relatively short period of inundation. While the filling rate for the Rafferty Reservoir may be atypical, the information obtained in 1993 has implications for managing important sites during drawdowns. Finally, there are a large number of reservoirs on the prairies and few, if any, have an explicit strategy for heritage site protection. This paper will touch on some of the issues that must be considered in such a plan.}, author = {Finnigan, Jim} } @Conference Paper {10744, title = {Prehispanic Settlement in the Mixtec Sierra of Oaxaca, Mexico}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Systematic settlement pattern survey of a 1000 km segment of the mountainous frontier between the Valleys of Oaxaca and Nochixtlan has yielded data on more than 500 sites in the remote area of Oaxaca, Mexico. This paper presents an interpretive summary of the settlement pattern changes in the survey area and relates them to processes of change in the states of the major nuclear zones in the southern highlands.}, author = {Finsten, Laura M.} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9325, title = {Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {253-255}, editor = {Laura Finsten} } @Conference Paper {10745, title = {Un syst{\'e}me d{\textquoteright}information urbain {\`a} r{\'e}f{\'e}rence spatiale appliqu{\'e} {\`a} l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Le d{\'e}veloppement du tissu urbain a rendu la planification, la r{\'e}alisation et l{\textquoteright}analyse des interventions arch{\'e}ologiques complexes. Une grande quantit{\'e} d{\textquoteright}informations doit {\^e}tre examin{\'e}e. En arch{\'e}ologie ces informations proviennent de sources historiques ou dans certains cas d{\textquoteright}autres sous-organismes, municipaux ou non telle l{\textquoteright}hygi{\'e}ne du milieu, les r{\'e}seaux d{\textquoteright}{\'e}quipements souterrains, etc. La fouille, proprement dite, g{\'e}n{\'e}re une quantit{\'e} respectable d{\textquoteright}informations pour fins d{\textquoteright}analyse. La corr{\'e}lation de toutes ces informations pour des {\'e}tudes ult{\'e}rieures s{\textquoteright}av{\'e}re extr{\^e}mement complexe et laborieuse. Il s{\textquoteright}agit d{\textquoteright}un projet pilote, en collaboration avec la Ville de Qu{\'e}bec et le D{\'e}partement de G{\'e}omatique du Coll{\'e}ge de Limoilou. Ce projet vise {\`a} cr{\'e}er un outil d{\textquoteright}aide {\`a} la planification, au traitement, au stockage et {\`a} l{\textquoteright}analyse des interventions arch{\'e}ologiques. Cet outil informatique g{\'e}re en fait des informations alpha-num{\'e}riques et graphiques, dans un syst{\'e}me de coordonn{\'e}es absolues. De par sa relation avec d{\textquoteright}autres S.I.U.R.S. d{\textquoteright}une m{\^e}me municipalit{\'e}, ce projet am{\'e}liorera la protection du patrimoine.}, author = {Fiset, Bendit} } @Conference Paper {10746, title = {A 19th Century Burial from Lake Esnagami, Northwest Ontario}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {In August of 1994, human skeletal remains and a quantity of 19th Century artifacts were handed over from the Michigan State Police to the Ontario Provincial Police. The remains were determined to be from Lake Esnagami in northwestern Ontario and of cultural origin. Standard forensic techniques are applied to investigate the nature of the remains including racial affiliation, age, sex, stature, and general health. Results of both the osteological and artifact analyses are discussed as well as how the remains came to the office of the Archaeology Branch.}, author = {Fisher, Tal} } @article {9590, title = {Untanglers of Matters Temporal and Cultural: Glass Beads and the Early Contact Period Huron Ball Site}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {19}, year = {1995}, pages = {117-138}, abstract = {

Despite the positive chronological determinations that have been derived from sixteenth and seventeenth century glass beads, this artifact has yet to receive the respect it deserves for elucidating a variety of cultural dilemmas. This paper presents a review of a generally accepted bead chronology that has been established for northeastern North America, examines various interpretive uses to which the assemblage from the Huron Ball village can be placed, and finally evaluates the cultural explanations that have been derived from INAA analyses of turquoise-coloured glass beads.

}, author = {William R. Fitzgerald and Dean H. Knight and Allison Bain} } @Conference Paper {10749, title = {The Cache (DaEh-1) Site : Deciphering a Cultural Crossroads}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {L{\textquoteright}{\^\i}le-aux-Basques is a small island in the estuary of the St. Lawrence River located across from the mouth of the Saguenay River. Archival documents, historical accounts, and archaeological investigations reveal that the island was visited by numerous ethnic groups. Archaeological excavations conducted at the Cache (DaEh-1) site in 1992 uncovered components that include late Middle Woodland, 15th century, and mid-17th century aboriginal campsites. A diversity of non-local materials clearly indicate that this area in particular was an active cultural crossroads that not only linked the lower Great Lakes with western Europe but which also included. a north-south route that linked the Bay of Fundy with central and northern Qu{\'e}bec. And as would be expected, local marine resources were a major attraction to the island.}, author = {William R. Fitzgerald} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9222, title = {Glass Beads}, volume = {7}, year = {1983}, pages = {104-108}, editor = {William R. Fitzgerald} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9346, title = {The Massawomeck: Raiders and Traders into the Chesapeake Bay in the Seventeenth Century}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {129-132}, editor = {William R. Fitzgerald} } @Conference Paper {10748, title = {Champlain{\textquoteright}s Nation Neutre: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives of the Neutral Iroquoians}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Limited but tantalizing historical accounts and a century of intensive archaeological. investigation provide a wealth of information for reconstructing the cultural evolution of the Iroquoian group that occupied the southernmost region of Ontario. The nature of Neutral Iroquoian society in existence when Champlain, Daillon, Br{\'e}beuf, and Chaumonot were in southern Ontario differs significantly from the earlier phases of Neutral development. The environmental and cultural influences that moulded and re-shaped Neutral culture during the centuries before their dispersal between 1647 and 1651 will be examined, and a revised periodization of Neutral history, based on a range of cultural traits, will be presented.}, author = {William R. Fitzgerald} } @Conference Paper {10747, title = {Contact, Contraction, and the Little Ice Age}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {The explanation of cultural developments for the Neutral Iroquoians of southern Ontario during the 16th and 17th centuries has been largely influenced by the fact that many of the changes occurred during the initial era of the European presence in eastern North America. Additional modifying factors can be attributed both directly and indirectly to other human and natural agencies through a re-evaluation of the available archaeological and ecological record.}, author = {William R. Fitzgerald} } @article {9591, title = {Copper Based Metal Testing as an Aid to Understanding Early European-Amerindian Interaction: Scratching the Surface}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, pages = {153-161}, abstract = {

A metallurgical analysis of 21 copper-based artifacts from 9 Iroquoian sites dating between A.D. 1550 and 1650, along with one sample of native copper from Algoma, suggests that a pattern is discernible in the changing metal content of these artifacts through time. The earliest samples tend to be predominantly copper, and may be difficult to distinguish from native copper, while the later ones are more likely to contain increasing amounts of other inclusions. It is suggested that this change reflects a changing industrial base in France in the late sixteenth century, and a shift from the exportation of high-quality goods to the mass production of cheaper goods specifically for the export trade.

}, author = {William R. Fitzgerald and Peter G. Ramsden} } @Conference Paper {10750, title = {Forgotten, Found, then Lost: In Search of Bruce County{\textquoteright}s Past}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Artifacts are more than a storage problem, and the motivation for the establishment of local repositories for archaeological collections should be greater than the alleviation of storage problems for commercial archaeologists. Over the past 125 years, hundreds of thousands of archaeological objects have been removed from Bruce County by relic hunters and archaeologists {\textendash} today, only a fraction of recovered archaeological material remains within the county. With collections scattered across North America, an awareness of Bruce County{\textquoteright}s First Nations{\textquoteright} heritage will remain severely diminished until their current whereabouts become known and, ideally, the collections repatriated to a local facility that can afford them appropriate curation, public visibility, and ready access to researchers.}, author = {William R. Fitzgerald and Barbara Ribey} } @Conference Paper {10754, title = {A Maritime Archaic Cemetery at Rattlers Bight, Labrador}, year = {1976}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {In 1974 and 1975 a Maritime Archaic cemetery was excavated at Rattlers Bight, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. The burial site is associated with a large habitation settlement which has been excavated at the same location. Both date to the period ca 4000-3800 B.P. Excavation results include a tool assemblage similar to that obtained at the living site. Ritual specialization of grave goods is not indicated. Poor preservation of organic remains limits extensive comparison with Port-au-Cboix, but preliminary conclusions suggest significant differences between Rattlers Bight and other Moorehead or Maritime Archaic cemetery couplexes. Some of these differences indicate that regionalism in burial traditions cross-cuts certain long-range similarities in tool class types and burial form. Study of this variation should facilitate understanding of relationships between regional groups as well as providing insight into the role of burial customs in these societies.}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @Conference Paper {10758, title = {ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FROBISHER VOYAGES: RESULTS AND PROSPECTS}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {The Frobisher Voyages (1576-1578) present one of the most interesting opportunities for integrated historical anthropological and archaeological studies in the Quincentennial era. While the history of this earliest English enterprise on the soil of the New World is well known, its archaeological and ethnographic aspects have received cursory treatment. This paper reviews the history of research, dwelling particularly upon recent interdisciplinary work on the Frobisher settlements and mines and archeometric studies of the early-dating Frobisher iron blooms. Results of recent surveys conducted in outer Frobisher Bay in 1990 are presented. Finally, a plan coordinated with the Canadian Steering Committee for Frobisher research is presented for forthcoming studies in history and oral history, historical archaeology, European-Inuit acculturation, and environmental research.}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @Conference Paper {10753, title = {Developmental aspects of Labrador Maritime Archaic social and mortuary systems: an example of marine-related cultural intensification}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Recent archaeological work in Labrador has resulted in long-sought-after settlement data for Maritime Archaic cultures which occupied this region 7500-3500 years ago. Previous information on the development of these cultures has come from the field of technology, subsistence, culture area distribution, and mortuary and exchange systems. By themselves, these data suggested that Maritime Archaic culture was technologically and socially advanced compared with later prehistoric and ethnographic groups of the coastal northeast. Recent discoveries strengthen this view and provide our first clues about social organization and demography as revealed by site settlement patterns and domestic architecture. Changes in site size and complexity and in the size of dwelling structures through time suggests shifts from simple to larger and more complex forms of social organization, and are in turn related to intensification of mortuary patterns and increased movement of exotic materials. These changes are discussed together with local and regional environmental and culture history. The new data provide a more secure basis for supporting and understanding developmental processes in Maritime Archaic culture and their distinctions from later Indian groups of the far northeast. Comparisons are drawn to northwest coast and other cultures and speculation is offered on some of the factors that may be involved.}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @article {9880, title = {Field work on the central Labrador coast: 1974}, journal = {Bulletin}, volume = {6}, year = {1974}, pages = {209-217}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @Conference Paper {10757, title = {Houses, Mounds, and Monuments: The Maritime Archaic As Seen From Outer Space}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The Maritime Archaic culture left a permanent and record of their 4000 year history in Labrador in the form of large stone caches, burial mounds, houses, and caribou drives. In addition to leaving a tangible and highly visible mark on the land, they also incorporated landscapes into their worldview, belief systems, and artifacts through the positioning of sites and monuments with respect to dramatic geographic features from which they drew inspiration and spiritual power. This paper reviews the geotactic inclinations of an ancient seafaring people as it could be interpreted by a landscape archaeologist from outer space.}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @Conference Paper {10752, title = {The Dorset-Thule Transition: Culture Change in the Eastern Canadian Arctic}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {In 1968, seeking advice on a graduate paper featuring the Dorset-Thule transition, the author sent a copy to Bill Taylor for review and comment. In retrospect the response was predictable {\textendash} vigorous, thoughtful, witty, and provocative {\textendash} and set the tone for a stim-ulating personal relationship of twenty-five years standing. Taylor{\textquoteright}s comment concluded: {\textquoteright}I suggest you have the paper read by others, for it may contain an article well worth publishing {\textendash} I am too predisposed to its basic thinking to be a good judge of that [but] ... most arctic types would probably recommend the deletion of most of the theoretical and methodological content.{\textquoteright} Unfortunately, though I have shared the paper with a number of others, I never got around to taking up Taylor{\textquoteright}s challenge of publication. Today the Dorset-Thule transition remains one of the most puzzling subjects in Eastern Arctic prehistory, despite advances in many other areas. The problem remains resistant to study and has received few contributions in the literature. Since much of the substance from the original paper has never appeared elsewhere in print, it is high time to take up Taylor{\textquoteright}s challenge and present a publishable version accounting for Taylor{\textquoteright}s unique contributions, his critique of the original draft, contributions by other scholars, and new field data.}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @article {9879, title = {Smithsonian archaeological investigations on the Central Labrador Coast in 1973: A preliminary report}, journal = {Bulletin}, volume = {5}, year = {1973}, pages = {077-090}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @Conference Paper {10756, title = {ARCHAEOLOGY OF A THULE VILLAGE IN NORTHERN LABRADOR}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {The Thule period and its relationships to Dorset and late Indian occupations of central and northern Labrador is an important but little known period in Labrador prehistory. Large populations and strong cultural, economic, and ethnic contrasts characterize this period, which led directly to the establishment of modern Inuit and Innu populations and laid the foundation for the historical period. While Late Dorset, Point Revenge, and historic Inuit cultures are well-described, the Thule period has not been given sufficient attention. This paper presents information from recent Thule excavations on Staffe Island in the Killinek region in the context of other Labrador Thule data and proposes an interaction model for the period AD 1000-1500 leading to the modern era.}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @Conference Paper {10751, title = {Archaeologioal Reconnaissance in Hamilton Inlet and Lake Melville, Labrador, 1968}, year = {1969}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {The initial field season of a planned two-year study of the archaeology of the central coast of Labrador has been completed. Aided by air-photo interpretation a survey of the transitional zone from the forested interior to the barren coast has resulted in recognition of a dual series of Indian and Eskimo components. At North West River small Indian sites spanning a period of about three thousand years have been excavated, and a five-stage sequence of occupation has been proposed. Surveys in Groswater Bay (Hamilton Inlet) suggest amplification of the NWR data to include an older unit using ground slate tools and late prehistoric unit which may represent prehistoric Naskaupi. Eskimo remains include recent historic sites within eastern Lake Melville, and a fine sequence of 16th-18th Century winter sites in the Narrows. Labrador Thule culture was not found but probably exists in the outer reaches of Groswater Bay. Finally, a series of small Dorset campsites was found on Ticoralak Island, indicating a regional variant of this culture with several new Dorset types represented. Very little evidence was found suggesting contact between Eskimo and Indian groups for any of this period. Dorset and Indian cultures contemporaneous with it are distinctly different in technology, typology, and geographic distribution. Other points to be discussed include a possible hiatus of Eskimo occupation between Dorset and Thule times, distributional evidence for several of the Indian components, and comments on cultural ecology and lithic analysis.}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @Conference Paper {10755, title = {MINING IN THE NORTH: COMMUNITY ISSUES IN THE FROBISHER BAY META INCOGNITA PROJECT}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {In 1990 a proposal for archaeological studies at the Kodlunarn Island site in outer Frobisher Bay, the site of Martin Frobisher{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteright}gold{\textquoteright} mines of 1576-78, initiated the development of a large research programme on the history, remains and consequences of Frobisher{\textquoteright}s voyages and mines in the New World. In addition to archaeology, the project included Inuit oral history, archival studies, environmental sciences and geology. This paper deals with community aspects of the MIP project: local interest, permissions, educational values, research training, museum issues, publicity, tourism and economic impacts, and residual effects. Although organized as a research project, perspectives from the MIP may be useful in thinking about the role of research as a component of large-scale development and mining programmes elsewhere in the North, and their impacts on local communities.}, author = {William Fitzhugh} } @Conference Paper {10759, title = {A Heterarchical or Hierarchical Landscape? An Alternative Approach to the Distribution of Tholos Tombs in the Bronze Age Argolid}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {The present study seeks to re-assess the role played by tholos tombs in the processes of social stratification and state formation that took place in the northeast Peloponnese of the Greek mainland during the Early Mycenaean period. Between the LH IIA and LH IIIA:1 periods (ca. 1600-1370 B.C.), a total of fourteen tholos tombs displaying a wide range in size, technical skill and location were constructed throughout the region. Traditional scholarship associates these funerary monuments with nearby settlements and interprets them as prominent vehicles for the advertisement of status and prestige on the part of local elite. This paper offers an alternate interpretation, suggesting instead that they served to symbolize the expanding authority of a single regional power, namely Mycenae, functioning as territorial indicators marking the boundaries of Mycenaean dominance at the edges of the Argive plain and laying claim to the entire region on behalf of the Mycenaean elite.}, author = {Rodney Fitzsimmons} } @Conference Paper {10763, title = {Par voie de terre ou de mer? Examen des traces prouvant l{\textquoteright}existence d{\textquoteright}une route c{\^o}ti{\'e}re par laquelle les premiers Nord-Am{\'e}}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Knut R. Fladmark} } @article {9594, title = {AMS Dating of Two Wooden Artifacts from the Northwest Coast}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {11}, year = {1987}, pages = {001-012}, abstract = {

Two wooden artifacts of considerable artistic and technological interest to Northwest Coast prehistorians have been dated using the AMS radiocarbon method. The results indicate that prehistoric Northwest Coast artists were producing wood carvings fully comparable in quality and iconographic complexity to those of the ethnographic peoples of the same region.

}, author = {K.R. Fladmark and D.E. Nelson and T.A. Brown and J.S. Vogel and J.R. Southon} } @Symposium Papers {10972, title = {An Introduction to the Prehistory of British Columbia}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, pages = {095-156}, author = {K.R. Fladmark} } @Conference Paper {10767, title = {FROM LAND TO SEA: LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTS OF THE NORTHERN NORTHWEST COAST}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {This paper summarizes current information regarding Late Quaternary environments of the Northern Northwest Coast. Special attention will be paid to palaeoenvironmental factors with the potential of absolutely limiting a human presence in any given region, or strongly affecting cultural adaptations, including the timing and extent of Late Pleistocene ice-advances, major sea-level changes and the developmental histories of the Stikine, Nass and Skeena River systems. Lesser attention will be paid to the evolution of terrestrial biotic systems since about 15-20,000 years BP, as revealed by palynological studies. Because of significant intra-regional variation, palaeoenvironments will be discussed in terms of three subareas: 1. the Queen Charlotte Islands, 2. Southeastern Alaska and, 3. the northern mainland coast, extending inland along the rivers to about Telegraph Creek-Hazelton. A particularly interesting feature was an emergent land-bridge which connected the Queen Charlotte Islands to the mainland in the early Holocene and which ended in a very rapid rise in sea-levels about 9-10,000 BP, possibly recorded in Haida flood legends. Other potentially catastrophic events described in native traditions include the Aiyansh lava flow about 220 BP in the Nass River valley and the Rocher D{\'e}boul{\'e} landslide in the Skeena River valley about 3,500 years ago.}, author = {FLADMARK, Knut} } @Conference Paper {10762, title = {Thoughts on the Origin and Relationships of Northwest Coast Art}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {The relative significance of in-situ development versus external influences on the early evolution of Northwest Coast art is discussed in the light of recent archaeological data. Evidence is presented to support the view that some stylistic features of Northwest Coast art are a result of relatively late prehistoric influences from the Bering Strait region.}, author = {K.R. Fladmark} } @article {9593, title = {Lawn Point and Kasta: Microblade Sites on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {039-058}, abstract = {

This report summarizes data from Lawn Point and Kasta on the Queen Charlotte Islands, northern Pacific coast of British Columbia. These archaeological sites have yielded multiple stratified microblade components, radiocarbon dated between 7,400 and 5,500 years B.P.

}, author = {K.R. Fladmark} } @Conference Paper {10766, title = {An Archaeological Survey of the Peace River Valley of British Columbia}, year = {1976}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Archaeological surveying in the Peace River valley of British Columbia in the summers of 1974 and 1975 was funded by B.C. Hydro as part of an impact assessment program for proposed hydroelectric reservoirs. Over 300 sites have been recorded to date on the basis of both judgemental and probabilistic sampling procedures. Artifact typologies and geochronology indicate occupation of the area from at least 10-11,000 B.P. although no excavated sequences are yet established. Projectile point types frequently indicate close ties with the Northwestern and Central Plains. Of special interest was the relocation of a number of Northwest Company and Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay fur trade forts, including the earliest such site on the mainland of British Columbia, established ca. 1794.}, author = {K.R. Fladmark} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9189, title = {Prehistory of the North American Subarctic: the Athabaskan Question}, volume = {3}, year = {1979}, pages = {250-254}, editor = {K.R. Fladmark} } @Conference Paper {10761, title = {Introduction to Charlie Lake Cave}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Excavations at Charlie Lake Cave in 1983, 1990 and 1991 produced a significant sequence of deposits spanning Late Pleistocene and Holocene times. This symposium presents recent research on sediments, artifacts and fauna, followed by a discussion period. Artifacts from the site will be on display.}, author = {FLADMARK, Knut} } @article {9592, title = {Possible Early Human Occupation of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {183-197}, author = {Knut R. Fladmark} } @Conference Paper {10765, title = {A comparison of sea-levels and prehistoric cultural development on the west and east coasts}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {In an earlier work I proposed that the prehistory of the north-west coast could be broadly divided into 2 basic sequential culture stages: (1) an early lithic Horizon which seemed to represent a relatively simple and generalized adaptation; and (2) a later shell-midden horizon which approximates the relatively complex and specialized culture pattern of the ethnographic Pacific coast. I attempted to explain the relatively radical and synchronous shift between these {\textquoteright}horizons{\textquoteright} all along the northwest coast, about 5000-4000 B.P., as an indirect result of the quasi-stabilization of regional relative sea-levels. The fundamental theoretical assumptions were: a. attainment of a specialized {\textquoteright}climax{\textquoteright} cultural adaptation is not possible until the natural ecosystem reaches and maintains an optimum steady state; b. equilibrium of coastal ecosystems is most directly governed by the lateral location of the shoreline, and its rate of movement, which in turn is a product of various factors affecting regional sea-level, and bottom topography. Although specifically intended as a model attempting to explain northwest coast culture change, the basic concept should be applicable to any maritime region. In this paper I will apply this model to the prehistory of the Atlantic region of Canada and adjacent northern New England. Local sea-level curves and prehistoric sequences will be compared and con- trasted to those of the northwest coast. It will be argued that northeastern Atlantic sea-levels have been significantly less stable than those of the northwest coast, particularly over the last 3-5000 years. This may be a fundamental indirect cause preventing the development of complex maritime oriented cultures in late coastal Algonquian prehistory.}, author = {K. Fladmark} } @Conference Paper {10760, title = {An Overview of the Late Prehistory of Subarctic British Columbia}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {British Columbia spans significant portions of the Northwest Coast, Plateau and Subarctic culture areas as usually defined for aboriginal North America. However, in comparison to the considerable amount of information now available for its Northwest Coast and Plateau segments, the precontact human story of Subarctic British Columbia still has received no published synthesis. This paper will offer an initial summary and discussion of the late prehistory (i.e. the last ca. 5,000 years) of that large region.It has long been presumed that access to salmon was a significant factor increasing human populations and heightening cultural complexity on the adjacent Northwest Coast and Plateau. The validity of that notion for Subarctic British Columbia will be tested by comparing the late prehistoric cultural records of its {\textquoteright}salmon{\textquoteright} vs. {\textquoteright}non-salmon areas. Attention also will be paid to that persistent question of how long Athapaskan groups may have occupied their ethnographic territories in Subarctic BC and who (if anyone) lived there before them. Related to that is the possibility that such pre-contact ethnolinguistic distributions also were linked to a differential availability of salmon.}, author = {FLADMARK, Knut} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9273, title = {Ancient Canada}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {254-258}, editor = {Knut R. Fladmark} } @Conference Paper {10764, title = {Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations near Shuswap Lakes, B.C.}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {During the summer of 1972, under a salvage contract from the National Museum of Man, archaeological investigations were conducted in the Shuswap Lakes region of south-central B.C. In total 7 sites were tested, four of which had housepits. Test excavation of these housepit sites of the Kamloops phase (1360-1750) revealed information on house structure and the subsistence base. EfQv 4, on the Adams River, represents a fishing/hunting camp of a middle period: artifacts include 2 large corner-notched points and 1 lanceolate point. EeQw 6 which, due to necessities of salvage was most intensively investigated, yielded approximately 2,000 artifacts. In addition, a probably historic burial was excavated. Burial goods include 22 artifacts, several of which are engraved bone and dentalia. The complete absence of microblades and microblade cores in the sites tested is of interest when considered in relation to the high number of Plano type points from this region.}, author = {Sharon Johnson Fladmark} } @Conference Paper {10768, title = {The Prehistory of Northern Interior British Columbia}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {This paper will offer a summary overview of current information about the prehistory of the intermountain interior of British Columbia, north of the Chilcotin Plateau. Covering over 330,000 sq. km. (the approximate size of Finland) it is archaeologically the least known part of the province, with only a few excavated sites. Nevertheless, as far as currently available information suggests, throughout prehistory it seems to have been influenced by cultural information (and/or people) moving inland along Bering Strait, Arctic Ocean and Pacific drainage systems, which all closely converge in this area, and which may have stimulated a unique array of sub-regional cultural patterns.}, author = {FLADMARK, Knut} } @Conference Paper {10769, title = {Pottery Replication Studies: Applications for Research and Interpretation / {\'e}tudes sur la reproduction de poteries : applications pour la reche}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {Over the last few years the authors have conducted informal experiments in hand building and open pit firing. We focus on replicating vessels found in collections from Manitoba, Saskatchewan and portions of the Northeastern Plains area. This paper will report on our findings thus far, and explore some of the interpretive opportunities that arose from research activities.}, author = {FLYNN, Catherine and Mary Ann TISDALE} } @Conference Paper {10771, title = {The Comnunity, Settlement and Subsistence Patterns of the Nootka Sound Area: A Diachronic Model}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {A detailed analysis of all available prehistoric and historic data relating to the Nootka Sound Area, Vancouver Island, British Columbia has made possible the formation of viable inferences leading to a developmental model of the cultures inhabiting the shore of the Sound from earliest times to present. Pertinent data have been drawn principally from ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources describing, the inhabitants of Yuquot, a Nootkan village.}, author = {William J. Folan} } @Conference Paper {10770, title = {Yuquot, British Columbia: The Prehistory and History of a Nootkan Village}, year = {1969}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {During the summer of 1966, the National Historic Sites Service of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development carried out extensive excavations at the site of the 18th century Spanish military post of Santa Cruz, located within the confines of the prehistoric, historic and contemporary Nootkan village of Yuquot. A multi-discipline effort is being made to analyze the numerous ethnohistorical documents describing the site and its inhabitants during the 18th and 19th Centuries, the 5000 prehistoric and historic artifacts and approximately 100 cubic feet of faunal material recovered during excavation. The results of this study will provide a description and analysis of the prehistoric, historic and contemporary inhabitants of Yuquot plus the role of the site in relation to European, American and Canadian economic and political development.}, author = {Folan, W.J.} } @Conference Paper {10772, title = {An analysis and interpretation of the lithic collection from Tall Jawa, an Iron Age site on the Madaba Plateau, Jordan}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {This paper examines the lithic material from Tall Jawa, a predominantly Iron Age site in Jordan. There were over 800 lithic specimens recovered from several seasons of excavation. Types range from a Levallois core to blades and burins. While preliminary analysis suggests that most were not in situ, there is evidence to suggest that lithic tool use and technology lasted well into the Islamic period in this region of the Near East. This observation is significant in light of the assumed drastic decline of lithic technology with the advent of metallurgy.}, author = {Foley, C.M. and Urva Linnamae and Dawn Cropper} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9138, title = {Sinnock: Apaleolithic Camp and Kill Site in Manitoba}, volume = {7}, year = {1983}, pages = {120-121}, editor = {Richard G. Forbis} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9137, title = {Final Report on the 1983 Season at the Head-Smashed-in Buffalo Jump, Alberta}, volume = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {231}, editor = {Richard G. Forbis} } @Conference Paper {10774, title = {The Present State of Archaeology on the Canadian Prairies}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {Contrasts are presented between the state of archaeology on the Canadian Plains of several years ago in comparison to the present situation, with a view toward illustrating the general nature of changes that have come about both in organizational facilities and research results. Comments on future requirements in both areas are suggested.}, author = {R.G. Forbis} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9136, title = {Anthropology on the Great Plains}, volume = {5}, year = {1981}, pages = {179-180}, editor = {Richard G. Forbis} } @Conference Paper {10773, title = {Proposed Antiquities Legislation for the Province of Alberta}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {Established in 1971 under the auspices of the Environment Conservation Authority, the Committee for the Conservation of Historical and Archaeological Resources has presented to the Alberta government a number of proposals to be considered for legislation. The recommendations and the principles underlying them are briefly discussed.}, author = {R.G. Forbis} } @article {9595, title = {Smith-Wintemberg Award}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {8}, year = {1984}, pages = {001-002}, author = {Richard G. Forbis} } @Symposium Papers {10973, title = {One View of Plains Archaeology in Canada: the Past Decade}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, pages = {157-166}, author = {Richard G. Forbis} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9135, title = {Early Man in the New World}, volume = {9}, year = {1985}, pages = {085-089}, editor = {Richard G. Forbis} } @article {9596, title = {Archaeological and Ethnographic Correlates of Seasonality: Problems and Solutions on the Northwest Coast}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {133-150}, abstract = {

Archaeologists paying attention to the clumped nature of Northwest Coast resources suggested that archaeological sites might exhibit functionally-specific materials as a result of site-specific activities. Since a seasonal round of resource acquisition and residential mobility had been observed in the historic period, hypotheses developed that prehistoric subsistence strategies were also based upon the seasonal round. Archaeologists have attempted to test these hypotheses by assessing seasonality at various sites. Additional ethnographic information suggests that the faunal materials for which season at death can be determined may not be good indicators of season of site use. Other questions relating to site complexity, site-specific activities, and subsistence may more readily be addressed with archaeological data form the prehistoric period without reliance upon the ethnographic record for interpretation.

}, author = {Pamela J. Ford} } @Conference Paper {10776, title = {Traversing Unknown Territory: Deciphering the Subsistence and Settlement Patterns of Ontario{\textquoteright}s Western Basin Tradition (ca. A.D. 500 to 1600) us}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {After three decades of intensive research, the lifestyle choices of the members of the Western Basin Tradition (WBT), who occupied southwestern Ontario during the Late Woodland period (ca. A.D. 500 to 1600), remain somewhat of a mystery to archaeologists. To date, the material cultural evidence recovered from these sites has been rather sparse in comparison to their Ontario Iroquois Tradition (OIT) neighbours in the southeast. Current interpretations of Western Basin subsistence and settlement patterns are based on a combination of ceramic, lithic tool, subterranean feature, and postmould data. This paper adds another element to our understanding: an examination of the hunting, processing, transport, cooking, and discard practices of these groups through the analysis of the faunal remains recovered from their sites. Data synthesized from a number of Western Basin zooarchaeological reports prepared over the past three decades were combined with new data collected during the past year. The results provide greater insight into: Western Basin seasonal activities and overall mobility, the animal species of dietary, economic, social, and spiritual importance, the microenvironments that were preferentially exploited and occupied, and whether the adoption of maize horticulture by these groups affected the timing and location of animal procurement and settlement locations.}, author = {Lindsay Foreman} } @Conference Paper {10775, title = {La v{\'e}rit{\'e} sur les cerfs, les tortues et les chiens : examen des interactions entre les humains et la faune chez les anciens Mayas}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Lindsay Foreman} } @Conference Paper {10777, title = {Two Possible Hide Processing Stones from FbNp-1 in Wanuskewin Heritage Park, Saskatchewan}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Lithic use wear analysis was applied to a sample of cobbles recovered from FbNp-1 in Wanuskewin Heritage Park. The use wear analysis was completed to test existing methodologies used to microscopically analyze ground stone tools as applied specifically to hide processing stones. Interpretation of the analysis indicates that at least one, and possibly two, of the cobbles can be interpreted as hide processing stones. An ethnographic literature review into hide processing procedures on the Plains has also uncovered two possible hide processing stone tool categories. These tools have been referred to as braining stones and graining stones. Braining stones were used in the tanning process to aid in the application of a brain tanning mixture. Graining stones were used in the softening and graining process to soften and add texture to the hide. A combination of the literature review and lithic use wear analysis has allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of these tools and their uses. These types of tools are often overlooked in archaeological analyses.Their misidentification may lead to the misinterpretation of activity areas and site usage.}, author = {Forner, Cheryl} } @Conference Paper {10778, title = {Perakh{\'o}ra 1972}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {The first excavations, in 1965, on the prehistoric site by Lake Vouliagm{\'e}ni, Perakh{\'o}ra revealed a series of deposits from Early Bronze I and transitional Early Bronze I/II. In 1972, at two higher parts of the site, sequences from Early Bronze II were recovered. In the principal area investigated a sequence of three EB II phases appeared. In the earliest the site was a pottery production centre: no kilns have been identified with certainty as yet, but a large dump of wasters accrued. The dump was subsequently he building was obviously of some importance, but its exact function escapes us as yet. The site was then levelled off again in order to construct a large, well built complex of rooms of which only part of the plan has yet been recovered. Finally this building appears to have been burnt down and the site abandoned until the 7th century B.C. when a small farmstead occupied, probably briefly, the same position. Subsequently the site lay unoccupied to the present day.}, author = {John M. Fossey} } @Conference Paper {10781, title = {The Ritual Use of Pottery in an Early Southern African Farming Community: Data Versus Speculation}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {The spatial distribution and association of artifacts and features provides a basic form of evidence for identifying patterns of artifact use. Archaeologists working on southern African Early Iron Age (250-1100 AD) societies commonly assign unusual objects ritual functions and attribute the discard patterns of certain objects to ritual activity. Rarely are these objects integrated into discussions of broader patterns of production, use and disposal at sites. Thus, alternative explanations of their function and disposal have been overlooked. A spatial analysis of ceramic data from the site of Ndondondwane in South Africa is presented to examine these hypotheses. Results indicate that the use and discard of ritual objects may be attributed to factors other than ritual ones, and that ceramic sculpture may be better interpreted within the sociocultural context of iron smelting. Based on these new data, models of continuity and change in the later prehistory of southern Africa are reexamined.}, author = {FOWLER, Kent} } @Conference Paper {10780, title = {Traces of Childhood: Defining Children in the Mortuary Record / Traces de l{\textquoteright}enfance : enfants et documents fun{\'e}raires}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {In this paper I express several considerations that should be made when defining {\textquoteright}children{\textquoteright} in the mortuary record. There are three issues involved in defining children in the mortuary record. The first involves the physical identification of children. The second concern is how the mortuary treatments accorded children are analyzed and described. The third issue involves how we translate material remains and patterns into social behaviour. To socially define children, the social rank and status of children must be determined within the social boundaries of the society they belonged. In this paper I address these problems by using a new methodology that allows the social rank and status accorded children to be described (cf. Fowler 1997a, 1997b). A recent analysis of mortuary remains dating to the Greek Neolithic period (6500-3200 BC; Fowler 1997a, 1997b) serves as an example of how children may be socially recognized through mortuary activity. I suggest several possible reasons why children are give mortuary treatments, alternative to adults. Despite the variability in mortuary ritual, I suggest that the treatment of children in the mortuary record is governed by the same social rules of membership and exclusion directing the disposal program of adults. I also argue that the meaning behind the differential treatment of children at death cannot simply be explained by biological factors alone. Rather, as with adults, the social rank and status of children play a key role in defining: 1) their relationships to each other; 2) their relationships to other members of the community; and 3) the general prohibitive and customary constraints on social behaviour, which characterizes the structure and organization of a society.}, author = {FOWLER, Kent} } @Conference Paper {10779, title = {The Archaeological Identification and Interpretation of Pottery-making Locations: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Data from South Africa.}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Identifying the location of past pottery-making activities provides the primary data for inferring the social organization of production. Ethnoarchaeological accounts from Mesoamerica and South America have provided a number of material correlates for identifying the kinds of facilities used in pottery-making, the resulting debris, and the use of space in domestic production. However, similar studies have not been undertaken outside these regions. This study presents a set of criteria derived from an ethnoarchaeological study of amaZulu ceramic production in South Africa. The ethnographic model is compared against data from a nearby archaeological settlement dating to the ninth-century AD. The results of the study suggest that the ethnoarchaeological criteria are useful for identifying ceramic production areas within past settlements, and that a better understanding of the spatial organisation of production may potentially allow more detailed inferences to be made about labour organisation and the identity of artisans in early southern African farming communities.}, author = {Fowler, Kent D.} } @article {11403, title = {Pre-contact Pottery Tempering Practices at Sipiwesk Lake, Manitoba: The Effects of Grit Tempering on Drying and Firing}, volume = {41}, year = {2017}, pages = {97-116}, abstract = {

This report presents the results of an experiment designed to examine the effects of grit tempering on the shrinkage of clays used to manufacture Middle and Late Woodland pottery from Sipiwesk Lake in northern Manitoba. A single previous experiment by Corenblum and Syms (1977) using clay from southern Manitoba found that grit tempering had little effect on the shrinkage of clays; it was proposed that the use of temper by pre-contact potters may have been a practice driven by cultural choice as opposed to technical necessity. Our experiment analyzed the plasticity and shrinkage of clay briquettes and tiles from Sipiwesk Lake in northern Manitoba that were untempered or tempered with different proportions of a grit (10{\textendash}30 percent) composition comparable to that used by pre-contact potters. Our study shows that adding grit temper increased the plasticity of raw clays (their workability) and reduced the amount of shrinkage experienced during drying and firing. Our conclusions directly contrast Corenblum and Syms{\textquoteright} findings, but do confirm grit temper is not necessary to successfully manufacture a Middle or Late Woodland pot. Based upon these new data we then address the theoretical issue of whether it is useful to distinguish {\textquotedblleft}cultural choice{\textquotedblright} from {\textquotedblleft}technical necessity{\textquotedblright} as alternative explanations for manufacturing practices.

}, author = {Kent D. Fowler and Kate Basco and Mostafa Fayek} } @Conference Paper {10786, title = {Ontario Cherts Revisited}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {An overview of current knowledge concerning Northern and Southern Ontario chert sources is presented, focussing on characterisation/identification and knapping quality. An attempt is made to clarify some of the chert type terminology established by Fox, some 30 years ago, which continues in use in the literature.}, author = {William Fox and Patrick Julig and Dan Long} } @Conference Paper {10790, title = {Horned Panthers and Erie Associates}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Ethnohistoric, ethnographic and linguistic evidence is applied to the interpretation of particular artifact classes from Late Woodland sites in the Lake Erie drainage basin, in an attempt to better understand the spiritual beliefs of resident Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking groups.}, author = {William Fox} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9139, title = {Excavations at the Caradoc Site (AfHj{\textendash}104): A Late Paleo-Indian Ritual Artifact Deposit}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, pages = {169-171}, editor = {William A. Fox} } @Conference Paper {10785, title = {People and Parks}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {The last twenty-five years have witnessed a progressively consultative approach on the part of Canada{\textquoteright}s Federal Government in the establishment and management of National Historic Sites and National Parks. Ten years ago, the first comprehensive claim involving northern Aboriginal peoples was settled with the Inuvialuit of the western Arctic. While CRM issues were not a significant concern in this claim, they have increased in importance to the point where sixteen pages of the Nunavut Final Agreement implementation contract are devoted to archaeology and its practice. The present parks Canada commitment to cultural resource co-management with local Aboriginal communities extends far beyond the northern claims areas, as witnessed by the range of initiatives outlined in this presentation.}, author = {William Fox} } @Conference Paper {10789, title = {The Lakehead Complex{\textendash}New Insights}, year = {1976}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {During the 1975 field season, a short project was undertaken to test an hypothesis generated by earlier research. Survey of Knife Lake in Quetico Provincial Park produced evidence indicating Native quarrying of siltstones extending back to late Palaeo-Indian times. Additional evidence from the boundary waters area to the east suggests contact between the Lakehead Complex and more southerly lithic industries.}, author = {W.A. Fox} } @Conference Paper {10784, title = {The Serpent{\textquoteright}s Copper Scales}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {A considerable literature exists concerning the form and distribution of native copper artifacts in eastern North America, particularly during the Archaic through Middle Woodland periods. Some studies relating to the sources and artifact types utilized by Mississippian societies are available, however, little has been written concerning native copper use among Woodland groups. Historic references are unfortunately brief and provide few insights into the importance of this raw material to the First Nations. Trace element analyses of copper artifacts from sixteenth and early seventeenth century sites in Ontario have provided new information on the distribution and use of native copper at this critical period in the Great Lakes region. Archaeological data are combined with ethnohistoric and ethnographic observations to better understand the significance of this metal in protohistoric Woodland society.}, author = {William A. Fox} } @article {9597, title = {Thaniba Wakandagi Among the Ontario Iroquois}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {26}, year = {2002}, pages = {130-151}, abstract = {

Stone disc-style pipes, while relatively common on late pre-contact sites in what is now the midwestern region of the United States, are rare in the Northeast. Eight disc pipes from Ontario are described and then considered in the context of reported specimens from the Great Lakes and Ohio River drainage basins. Given the exotic nature of this pipe form in terms of Ontario Late Woodland assemblages, the potential routes and rationale for their transmission to Ontario are considered in light of archaeological and ethnographic data from throughout the study area. The rationale for the presence of disc pipes outside of the northern Mississippi drainage heartland\&$\#$39; is considered further from a symbolic standpoint, and two separate interaction vectors are proposed to explain their Ontario distribution. One specimen may speak to a surprising destination of refugee Petun and Odawa peoples following their mid-17th-century dispersal by the Five Nations Iroquois. \&$\#$39;

}, author = {William Fox} } @Conference Paper {10788, title = {L{\textquoteright}axe nord-sud du cuivre}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {William A. Fox} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9141, title = {Miskwabik, Metal of Ritual: Metallurgy in Precontact Eastern North America}, volume = {29}, year = {2005}, pages = {130-133}, editor = {William A. Fox} } @Conference Paper {10783, title = {Where East Meets West: The New Copper Cultures}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Trace element analyses of metal artifacts from sixteenth century archaeological sites in Ontario have provided new evidence concerning not only the initiation of European contact, but the character of the contemporary Native metal working industry. Fifteenth through seventeenth century native metal artifact forms are compared with assemblages of reworked European metal in an effort to determine the degree of paradigmatic continuity evidenced in the manipulation of those materials.}, author = {William Fox} } @Conference Paper {10787, title = {Owls and Orenda}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {While subsistence activities dominated Native peoples{\textquoteright} day to day lives to varying degrees throughout their annual cycle of hunting, gathering and/or horticulture, another health-related issue rernained an insidious constant. Throughout the Northeast, the fear of witchcraft has been a pervasive influence at both a personal and community level. Among no group has this been more true than the Iroquois. The issue of identifying evidence of witchcraft in the archaeological record will be explored using ethnographic, ethnohistoric and archaeological data.}, author = {William A. Fox} } @Conference Paper {10791, title = {Shaking the Earth: Turtle Shell Rattles Among the Ontario Iroquois}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Turtle shell rattles from archaeological contexts in southern Ontario are considered in light of ethnohistoric and ethnographic evidence from eastern North America concerning their specific ritual affiliations. This evidence is combined with that derived from other artifact classes to illustrate the substantial connections which existed between tribes of the Neutral Confederacy and nations to the south during the first half of the seventeenth century.}, author = {William A. Fox} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9140, title = {An Upper Great Lakes Archaeological Odyssey: Essays in Honor of Charles E. Cleland}, volume = {30}, year = {2006}, pages = {109-112}, editor = {William A. Fox} } @Conference Paper {10782, title = {Historical Property Analysis for One St. Thomas Street, Toronto}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {My research examines this history and occupation of One St. Thomas Street, Toronto, Ontario through the application of {\textquoteright}property archaeology{\textquoteright}. In 1844 five wooded houses were built which were then demolished to make way for a multi-million dollar condominium. With the aid of the Toronto Archives, City Directory, City Assessment Rolls, the Archives at Victoria College, and records from Goad{\textquoteright}s Fire Insurance maps I detailed the historical ownership, land use and value, and even a failed business venture attempted with the property. Patterns visible in the city{\textquoteright}s record show this property sample acted as a microcosm for demographics changes and are still occurring in this downtown neighbourhood at the intersection of Bay and Bloor streets.}, author = {Amy Fox} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9423, title = {Structure and Regional Diversity of the Meadowood Interaction Sphere}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, pages = {172-175}, editor = {William Fox} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9012, title = {Fragments from Antiquity. An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900{\textendash}1200 BC.}, volume = {19}, year = {1995}, pages = {162-165}, editor = {Peter D. Francis} } @Conference Paper {10794, title = {Archaeological Research In The Snake Indian River Valley: A Parks Canada-University Of Alberta Partnership}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {During the summers of 1996 and 1997, the Department of Anthropology at the University of Alberta taught their archaeology field school in Jasper National Park under a partnership agreement with Parks Canada. As part of the on going Snake Indian River Threatened Sites Project, the field school continued with the excavation programme begun by Parks Canada archaeologists at a stratified site located on the north terrace of the river valley. The approximately one metre of aeolian silts covering the terrace contain evidence for at least four cultural components. The upper occupation is characterized by fire broken rock and hearth features while middle and lower occupations consist of lithic debitage and several discrete lithic work stations. Radiocarbon dates and recovered projectile points suggest that occupations occurred during the Early, Middle, and Late Prehistoric periods. Given the rarity of stratified archaeological sites in the national park, continuing analysis of the assemblage and further work at the site will provide extremely valuable information concerning the precontact occupational sequence of the Jasper National Park area.}, author = {Peter D. Francis and Caroline HUDECEK-CUFFE} } @article {9599, title = {A Possible Simon Fraser Signature Site, Stuart Lake, British Columbia}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, pages = {89-105}, abstract = {

In 1975, a pictographic inscription attributable to Simon Fraser was discovered on Stuart Lake, British Columbia. Thereafter, two Parks Canada archaeologists photographed the inscription site. The visible remains were compelling, but there was no certainty in determining exactly what was recorded on the rock face. A recently developed software programme called DStretch, designed specifically to analyze digital images of rock art, was used to enhance the evidence. The analysis improved significantly the surviving details of the inscription. This paper discusses several lines of evidence for what might be an incidental but interesting addition to one of Canada\’s most famous fur trade era explorers.

}, author = {Peter D. Francis and John E. P. Porter} } @Conference Paper {10793, title = {Politics and Planning: A Fur Trade Era Reburial at Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site of Canada}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {During the course of construction activities in 1969 at the Seafort Gas Plant within the boundaries of what later became Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site of Canada, a Fur Trade Era burying ground was discovered. The interred remains of 13 individuals were removed from the construction site with one more being recovered in 1971. Following initial analyses, the human remains were placed in storage at the Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta. In September 2002, the human remains, as well as funerary artefacts recovered through later archaeological mitigation at the gas plant were reinterred at a new location within the boundaries of the National Historic Site. This paper discusses aspects of the reburial process including local, Aboriginal and Metis concerns, archaeological research concerns, Parks Canada policies, the various factors that affected the decision making, and how the reburial eventually unfolded.}, author = {Francis, Peter and Thomson, Sharon and Pat McDonald and John E. P. Porter} } @Conference Paper {10792, title = {Probl{\'e}mes de recherche et de gestion concernant les lieux de s{\'e}pulture des lieux historiques nationaux rattach{\'e}s au commerce de}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Peter D. Francis and John E. P. Porter} } @Conference Paper {10795, title = {Sowerby Snowshoes: Fragile and Informative Remains in a Hostile Environment}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {The recent discovery of a complete pair of precontact snowshoes (250 BP +/70) in a rockshelter near Hope, B.C. is the first of its kind known in the Pacific Northwest. The snowshoes, made entirely of cedar boughs and bark, provide fascinating information with respect to: technology; the preservation of normally perishable artifacts within protected landscape microfeatures; and the use of upland areas during winter months. The use of snowshoes in such an environment would allow the wearer to cover great distances over terrain which would normally be severely broken or sodden. This should prompt the investigation of areas not conventionally surveyed and encourage investigators to seek out elusive pockets of preservation in an otherwise hostile environment.}, author = {Franck, Ian and Dave Schaepe} } @Conference Paper {10797, title = {Fur Seal Remains from Ts{\textquoteright}ishaa Village, Barkley Sound, B.C. (DfSi 16)}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {The 1999 and 2000 Tseshaht Archaeological Project excavations at Ts{\textquoteright}ishaa Village on Benson Island, Barkley Sound, B.C., provided evidence of the hunting of fur seals in Barkley Sound over the past 2,000 years. The fur seal remains from this site include a number of individuals classed as young juveniles. This paper explores the implications of the presence of young juveniles in the archaeological sample in terms of precontact Barkley Sound fur seal population structure, pupping habits, migratory behaviour, species affiliation and interaction with human populations. Biological studies of fur seal ecology and behaviour as well as historical and ethnographic information relating to fur seal presence and exploitation in the Barkley Sound region provide a context for the analysis.}, author = {S. Gay Frederick and Crockford, Susan and Becky Wigen} } @Conference Paper {10796, title = {The Fish Fauna of the Charlie Lake Cave Site, HbRf -39}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {The Charlie Lake Cave Site, radio-carbon dated to between 10,700{\textpm}120 B.R and 1400{\textpm}400 B.R, is the oldest known, well-dated habitation site in the northern interior of British Columbia. Excavations undertaken at the site in the 1980s and 1990s by Dr. Knut Fladmark and Dr. Jon Driver of Simon Fraser University, recovered extensive samples of well preserved faunal material, including bones of mammals, reptiles, birds and fish. The mammalian, reptilian and avian remains are reported elsewhere. This paper discusses the fish remains recovered from Stratigraphic Zones IIa through IV. 1,235 specimens of the 2,157 fish bones recovered in the 1983 excavations were examined. Of these, 770 specimens were identified to species, genus or family. Fully 98.5\% of the identified elements are from a single genus, Catostomus. Cultural, depositional and biological variables are considered as explanations for the strikingly singular nature of this fauna over 10,000 years.}, author = {S. Gay Frederick} } @Conference Paper {10799, title = {Multiple Observation Lines for the Summer Solstice Sun Rise in the Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {The central part of the Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex is constructed on three hills of equal height, 919 m above MSL, along a NE - SW line, 1.9 km between NE and SW summits. The Majorville Medicine Wheel is on the NE summit. A smaller Medicine Wheel is on the middle summit. A cairn is on the SW summit. The hills are functionally connected by multiple observation lines for the Summer Solstice Sun Rise (SSR) and for the Winter Solstice Sun Set (WSS). The present paper displays several SSR lines. I will submit a paper about several WSS lines to Chacmool 2001. One SSR line is from the cairn on the SW summit to a cairn 1.6 km away on a West shoulder of the NE hill. Observed from the top of the back cairn, the foresight cairn nearly touches the distant horizon, about 30 km away. A 1.7 km SSR line contains three visible pairs of rocks along its length, and ends at the Majorville Cairn. Three other lines will be demonstrated.}, author = {Freeman, Gordon} } @Conference Paper {10803, title = {Observational Archaeoastronomy at the Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex: Winter and Summer Solstice Sun Rise and Set Alignments Accurate to 0.2o}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The Majorville Medicine Wheel is actually a Sun Cairn surrounded by a Rayed Ring. It is the central construction of an enormous Sun Temple that extends over about 100 square kilometres. There are auxilliary cairns on the site that make up, among other things, an accurate calendar. On occasion I have been asked why people who followed the bison would have wanted an accurate calendar. The answer is that the Sky is a map that is fascinating, and some people are drawn to read it. I have found no evidence that people who lived here five or ten thousand years ago were less intelligent than us. Examine an Eden or Scottsbluff point. It is possible that while Europeans and Asians were advancing in technology, Americans were advancing in philosophy. When mortal conflict arises between technologists and philosophers, the technologists win. We will display some of the Solstitial Sun Rise and Set lines at the Sun Temple near Majorville that have put the subject of Archaeoastronomy on a sounder, empirical foundation. Techniques developed at the site near Majorville have been applied at Stonehenge, and greatly improved the archaeoastronomy of that Sun Temple. We continue to urge Archaeological Survey of Alberta officials to designate more of the Majorville site.}, author = {Freeman, Gordon R. and Phyllis J. Freeman} } @Conference Paper {10798, title = {The Ancient, Accurate Calendar near Majorville, and the Gregorian Fix}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The date of an equinox, when the Sun crosses the Equator, cannot be determined by direct observation except from the Equator. The date of an Equalnight, which is 12.0 hours long, can be determined by direct observation of the Sun and stars, everywhere except in a four degree band that straddles the Equator. The Equalnights South of the Equator have dates different from those North of the Equator, due to refraction of low angle light by the atmosphere, and the width of the Sun{\textquoteright}s disk. Between AD 1488 and 1522 several European navigator/explorers sailed around the South tips of Africa and South America. They navigated by the Sun and stars. Evidently they discovered the Equalnight date differences. The date at which to celebrate Easter was in question. Six Popes struggled for 40 years to rectify the calendrical problem. There were two problems: to bring the calendar back into phase with the motions of the Sun and Moon; to fix the date of Easter everywhere on Earth. The subsequent papal bull of Gregory XIII, in 1582, stated, in part: II. . . . concerns the annual recurrence of Easter and other festivals, which depend upon measurement of motions of the sun and moon. IV. This fact (that the date of Easter is out of phase with the annual motions of the sun and moon), that indisputably requires that calendar restoration be fixed by law, . . . up to now couldn{\textquoteright}t be done, . . . and did not preserve uninjured the ancient rites of the Church (that was the first concern in this restoration). As a result, dictionaries in most European languages contain definitions equivalent to the following from OED and Merriam-Webster: equinox - either of two times of each year (about 21 March and 23 September) when the sun crosses the equator and the day and night are equal in length all over the world. But there is no date on which the day and night are equal in length all over the world. The durations of day/night on an equinox vary from 12h07m/11h53m at the equator to 24h00m/00h00m at the poles. At the SUN TEMPLE near Majorville the day/night durations at an equinox are 12h10m/11h50m. These dates are not marked in the 4500 year old calendar. But the dates of the 12.0h day/12.0h night are marked unambiguously. Two of the several Equalnight Sun Set and Rise lines will be shown, with a series of Sets and Rises passing through them. The 4000 year old calendar in Stonehenge also marks the Equalnights. These discoveries will result in corrections to definitions of {\textquoteright}equinox{\textquoteright} in all European languages, and will introduce two new words, Equalday and Equalnight.}, author = {Freeman, Gordon R.} } @Conference Paper {10802, title = {Sacred Glyphed Boulders Near Viking, AB, and the Iron Creek Meteorite: Sites and Objects}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Glyphed boulders in what is now Alberta were in ancient times placed on the highest hills in their vicinity. We have studied nine such sites, from Viking (111.613{\textdegree}W, 52.990{\textdegree}N) to Foremost (111,469{\textdegree}W, 49,403{\textdegree}N). Two are described here. The sites are a major part of the artifacts. The Viking {\textquoteright}Ribstones{\textquoteright} are on the summit (744 in above sea level) of a gently rising hill, 16 km SE of Viking. The summit was artificially extended by 4 in to the NNE; two glyphed boulders are on the E side of the extension. The boulders form an open ended V which points to a lake 5 kin SSE, and to Wolf Ears Hill 26 km SSE, which is the probable site from which the Iron Creek Meteorite was taken in 1886. The style of the engravings on both boulders is cup and groove (probably the most ancient style in North America, Grant 1967). The dominant feature in high angle light is the grooves. In low angle light the cups gain prominence. Combinations of light and shadow make features that change with time of day and season. The grooves are satiny smooth. Some cups are moderately smooth and others are roughly pecked.The Iron Creek Meteorite is now in the Provincial Museum, Edmonton, in the display of minerals. The location of its venerable site has been the subject of speculation for more than 30 years. Considerable evidence now indicates that the site was the summit of Wolf Ears Hill (705 in above sea level, 10 km NE by E of Lougheed). The hill has a long N-S axis, and there is a large {\textquoteright}North marker rock{\textquoteright} 3 km, 359{\textdegree} from the hole in the summit.}, author = {Freeman, Gordon R. and Phyllis J.FREEMAN} } @Conference Paper {10806, title = {MAJORVILLE MEDICINE WHEEL COMPLEX: MARKING THE 12.00 HOUR DAY, NOT THE TRUE SOLAR EQUINOX}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {Medicine Wheel is a name given to several kinds of circular or radiating patterns of stones placed on the ground by man. It is unlikely that all kinds of medicine wheels served the same purpose (Brumley 1988). The Majorville Medicine Wheel in Southern Alberta (50.586? N latitude, 112.410? W longitude) has associated with it outlying rock lines and cairns that accurately mark the sun rise and set points on the solstices and on the observed equinoxes. The point of the sun{\textquoteright}s first flash on the horizon is the rise position, and the point of the last flash on the horizon is the set position. These points move northward from December to June, then move southward again after the summer solstice. Near an equinox the sun rise and set points at Majorville move along the horizon by 1.3 sun diameters per day. Near a solstice it takes nine days to move the last diamcter to the solstice position. We determine the sun rise and set points photographically to within less than one sun{\textquoteright}s diameter, and sometimes to within a fifth of a diameter (0.1?), along alignments up to 2km long. Rock alignments at Majorville mark the sun rise and set points three days before the vernal equinox and three days after the autumnal equinox. These days are within two minutes of being exactly 12 hours long. The lens effect of the atmosphere causes the length of the solar equinoctial days to be about 12 hours and 10 minutes long at Majorville. The position of sunrise on the 12.00 hour day is marked by a spoke in the Medicine Wheel, which points to a large white limestone in the East House 61m away, and to a configured part of the eroded river bank 1100m away. Rocks have slid down the eroded bank from the sightline position. The sun rises over the horizon about 30km distant. A more spectacular 12.00 hour day sunrise marker involves two V sights of rocks separated by 70m, on the west side of the Medicine Wheel hill. The sighting line is tangent to the Wheel. Because one is looking up the shaded side of the hill, the sun becomes visible in the nested bottoms of the V{\textquoteright}s a half hour after the first flash on the distant horizon. Thus, one can observe the equinox sunrise even if the distant horizon is overcast to a depth of several sun diameters. The 12.00 hour day sunset is marked by a spoke of the Wheel which points to a small cairn on a hillock 1100m away and to a ripple on the horizon about 10km distant. The important part of the Majorville Medicine Wheel site covers 13km. It is 20,000 times larger than previously thought. The area protected by Alberta Government designation has been increased from 0.16km to 0.65km. The designated area should include all of sections 2, 3, 10 and 11 in township 19, range 18, west of the 4th meridian, and also the E half of 4-19-18-4 and the steep banks on both sides of the Bow River in sections 1, 12, 13 and 24 of 19-18-4, and the banks in sections 24, 25, 34 and 35 of 18-18-4.}, author = {Freeman, Gordon R. and Phyllis J. Freeman} } @Conference Paper {10801, title = {Majorville Medicine Wheel Complex: Distant Outliers and Accurate Solstice Alignments}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {The Majorville complex contains solstice sun rise and set lines up to 1800 in long, marked by small cairns or large rocks. Some of the lines point to the sun{\textquoteright}s first or last flash on a horizon 20-30 km distant; others look uphill to a horizon 800-1800 in away. The uphill lines serve when a band of cloud obscures the more distant horizon. At the Majorville site we have found the distant horizon to be clear about one third of the time, but with the two levels of siting lines we find one or the other clear about half of the time. Near a solstice the sun rise and set points move along the horizon slowly; it takes nine days to move the last diameter to the solstice position. It takes three days to move the last 0.1 diameter. At Majorville one of the summer solstice rise lines runs 1.8 degrees north of the intersection of the northern slope of the Medicine Wheel Hill with the distant horizon. The sun rise occurs at this intersection on about 4 June, which provides a seventeen day countdown to the solstice. We have found five lines that mark the summer rise, two that mark the summer set, one that marks the winter rise and three that mark the winter set. Of greatest significance were the summer sun rise and the winter sun set.}, author = {Freeman, Gordon R. and Phyllis J. Freeman} } @Conference Paper {10805, title = {Site- and local-scale processes at the Stampede Site, Cypress Hills, Alberta and the Below Forks site, Saskatchewan}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Geoarchaeological studies have been initiated at the Stampede site, a 7,000+ year old multiple component archaeological site located on the northern slope of the Cypress Hills upland, and the Below Forks site, a second multiple component site located at the confluence of the north and south Saskatchewan rivers. Site- and local-scale alluvial and colluvial processes have had a significant impact on the preservation of archaeological resources at these sites. The relative influence of each of these processes is examined. The scale at which Holocene sedimentary inputs might have influenced site settlement and use is currently under investigation.}, author = {Freeman, Andrea K.L. and Garry L. Running IV and BEAUDOIN, Alwynne and Dion Wiseman} } @Conference Paper {10800, title = {Nematodes on archaeological sites in Canada: past, present, and future effects on soil development and archaeological site preservation}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Native earthworms were removed from glaciated areas of North America during the late Pleistocene. Re-colonization by Native species, following glaciation was excessively slow. The lack of earthworm fauna in many parts of the Canadian landscape has had a significant impact on soil development on archaeological sites. Moreover, the introduction of European exotics by a wide variety of unintentional means has a great impact on surface soil development. Soil defaunation and recolonization impacts are critical to understanding soil development over time, the environmental records available from past soil development, and the preservation of surface components on archaeological sites.}, author = {Andrea Freeman and Garry L. Running} } @Conference Paper {10804, title = {Observational Archaeoastronomy at Stonehenge: Winter and Summer Solstice Sun Rise and Set Alignments Accurate to 0.2 o in 4000 BP}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {For several centuries it has been assumed that observations of Solstitial Sun Rises and Sets, if they were made at Stonehenge, were made from inside the Sarsen Circle looking outward. The outlying Heel Stone is in approximately the Summer Solstice Sun Rise direction when viewed from the centre of the Sarsen Circle. The fact that the Solstitial Sun rises Northerly of this line, and 4000 years ago rose still more Northerly of it, has been excused by the assumption that the observations were ceremonial, and the inaccuracy of 2 o did not matter. Our long-term experience at a site in Alberta has shown that Sun lines were accurate to 0.1 o to 0.2 o, so we wondered whether the Stonehenge people in Britain had been as fussy. During three study visits to Stonehenge, in the Decembers of 1995 and 1997, and June 1999, we discovered that accurate lines in 4000 BP were obtained by standing far outside the Sarsen Circle, and looking through narrow gaps between the Circle and Trilithon Stones, to the Sun Rise or Set on the horizon beyond. The Heel Stone was not a foresight for the Summer Solstice Sun Rise, but was an observation position for the Winter Solstice Sun Set into the side of a burial mound 1 km away, on the far side of the Sarsen Circle. We have recorded Solstitial Sun Rises and Sets through Stonehenge in both December and June. The lines 4000 years ago were 0.94 o farther away from due East and West, and traversed the Circle in the manner that we will show. The Rise and Set lines crossed over the middle of the Altar Stone.}, author = {Freeman, Gordon R. and Phyllis J. Freeman} } @Conference Paper {10808, title = {Images of Archaeology in North American Videos}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {Visual anthropology is the study of how aspects of culture are represented and interpreted in film, video, photography, and computer based multi-media. While it has been a major developing area of interest in anthropology, the significance for archaeology has been widely overlooked. This paper will critically evaluate a selection of films about archaeology, made for educational purposes in North America. It will examine features commonly considered in anthropological analyses, such as voice, content, and selective editing. It is concluded that for the most part little attention has been paid in the past to the nature of the representations of archaeologists and their discipline. Film aesthetics, entertainment value, and marketability often supersede the need for more culturally sensitive and appropriate images. Gender bias is rampant. The voices and meaningful representations of indigenous and other peoples whose cultures are the focus of these films, are most frequently missing from these visual documents.}, author = {Diana E. French} } @Conference Paper {10812, title = {Archaeological Investigations in the Traditional Territory of the Cheslatta Nation, Central B.C.}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {This paper presents the results of archaeological investigations undertaken in the traditional territory of the Cheslatta Carrier Nation. Excavations at two major village sites on Cheslatta Lake, and survey of a number of smaller lakes throughout Cheslatta lands are summarized. Pre-contact and traditional use sites are ubiquitous and numerous. Long-term occupation of the region, and an extensive trading network are evidenced. A distinctive socio-economic adaptive strategy is also reflected in the archaeological record.}, author = {FRENCH, Diana} } @Conference Paper {10807, title = {Documenting Aboriginal Trails: Issues and Perspectives from Southern Interior British Columbia}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {This paper will evaluate the various approaches used by geographers, historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and foresters in documenting aboriginal trails. Methodological challenges in finding and recording trails in the field will then be discussed. The importance of First Nations input is emphasized. Lastly, perspectives on the significance of aboriginal trails as indicators of pre-contact land use, and the utility of identifying these networks for heritage resource management purposes will then be presented.}, author = {Diana E. French} } @Conference Paper {10811, title = {Erasing Ethnicity: The Case of the Chinese Lepers of D{\textquoteright}Arcy Island}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {The paucity of ethnic markers in the archaeological record of a predominantly Chinese leper colony is explained. This institution was located on Big and Little D{\textquoteright}Arcy Islands, British Columbia, between 1891 and 1924. The isolation of the colony and administrative policies are dominant factors contributing to the blurring of Chinese ethnicity. Other significant processes include the status of the incarcerated victims, refuse disposal patterns and historically documented site abandonment practices.}, author = {FRENCH, Diana} } @Conference Paper {10810, title = {Assessing the Culture and Language of Logging: An Anthropological Perspective on BC Interior Forestry Archaeology}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {With the implementation of the archaeology section of the BC Forestry Practices Code, archaeologists have been faced with many new challenges. This paper will present an anthropological perspective on the practice of Interior forestry archaeology. The relevance of research strategies commonly employed in applied anthropology to contemporary archaeological consulting will be discussed. Certain approaches are more conducive to the incorporation of the perspectives and concerns of First Nations, as well as those of forestry practitioners. Archaeologists have had to devise new methodologies for working in different types of survey units, including operations areas, cutting permits, and cut blocks. In some types of terrain, the latter are frequently in a mutually exclusive distribution to archaeological and traditional use sites. The need to consider the results of investigations beyond the context of Forest Districts boundaries and Forestry Development Plans is demonstrated. Lastly, archaeologists like ethnographers must be aware of the role they play in translating and writing about culture. Archaeological reporting should be sensitive to the potential long term implications for First Nations, as well as to meeting the needs of the forestry industry.}, author = {FRENCH, Diana} } @Conference Paper {10809, title = {Sheep, Goats, Geep, or Shoats? An Applied Anthropological Perspective on the Nature of CRM}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {This paper will present an applied anthropological perspective on the nature of applied archaeology. Emphasis is on the development of CRM in British Columbia. The perspective is that of a hybrid anthropologist/archaeologist, who combines research and cultural resource management working collaboratively with First Nations. Historically, there has been a tendency to emphasize the differences between compliance and research archaeology. Contemporary applied anthropological literature will be used in this discussion to illuminate some of the points of convergence.}, author = {Diana E. French} } @Symposium Papers {10971, title = {Distribution and aboriginal use of the sub-order Pinnipedia on the Northwest Coast as seen from Makah territory, Washington}, volume = {7}, year = {1975}, pages = {146-161}, author = {Edward~I.~Friedman and Carl~E.~Gustafson} } @Conference Paper {10813, title = {PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DISTRICT OF KEEWATIN, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {The barrenlands of the Keewatin District northwest of Hudson Bay, exhibit a complex prehistory which includes five distinct archaeological traditions: Palaeo-Indian, Archaic, Pre-Dorset, Taltheilei and Caribou Inuit. People of all traditions shared an economic focus on caribou; which provided not only food, but also the skins, antler, bone and sinew which were required for clothing, shelter, and subsistence technologies. Investigations near Baker Lake during the 1988 and 1989 field seasons have yielded significant new components to the known site distributions of the Taltheilei (Dene) and Caribou Inuit traditions. Settlement patterns associated with these two populations indicate major distinctions between their respective caribou procurement systems. These distinctions are interpreted here in terms of technological, environmental and social factors which affect the mobility and spatial distribution of northern hunter-gatherers. This study also reveals potential inadequacies in previous archaeological survey strategies in the barrenlands.}, author = {T. Max Friesen} } @Conference Paper {10822, title = {PATTERNS OF MEAT STORAGE AND TRANSPORT INFERRED FROM THREE CACHES NEAR BAKER LAKE, NUNAVUT}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {Large-scale storage of meat is a crucial component of many hunter-gatherer subsistence systems, and often entails the construction of specialized caches. However, our ability to reconstruct past storage behaviour is limited by the fact that caches are usually emptied by their builders, leaving little zooarchaeological evidence behind. This paper reports on the contents of three caches near Baker Lake, Nunavut, which are remarkable because their contents were never retrieved, leaving a large sample of bones derived from a minimum of 14 caribou. The observed element distributions are discussed in terms of meat utility indices, transport costs and ethnographically-documented patterns of caribou butchery.}, author = {T. Max Friesen} } @article {9600, title = {Variation in Subsistence Among Inland Inuit: Zooarchaeology of Two Sites on the Kazan River, Nunavut}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, pages = {032-050}, abstract = {

Animal bones from two sites on the lower Kazan River, Nunavut, were analyzed in order to interpret regional patterns of subsistence and seasonality. The Itimniq-Muskox\&$\#$39; site, which contains a multi-seasonal occupation, yielded a high frequency of muskox bones, in addition to the expected bones of caribou, smaller mammals, fish, and birds. It is interpreted as representing a relatively early Inuit occupation, possibly around the time of the earliest year-round settlement of interior regions. The Piqqiq site is a well-known fall caribou crossing site. Bone samples from crevices beneath two boulders adjacent to the main site revealed a caribou-dominated economy, representing the archetypal Caribou Inuit subsistence pattern. Together, these sites provide an initial baseline of information relating to regional and chronological variability within past barrenland zooarchaeological assemblages.\&$\#$39;

}, author = {T. Max Friesen and Andrew M. Stewart} } @article {13852, title = {The Unanticipated Legacy of Howard G. Savage: Reflections on Teaching, Learning, and Practising Zooarchaeology in Ontario}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {47}, year = {2023}, pages = {130-154}, abstract = {

Dr. Howard G. Savage, one of the founders of zooarchaeology in Canada, taught the Faunal Archaeo-Osteology course at the University of Toronto from the 1970s to the 1990s. Hundreds of students completed the course, taking away a solid appreciation of zooarchaeological data generation, representation, and analysis. In this article, we consider why the course had a profoundly positive influence on so many students and examine how Dr.\ Savage{\textquoteright}s legacy lives on in zooarchaeology in Ontario. We then interrogate the appropriateness of transferring lessons of an undergraduate course into professional approaches and find that this transferring has indirectly resulted in an arbitrary and insufficiently large sample size appearing in government guidelines for professional archaeologists. Similarly, practices that were deemed appropriate in a university course context, such as a tendency to not identify fish vertebrae, have carried over into professional standards and practice and have resulted in biased zooarchaeological datasets. We argue that accepted practices within zooarchaeology in the province need to be revised and strengthened.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.51270/47.2.130}, author = {T. Max Friesen and Alicia L. Hawkins and Suzanne Needs-Howarth and Trevor J. Orchard and Frances L. Stewart} } @Conference Paper {10817, title = {Refinement and Application of Beluga Whale Mandible Ageing Techniques}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {One of the principal methods currently used to investigate prehistoric hunting techniques involves the construction of mortality profiles based on growth layers in the teeth of hunted animals. However, archaeologists have paid much attention to the fact that in addition to teeth, the bones of some vertebrate taxa also contain annual growth layers. Research reported here builds on earlier published evidence that beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) mandibles incorporate regular annual growth layers. For the present study, thin-sections were cut from eight beluga mandibles of known age, in order to determine the most reliable location on the mandible for observation of growth layers. This methodology was then used to establish a mortality profile based on over 50 beluga whale mandibles recovered from Elwin Bay, the site of a large-scale historic whale hunt on Somerset Island, Northwest Territories.}, author = {T. Max Friesen and James M. Savelle and Thomas G. SMITH} } @Obituaries {9935, title = {Dr. Howard Gordon Savage 1913{\textendash}1997}, volume = {21}, year = {1998}, pages = {155-156}, author = {T. Max Friesen and Frances Stewart} } @Conference Paper {10821, title = {Les longues maisons du site de Cadfael : les regroupements dans l{\textquoteright}{\^\i}le Victoria (Nunavut) au Dors{\'e}tien tardif}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {T. Max Friesen} } @inbook {11025, title = {The Qikiqtaruk Archaeology Project 1990-92: Preliminary Results of Archaeological Investigations on Herschel Island, Northern Yukon Territory}, booktitle = {CAA Occasional Paper No. 2}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {61-83}, abstract = {The Qikiqtaruk Archaeology Project was initiated in 1990 as an exploration of Inuvialuit prehistory and history on Herschel Island, northern Yukon Territory. Herschel Island is important to the development of Inuvialuit society for two primary reasons: 1) for much of the past millennium, the island was a centre of Inuvialuit settlement, trade, and interaction with Euroamericans; and 2) several archaeological sites on Herschel Island are relatively large and well-preserved, while virtually all other coastal sites on the Yukon North Slope have been lost to erosion. During three field seasons, nine Inuvialuit structures were completely excavated, ranging in age from the late Thule period to the early twentieth century. This report presents a preliminary description of four Inuvialuit dwellings which represent four different periods of occupation. The architecture, traditional artifacts, and imported Euroamerican trade goods recovered from each context provide an illustration of the changing nature of Inuvialuit society on Herschel Island.}, author = {T. Max Friesen}, editor = {Jean-Luc Pilon} } @Conference Paper {10816, title = {Protohistoric Settlement Patterns in the Interior District of Keewatin: Implications for Caribou Inuit Social Organization}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Inuit of the interior District of Keewatin were named {\textquoteright}Caribou Eskimo{\textquoteright} by Birket-Smith in 1929, due to their profound reliance on caribou for food, clothing, shelter, and technology. In part because of this adaptation, they have generally been portrayed as among the most primitive and simple societies in the Canadian Arctic. This portrait is based on ethnographic research conducted after major epidemies and drastic reductions in caribou populations had decimated Inuit societies of the Keewatin. This paper, based on two recent archaeological projects in the District of Keewatin, presents Inuit site distributions for two areas: Aberdeen Lake on the Thelon River, and the lower Kazan River. Both areas yielded settlement patterns characterized by significant variability in site size, complexity, and function. These data indicate that the Inuit of interior Keewatin were able to maximize their social interaction in ways more complex than are indicated by the ethnographic record.}, author = {T. Max Friesen and Andrew Stewart} } @Conference Paper {10820, title = {Regional Analysis of the Archaeology of Grasslands National Park using GIS / Analyse r{\'e}gionale, {\`a} l{\textquoteright}aide d{\textquoteright}un SIG, de l{\textquoteright}a}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {Grasslands National Park lies along the U.S. border in south western Saskatchewan. In keeping with federal policy on national parks, the park was surveyed to provide an inventory of the park{\textquoteright}s cultural resources. As a result, over 3000 sites were located and recorded. Patterns of archaeological site location were analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the results will be presented in this paper.GIS was used to compare the location of archaeological sites with various themes in the environment, such as site distance from water, and site location on different classes of slope, aspect, and elevation. Models of important food plant areas, as well as preferred bison and antelope habitats were developed; and these were added to the themes compared to site locations. GIS was also used to look at the geological processes in the park, and how these have potentially affected site visibility.}, author = {FRIESEN, Nathan} } @inbook {11024, title = {Washout--The Final Chapter: 1985-86 NOGAP Salvage Excavations on Herschel Island}, booktitle = {CAA Occasional Paper No. 2}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {39-60}, abstract = {The Washout site on Herschel Island, northern Yukon Territory, is one of only a few prehistoric Neoeskimo sites on the Yukon North Slope, and has yielded the earliest known Thule component in the greater Mackenzie Delta region. This report outlines NOGAP salvage excavation of two archaeological features at Washout, performed during the 1985 and 1986 field seasons. The first feature is a late prehistoric semi-subterranean house which yielded a diverse artifact sample and a faunal sample dominated by ringed seal bones. The second feature contained a small artifact sample and poorly defined structural remains which preclude conclusive interpretation. However, the faunal sample, which contains a preponderance of fish bones, may indicate a warm-season occupation. This new information contributes substantially to current understanding of prehistoric subsistence and settlement variability in the Mackenzie Delta region.}, author = {T. Max Friesen and Jeffrey R. Hunston}, editor = {Jean-Luc Pilon} } @Conference Paper {10815, title = {New Dates on the Nelson River Site: Implications for the Thule Migration}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {The Thule Inuit migration eastward from Alaska is one of the great events in the Arctic past, yet many aspects of this process, including its timing, remain unclear. In this paper, we present new dates for the earliest known Thule sites in the Amundsen Gulf / Beaufort Sea region: Nelson River and Washout. This region acted as a "bottleneck" through which Thule migrants would have to pass, and therefore accurate dates for these two early sites have important implications for our understanding of the timing, rate, and nature of the Inuit peopling of the Eastern Arctic.}, author = {T. Max Friesen and Charles D. Arnold} } @Conference Paper {10819, title = {Cache Point and the Origins of Inuvialuit Culture: A Preliminary Report}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Although the recent culture history of the Mackenzie Delta region is becoming relatively well known, the origins of Inuvialuit lifeways remain obscure. This paper will present the results of three field seasons at the Cache Point site, on the East Channel of the Mackenzie River. Cache Point is the best-preserved early Neoeskimo archaeological site in the region, and as such, it offers a unique glimpse of early Inuvialuit beluga hunters. While analyses of architecture, artifacts, and fauna are ongoing, a preliminary picture of precontact social and economic organization is emerging, and will be outlined here.}, author = {T. Max Friesen} } @article {11800, title = {Archaeology and Modern Climate Change}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {028-037}, author = {T. Max Friesen} } @Conference Paper {10814, title = {Of Moose and Maggots: Experimental Breakage of Decomposed, Fresh and Frozen Longbones by Pressure and Percussion}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {Despite the importance of fresh {\textquoteright}spiral{\textquoteright} fracture of bone to zooarchaeological interpretation, many factors potentially affecting bone breakage are poorly understood. The experiments reported here consist of controlled breakage of small samples of bone while altering a number of variables, including holding position (single or double anvil), nature of applied force (static or dynamic), age of bone when broken (fresh or weathered), and temperature (frozen or unfrozen). Bone fragments resulting from breakage episodes were compared on the basis of continuous and discontinuous data.}, author = {T. Max Friesen} } @Conference Paper {10823, title = {Dry Bones: Re-Thinking Binford{\textquoteright}s Drying Utility Index}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {Although Lewis Binford{\textquoteright}s concept of food utility has been widely cited, applied, and critiqued by zooarchaeologists, a number of related procedures outlined in Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology remain poorly understood and underutilised. One such concept is the Drying Utility Index, which predicts which carcass portions, with attached bone, will be selected for storage by drying. This index is potentially important, relating as it does to many key issues in hunter-gatherer and pastoralist archaeology, including subsistence, mobility patterns, storage, and seasonality. However, the Drying Utility Index has not been widely used by zooarchaeologists, at least in part because the calculations involved in its derivation are extremely complex. The primary purpose of this paper, therefore, is to present a new drying index which is significantly easier to calculate than Binford{\textquoteright}s, yet which retains all of its key attributes. This new index is then applied to caribou bone samples from two regions: Binford{\textquoteright}s Nunamiut data from northern Alaska, and the contents of three caches from the Barren Grounds of Canada, near Baker Lake, Nunavut. In both cases, the new index predicts the observed element frequencies as well as, or better than, the original drying index. As a result, the new index should prove applicable to element distributions from a wide range of archaeological contexts.}, author = {T. Max Friesen} } @Conference Paper {10818, title = {Application of Mandible Thin-Sectioning Techniques to the Study ofPrehistoric Beluga Whale Hunting in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {The economy of the late prehistoric Mackenzie Inuit was based on a great diversity of resources, including the seasonally abundant beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). This paper is based on examination of beluga bones recovered from Gupuk, a large prehistoric site in the Mackenzie Delta. These analyses will be used to characterize prehistoric methods of beluga procurernent, and to determine the significance of this species to the diet of the Mackenzie Inuit. Emphasis will be placed on the examination of incremental structures observable in thin-sectioned beluga mandibles, which will be used to establish an age profile of the hunted population.}, author = {T. Max Friesen and Charles D. Arnold} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9271, title = {The Last Imaginary Place: A Human History of the Arctic World}, volume = {29}, year = {2005}, pages = {307-310}, editor = {T. Max Friesen} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11936, title = {A Tale of Three Villages: Indigenous-Colonial Interactions in Southwestern Alaska, 1740{\textendash}1950}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {263-266}, editor = {Kristen D. Barnett} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11047, title = {Rancher Archaeologist: A Career in Two Different Worlds}, volume = {39}, year = {2015}, pages = {363-366}, editor = {Laurie Milne} } @Conference Paper {10824, title = {Ancestral Engineering: Bringing an Engineering Perspective to Archaeological Investigation}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {We have long felt those whom modern society has named "Engineers" have played a significant role in the evolution of cultures and civilizations. Working with manual tools and the materials that nature provided, archaeological evidence has shown that practical, innovative, and esthetically beautiful creations were produced by our engineering ancestors. As with most effective research, understanding the past can lead to optimizing the future, and we propose that it is beneficial to study engineering and design in this context. In this paper we will discuss what we have termed "Ancestral Engineering", and describe the rationale behind the initiative. Two main themes have emerged; engineers helping archaeologists to integrate engineering expertise into their investigations, and archaeologists helping engineers to extract engineering design practice and methodology from other cultures. We propose and will begin to develop a concept of some archaeological materials as "engineered products" as opposed to "artifacts", within this framework. Several initial project ideas are discussed and a suite of Research Questions is proposed. We believe this is an emerging field, with significant opportunity to develop collaborative relationships with interested engineers, archaeologists and anthropologists to pursue discussions and potential research in this field.}, author = {David W. Fritz and David S. Strong and J. Tim Bryant} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9095, title = {Prehistoric Native Americans and Ecological Change: Human Ecosystems in Eastern North America Since the Pleistocene}, volume = {30}, year = {2006}, pages = {307-311}, editor = {Gayle J. Fritz} }