@Conference Paper {10651, title = {Ice Patch as Context: Reconstructing Holocene Alpine Environments in the southern Yukon}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Recent attention to ice patches in the southern Yukon indicates that these features were significant resource locations for past inhabitants of the area, but are a poorly understood part of the cultural landscape. Fluctuations in the formation of ice patches may have been critical in the timing and availability of specific resources. Radiocarbon dates on caribou and bison remains indicate that ice patches were used intermittently throughout the Holocene and were important features within their habitat. To understand ice patches as resource locations, it is necessary to document their depositional and ecological history. Accumulation rates are used to establish a depositional history of ice patches. Plant microfossils (i.e. pollen) collected from stratified layers within the ice, are used to shed light on the ecological history of these locales. Understanding the character of small-scale ecosystem variation among alpine ice patches provides a context for evaluating human land-use of the area.}, author = {Bowyer Vandy E. and Charles E. Schweger} } @article {14234, title = {Archaeological Insights from Excavation Work at a Late Holocene Pacheedaht Village}, volume = {48}, year = {2024}, pages = {120-157}, abstract = {

On the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, within Pacheedaht (formerly Pacheena; variation: Pacheenaht) territory, a large archaeological site was recently identified during ecological restoration work. Here we present the results of archaeological investigations initiated by Pacheedaht First Nation at the Browns Creek site (DdSc-32), which was occupied for approximately 1,000 years until just before the historical period; that is, after European contact in the eighteenth century. Our investigations provide baseline data regarding site characteristics and distribution, chronology of occupation, lithic and bone technologies, and resource use. Ethnographic information is used to contextualize archaeological findings. Additionally, analysis of remote sensing data informs the dynamic history of the Gordon River delta and provides the first estimate of its progradation rate. Little systematic archaeological investigation has previously occurred on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, particularly within Pacheedaht territory, and our findings add considerably to the archaeological record of the region. This work serves as a case study for work in partially disturbed archaeological contexts, demonstrating that despite significant impacts, valuable information can still be recovered.\ 

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.51270/48.1.120}, author = {Jacob K. Earnshaw and Jacob Salmen-Hartley and Brendan Gray and Bear~Charlie and Stan Jones and Bonnie Mack and Leon Jones and Duncan~McLaren} } @article {9575, title = {Problem-Based Magnetometer Survey at the Late Archaic Davidson Site (AhHk-54) in Southwestern Ontario}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, pages = {274-301}, abstract = {

A recent magnetometer survey from the Late Archaic Davidson Site (AhHk-54) demonstrates the potential of this technique in understanding hunter-gatherer occupations in the Great Lakes Region, and contributes to our understanding of temporal change in the spatial use of the site. Davidson was investigated to test the long held, but little substantiated notion that the Late Archaic represents a time of reduced settlement mobility. Hundreds of features, including storage pits, earth ovens, hearths and the remains of some of the oldest known houses in the Great Lakes region were identified using the magnetometer and indicate that the site is much larger and more complex than previously believed. Ground-truthing of these results through excavation and coring, combined with repeated field-walking of the site to map artifact distributions, allows us to document more fully the extent of intact deposits, the site setting at the time of the occupation and changes in site function and use from the Broad Point to Small Point (Terminal) Archaic. Our findings indicate that more widespread use of geophysical survey techniques on Canadian archaeological sites has the potential to contribute not only to a deeper understanding of the archaeological record, but also to the development of archaeogeophysics from its traditional role in site prospection to more problem-based, theoretically informed applications.

}, author = {Edward Eastaugh and Christopher Ellis and Lisa Hodgetts and James R. Keron} } @Conference Paper {10653, title = {1988 Fort Selkirk Culture-History Project: A Community Based Ethno-archaeological Programme}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {The 1988 Fort Selkirk Culture-History Project presented the opportunity for meaningful research and cross-cultural experiences at several different levels. On one level it was a traditional archaeological field school in which students were given exposure to methods and techniques of archaeological survey and excavation. On a second, and more important level, the participation of native elders provided both students (14 to 20 years old - none of whom had finished high school) and anthropologists with instruction in traditional culture and history, transforming a typical field school concept into something quite different and, we believe, much more valuable. This paper will discuss both the results of archaeological survey and excavation in the Fort Selkirk, Yukon, area and make suggestions for further projects which might attempt to unify archaeological research with the knowledge, experience, and values of local native groups.}, author = {Easton, N. Alexander and Ruth GOTTHARDT} } @Conference Paper {10652, title = {Palaeo-shoreline Reconstruction of Southern Georgia Strait, Pacific Coast}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {Continuing research into the nature of post-glacial sea-levels in the Georgia Strait region and their relation to the prehistoric record will be reviewed. Potential application of similar research strategies to Canada{\textquoteright}s eastern coastal regions will be discussed.}, author = {Easton, N. Alexander} } @Conference Paper {10658, title = {Archaeology and the Internet / L{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie et Internet}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {The information revolution powered by the Internet has had profound implications for archaeologists and the methods by which we can disseminate and retrieve information. The Internet provides many opportunities for archaeologists to share knowledge with other professionals and avocational archaeologists. This paper will examine some of the various resources available on the Internet. It will briefly look at newsgroups dedicated to archaeology on the Internet, as well as e-mail discussion groups related to archaeology. However, the focus will be on important sources of information on the World Wide Web, including a few good {\textquoteright}jumping-off{\textquoteright} points for searching the Web. The paper will also examine other relevant issues as the role of the Internet in Public archaeology and the dangers of the Internet - when any crackpot with a computer and a little knowledge can spread his ideas.}, author = {David Ebert} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9011, title = {Archaeological Survey}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, pages = {166-168}, editor = {David Ebert} } @Conference Paper {10657, title = {Aboriginal Toponymy as a Data Source for Predictive Modeling: A conceptual model}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {One of the greatest challenges in archaeological predictive modeling is moving beyond the {\textquoteright}usual suspects{\textquoteright} of environmental predictor variables. I have argued elsewhere for the importance of incorporating either traditional land-use data or habitat suitability as a source of data for predictive modeling. However, both of these types of data can prove problematic in their acquisition. Increasingly in Canada, First Nations are mapping their traditional territories, as part of the Treaty Land Entitlement process. I believe that the place names collected in these exercises provide a potentially rich source of data for archaeological predictive modeling. However, in order to incorporate these data, a robust conceptual model must be devised. In this paper, I present the beginnings of the concept and design of a conceptual model for the incorporation of Aboriginal place names. Particularly this paper identifies a number of issues with using place name data.}, author = {David Ebert} } @Conference Paper {10656, title = {Modeling Time: Adding a Temporal Dimension to Predictive Models}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Traditionally, archaeological predictive models have used all sites in a region and all time periods to make predictions about where archaeological sites might be located. This approach has come under heavy criticism, given the assumption that sites would have been located according to different criteria on both functional and temporal lines. While it is sometimes difficult to ascertain site function, site temporality is much less problematic.This paper examines the initial results of a project to do archaeological predictive models based on time slices, in order to improve predictive abilities of models. It will examine the difficulties, both methodological and practical of taking this type of approach, and offer tentative conclusions about the benefits of including a temporal dimension in the modeling process.}, author = {David Ebert} } @Conference Paper {10660, title = {Statistical validation of archaeological predictive models}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {When archaeological predictive models (APM) are evaluated, the most common form of validation is through field testing. But how do we evaluate whether a model is sufficiently robust that it merits field testing? This paper proposes a series of statistical tests to validate models for field testing. It discusses the methodology for those tests and the rationale for their use. Finally, it proposes minimum standards for results in these tests for accepting a model as fit for field testing.}, author = {David Ebert} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9117, title = {Archaeological Surveying and Mapping: Recording and Depicting the Landscape}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, pages = {112-114}, editor = {David Ebert} } @Conference Paper {10655, title = {Can{\textquoteright}t Find the Patch for the Trees: Optimal Foraging and the Boreal Forest}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {While Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) has been applied successfully in the study of contemporary hunter-gatherers in the Boreal Forest, its application archaeologically has proved somewhat more problematic. This paper reviews the basics of optimal foraging theory and then discusses the creation of habitat suitability for moose and caribou in the boreal forest of east-central Manitoba. The problems in using these suitability to define OFT patches becomes readily evident. When patches are difficult to identify, it makes the archaeological application of OFT very difficult. The paper concludes with suggestions as to why OFT has operationalization difficulties in archaeology, especially in the study area.}, author = {David Ebert} } @article {9576, title = {Applications of Archaeological GIS}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, pages = {319-341}, abstract = {

The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in archaeology seems like a perfect match of technology and application. GIS has found its way into many areas of archaeological research, especially in the area of Cultural Resource Management (CRM). While GIS offers many tools for the archaeologist, its full potential has not been realized. This paper offers a conceptual framework in which GIS procedures can be detailed, as well as a description of those procedures. The state of archaeological GIS in Canada is reviewed, with emphasis on both the academic and CRM applications of GIS. Finally, the paper examines the possibilities of archaeological GIS.

}, author = {David Ebert} } @Conference Paper {10659, title = {Predictive Modeling in the Boreal Forest: A Case Study for the Manitoba Model Forest}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {In recent years, forestry companies have begun to account for non-timber values of their license areas. Management of their heritage resources has become a factor in management of their cut blocks. In response to this, the Manitoba Model Forest, Inc. (MbMF) sought to investigate management tools for forestry companies to employ, such as archaeological predictive modeling. The model is unique in several respects: 1) it incorporated traditional land-use data into the modeling process and 2) the field-testing component employed students from the Hollow Water First Nation as the field crew. This paper will review the modeling process, the field-testing and discuss the efficacy of the model. It will also examine the potential of predictive modeling in Boreal Forest areas.}, author = {David Ebert and Linda Larcombe} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9116, title = {Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology}, volume = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {258-260}, editor = {David Ebert} } @Conference Paper {10654, title = {Questions de m{\'e}thodologie en mod{\'e}lisation pr{\'e}dictive}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {David Ebert} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9381, title = {Excavation}, volume = {26}, year = {2002}, pages = {233-235}, editor = {David Ebert} } @article {11248, title = {Searching for Evidence of Maize Consumption at Cluny: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Dog and Bison Bone Collagen}, volume = {40}, year = {2016}, pages = {319{\textendash}331}, abstract = {

The Cluny Fortified Village Site (EePf-1), a Protocontact site (A.D. 1400{\textendash} 1750), has been assigned to the One Gun phase of southern Alberta. While culturally distinct, certain aspects of ceramic decoration and fortification construction are similar to counterparts in the Northeastern Plains Village complex (Toom 2004). Northeastern Plains Village complex sites represent maize horticulturalists in portions of North Dakota, and parts of southern Manitoba and are considered to be an archaeological culture separate from but contiguous with Middle Missouri tradition villages of the Dakotas (Toom 2004). Due to general similarities with maize horticultural cultures to the south and east, it is reasonable to look for evidence of maize at Cluny where it may have been grown, or present as a trade item. The present study addresses this question using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of archaeological bone collagen. No human remains were found at Cluny, so bone collagen from dogs was used as a proxy. Bone collagen from bison was also analysed because bison feed on both C3 and C4 grasses, and therefore consumption of bison by dogs may result in stable carbon isotope ratios that mimic maize consumption. Bison remains had a predominantly C3 plant signature. Dogs at Cluny were consuming little or no maize based on stable isotope analysis of their collagen. Based on the canine surrogacy approach, these results indicate that maize was not a significant part of the diet at Cluny, so while some cultural characteristics of the site reflect a Northeastern Plains Village affiliation, diet is not one of them.

}, author = {Kim Edwards and Dale Allen Walde and M. Anne Katzenberg} } @Conference Paper {10661, title = {The organization of ceramic technology among highly mobile Great Basin groups.}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {The ethnographic literature shows that pottery use is uncommon among mobile hunter-gatherers. A number of factors inhibit use of ceramic pots in such societies, including the heaviness and breakability of pots, seasonal conflicts between gathering and pottery production, and low population numbers and low demand for pots. However, highly mobile groups of the late prehistoric Great Basin were able to resolve these issues and made pots. This paper examines how the production and use of earthenware pots was organized among the Paiute and Shoshone despite high residential mobility.}, author = {Eerkens, Jelmer} } @Conference Paper {10662, title = {Archaeometallurgical Investigations into the Metalworking Technology of the Protohistoric Illinois, 1640-1682}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {For archaeologists interested in the timing and tempo of native material culture transformation during the earliest phases of European contact, the appearance of new types of copper-base trade metal artifacts on native sites from the period has traditionally served as an important signal of intensifying European influence. However, relatively little attention has been paid to analyzing these artifacts from a technological or compositional perspective. Preliminary results drawn from application of a complimentary suite of archaeometric procedures, including metric, microscopic, metallographic, and compositional analyses using proton-induced x-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) on a sample of 75 copper-base metal artifacts from the late protohistoric/early contact Illiniwek Village Site, Clark County, Missouri are brought together to demonstrate the usefulness of these combined techniques in addressing questions of native appropriation, manipulation, use, and distribution of these metals during the earliest phases of material and technological change. The range, variation, and material character of the artifacts are identified, as are the technical means through which these metals are thought to have been reworked. Results are discussed within larger contexts of native metalworking and technological change among the Illinois.}, author = {Ehrhardt, Kathleen L. and Samuel K. Nash} } @Conference Paper {10663, title = {Investigating Variation in Indigenous Metalworking in Interior North America: Old Copper through Early Contact}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Throughout prehistory, many groups of native people in the Western Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley have been familiar with and used native copper. However, the ways in which they procured it, manipulated it, and used it have varied considerably through time. This synthetic study examines continuity, innovation, and variation in the technical processes through which copper workers of the major metalworking traditions of this region, Old Copper, Havana/Hopewell, and Mississippian, converted this raw material into finished products, and the varied roles these products played in their cultural systems. It then extends the comparison into the early Contact period, when copper-based trade metals became available to Central Algonkian-speaking peoples in new forms and under dramatically changing sets of social and economic circumstances. Findings from recent technological analyses of native Illinois metalworking practices and contexts of use are integrated into the synthesis, bringing the long-term trends in indigenous metals use in the midcontinent into even brighter focus.}, author = {Ehrhardt, Kathleen L.} } @Conference Paper {10667, title = {Archaeological Excavations at the Moulton Creek Site}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {This paper describes results from a small scale investigation at a multi-component housepit village on the South Thompson River near Chase B.C., and compares it to other assemblages in the Interior Plateau. Of special interest is the basal component, which, although the sample is small, may represent a belated Protowestern tradition. This site adds new support to the hypothesis that because of ecological reasons, the cultures of the Fraser and Thompson River areas differed, until recent times.}, author = {Morley Eldridge} } @Conference Paper {10666, title = {Cultural and Natural Scar Morphology}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Accurate identification of origin for cultural and natural scars is becoming more important for forest management and legal evidence to help demonstrate Aboriginal Title under the Delgamuukw Decision. This paper examines the defining tree ring characteristics of natural and cultural scars on stem-round samples of cedar trees. The importance of taking multiple samples from different heights on the tree stem where there is doubt about origin is stressed. Using tree-ring analysis in combination with field observation will usually allow for absolute determination of cultural or natural origin.}, author = {Morley Eldridge} } @Conference Paper {10665, title = {Use of Ethnohistoric Data in Archaeological Predictive Modelling}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Predictive modelling is becoming a major tool used by land managers and First Nations to help determine the appropriate scope of archaeological impact assessment work for proposed developments. Millennia Research Limited has been at the forefront of utilizing GIS to obtain 1:20,000 scale maps that are much more accurate and precise than previous models. Ethnohistoric data has two principal uses in predictive modelling. First, ethnographic and ethnohistoric data regarding land and resource use, seasonal movements, and so on, can help build general models of likely associations between archaeological sites and mapped variables. Secondly,ethnohistoric data (especially traditional use information on resource extraction and habitation sites) can be used as a mapped dataset, which directly contributes to archaeological prediction models. This type of data is used to provide general areas of higher site potential, which is further modified by topographic, vegetation, hydrographic, geological and other variables.}, author = {Morley Eldridge} } @article {9577, title = {The Antiquity of Fish Weirs on the Southern Coast: A Response To Moss, Erlandson and Stuckenrath}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {112-116}, author = {Morley Eldridge and Steven Acheson} } @Conference Paper {10669, title = {Archaeological Potential Modelling with LIDAR}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {Slightly raised landforms have greater archaeological potential than their surroundings even in floodplains. In the muskeg plains and plateaux of the northern Canadian boreal forest, sites are almost invariably located on raised landforms such as knolls, ridges, rises, and terraces. Some of these can be very subtle features. Numerous methods have tried to incorporate these landforms into predictive models by identifying them from conventional maps, remote sensing, and GIS. None of these was successful or inexpensive enough to consider for modelling large areas. A method to model for raised landforms developed by Millennia Research works well to identify medium to large landforms, but lacked a sufficiently detailed DEM to model for microtopographic landforms. LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) is a remote sensing method that will revolutionise many areas of archaeological investigation. LIDAR provides data with sub-metre accuracy even under trees. Data collected for every square metre means that incredibly detailed maps and models can be generated over hundreds of square kilometres. Formerly "featureless" landscapes become highly varied. Millennia Research has further developed the landform identification routines and algorithms to work with LIDAR data to identify a wide range of landforms, down to microtopographic features.Years of archaeological research in north-eastern British Columbia has shown hat topographic features can be the single most important component when modelling for archaeological sites, as these are strongly correlated with large and small landforms. Normally, forest cover is used as a proxy to identify these landforms. However, the sole use of forest cover can result in assigning an area with high potential when it is actually low. In this paper I will present a novel method to model for landforms based on the use of rectangular running windows, and present the results of the ground-truthing of the Archaeological Potential Model developed by Millennia Research for north-eastern British Columbia.}, author = {Morley Eldridge} } @Conference Paper {10664, title = {Early Holocene Sites in the Stave River Valley, Southwestern B.C.}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Recent archaeological investigation of the inundated shoreline of Stave Reservoir have resulted in the identification of 28 lithic scatters. Artifact types from these sites suggest that at least some, and perhaps most, date to an early Holocene period. We will discuss the importance of landforms in terms of understanding the early lake, river, and marine environments associated with these sites. This discussion will also be useful in guiding future research associated with locating sites in the montane lake and river valleys of the Lower Fraser River drainage system}, author = {ELDRIDGE, M.T. and D.S. McLAREN} } @Conference Paper {10668, title = {THE GLENROSE CANNERY WET SITE: 4,500 YEAR OLD PERISHABLES}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {A woven strap from the beach in front of the Glenrose Archaeological Site, near the mouth of the Fraser River, B.C., was seized from a private collector by the R.C.M.P. and the B.C. Archaeology Branch. The artifact was radiocarbon dated to 4000 B.P., making it the oldest perishable artifact from the Northwest Coast. A Millennia Research crew under the direction of the author subsequently tested the intertidal area to determine the limits and content of the waterlogged component on behalf of the Archaeology Branch. Major excavations at Glenrose were undertaken in the early 1970s by SFU and UBC. The Mercury series site report has been among the standard references for the culture area since that time. Three components were recovered from the upland portion of the site: the Old Cordilleran (8150-5700 B.P.); the St. Mungo (4300-3300 B.P.); and the Marpole (2300-2000 B.P.). No waterlogged materials were encountered during these earlier excavations, however. In 1990, waterlogged cultural materials were found along 250m of beach. Test excavations found the rocky beach surface to be lag apparently collapsed from washed-away shell midden strata. Under the surface were alternating layers of culturally sterile compact silty clay and sandy shell hash. The shell hash contained large quantities of mussel and clam, salmon, flatfish, and sturgeon bone, fire-altered rock, and lithic debitage. Also included were mammal bone and antler, faunal remains and tools, and vegetable materials including perishable artifacts. The last include basketry, a carved wooden tray, a wooden wedge, cordage, detritus, and hundreds of wooden stakes. This assemblage is the oldest waterlogged collection from the Northwest Coast, dated by six radiocarbon dates to between 3950{\textpm}60 and 4590{\textpm}50 B.P. Basketry items are of particular interest due to their sensitivity to cultural processes. Northwest Coast baskets show very strong traditions through thousands of years within ethnic areas, and continued differences between ethnic areas. The seven basketry fragments from Glenrose are mostly beautifully made, with care evident in the close, even spacing, and the closely matched materials. These is a strong emphasis on wrapping techniques (as distinct from plaiting, twining, or coiling). One example has a unique weaving variant, consisting of doubled warps staggered on the inside and outside of a passive weft bound by a single wrapping weft with a consistent up-to-the-right slant. The wrapping technique is generaby associated with Wakashan heavy-duty carrying baskets, although ethnographic Salish made and used similar baskets. Although the basketry from the Glenrose site is generaly similar to these historic Wakashan baskets, there are differences, and some details are similar to 2,000 year-old baskets from Coast Salish territory. Although the sample is too small to make statements about potential ethnic connections with any confidence, the possibility exists of ancestral connections to both the Salish and Wakashan speaking groups. The hundreds of stakes arranged in oblique rows along the riverbank are probably the remains of fish weirs and traps. This interpretation is supported by the huge number of salmon bones in the shell hash layers. The inference is that intensive salmon harvesting, processing and storage were well established at the mouth of the Fraser River by 4600 B.P. Added to other data, it appears that many of the components of Northwest Coast Culture, including massive architecture, wealth accumulation, hereditary status, and ranking were in place by this early date.}, author = {Morley Eldridge} } @article {9579, title = {Understanding "Clovis" Fluted Point Variability in the Northeast: A Perspective from the Debert Site, Nova Scotia}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, pages = {205-253}, abstract = {

This paper compares fluted points from the Debert site, Nova Scotia, with assemblages of \&$\#$39;Clovis\&$\#$39; or \&$\#$39;Clovis-like\&$\#$39; fluted points from across the Midwest and Northeast regions. The focus is on comparison of continuous variables that previous research has suggested may be useful in distinguishing regional, temporal, and artifact life-history variation. The results indicate that while Debert points are most similar to those from such sites as Vail, Maine, and Lamb, New York, they differ significantly in certain characteristics. It is also concluded that the Debert points represent a very exhausted assemblage in comparison to other reported sites. In particular, the Debert assemblage includes a large number of forms with sub-triangular outlines, which all evidence suggests represent the use and reshaping of snapped tips derived from an initial larger, more parallel-sided form. Possible explanations for this emphasis are suggested.

}, author = {Christopher Ellis} } @Conference Paper {10671, title = {A study of hi-lo points}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {A detailed analysis of a late Paleo-Indian point type (hi-lo) from the lower Great Lakes area is summarized. Emphasis is placed on the explanation of formal variability within this point form in terms of artifact life histories. The analysis includes: 1) a discussion of two variant manufacturing techniques for hi-lo points; 2) the delineation of the {\textquoteright}original{\textquoteright} morphology of the point type prior to resharpening; and 3) by examining how resharpening and breakage in use effects the form of finished points, the presentation of a complex flow model involving several outputs at which hi-lo points can be discarded or lost.}, author = {Ellis, C. and B. Deller} } @article {9578, title = {Nettling: an Overview of an Early Archaic "Kirk Corner-notched Cluster" Site in Southwestern Ontario}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, pages = {001-034}, abstract = {

A large Early Archaic lithic assemblage from the Nettling site in Ontario is described. Although largely a surface collection from a ploughed field, the assemblage is quite homogeneous in terms of the tool forms represented and the stone sources employed and there is little evidence of non-Early Archaic occupations at the site. The tool assemblage has a very high percentage of Ohio cherts and, as a whole, duplicates almost exactly materials of the \&$\#$39;Kirk Corner-Notched Horizon\&$\#$39; (ca. 9500 to 8900 B.P.) in the southeastern United States, including corner-notched serrated points, expanding based drills, small dorsally flaked end scrapers, chipped celts with ground bits, ovate chopper/scrapers, etc. Several implications of the Nettling site assemblage are discussed pertaining to our understanding of the culture history and environmental coping strategies of the Early Archaic occupants of the lower Great Lakes area.

}, author = {Chris J. Ellis and Stanley Wortner and William A. Fox} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9119, title = {Great Lakes Archaeology}, volume = {27}, year = {2003}, pages = {326-329}, editor = {Christopher Ellis} } @Conference Paper {10670, title = {Estimates of Failure Rates in Fluting Based on Archaeological Data: Examples From Northeastern North Arnerica}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {The fluting of Early Paleo-Indian bifaces, and failure rates therein, has reccived considerable archaeological attention {\textendash} perhaps at a scale exceeding its relative importance. Nonetheless, if we are to properly evaluate explanations of the origins and function of fluting and the place of particular sites in Paleo-Indian settlement systems, estimates of failure rates are required. To date, such estimates have been largely used on experimental replication, and rarely on archaeological data, and it is suggested these estimates are inaccurate. In order to overcome these problems, three interrelated, yet independent, methods; of estimating fluting failure rates from archaeological data are developed and applied to assemblages from the Parkhill site in Ontario and the Windy City site in Maine. The consistency in the results obtained by these methods inspire faith in their relative accuracy. The results suggest failure rates, at least at these sites, were not on the scale often assumed by previous investigators, being on the order of only 10 to 12\% percent or less.}, author = {Chris J. Ellis and James H. Payne} } @Conference Paper {10674, title = {Nettling: A Preliminary Overview of an Early Archaic "Kirk Comer-Notched Cluster" Site in Southwestern Ontario}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {This paper reports preliminary results of analysis of a large lithic assemblage from the Nettling site, located near the modem Lake Erie shore southwest of London, Ontario. Nettling is the first extensive Early Archaic site to be located in the Great Lakes region. Although largely a surface collection, there is little evidence of other occupations at the site. Moreover, the 800+ tools/preforms in the assemblage are quite homogeneous in terms of the stone sources represented and the tool forms recovered. Ohio cherts dominate the artifact assemblage with Pipe Creek chert from the northwestern part of that state predominating. The tools themselves are virtually identical to those of the Kirk cluster or horizon reported from the southeastern United States, including corner-notched serrated points, expanding base drills, large trianguloid bifacial blades or knives, small end scrapers with parallel-flaked dorsal surfaces, cobble chopper/scrapers, and chipped celts with ground bits. As such, the site should date to ca. 9500-8900 B.P. Implications of the Great Lakes area, continuity and change from earlier Paleo-Indian occupations, and the origin of ground stone tools will be discussed.}, author = {Chris J. Ellis and Stanley A. Wortner and William A. Fox} } @Conference Paper {10673, title = {Meadowood Phase Occupations on the Caradoc Sand Plain}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {Surface surveys of the Caradoc Sand Plain west of London, Ontario have been carried out by D. B. Deller since the 19{\'e}0{\textquoteright}s. This work has documented a large number of sites indicating extensive Early Woodland Meadowood phase occupations in the area. The database, and comparisons with sites from other areas, allow the development of at least preliminary models of Meadowood settlement types in the region. Especially notable is the first reported evidence from southern Ontario of large {\textquoteright}base camps{\textquoteright} comparable to those reported for western New York state. The available lithic assemblages from the sites also provide a large sample with which to evaluate and refine existing models of Meadowood lithic manufacturing and recycling strategies.}, author = {Chris J. Ellis and D. Brian Deller} } @Obituaries {9934, title = {William Roosa (1923{\textendash}1994)}, volume = {20}, year = {1996}, pages = {135-137}, author = {Chris Ellis} } @Conference Paper {10672, title = {Typological Relationships of Paleo-Indian Fluted Bifaces from the Hiscock Site, Western New York State}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The gravely clay layer at the Hiscock site is dated to between ca. 11,000 and 10,200 B.P. In addition to the remains of fauna such as mastodon, peccary and California condor, that layer has yielded nine Paleo-Indian artifacts made mainly on local New York raw materials and including at least five fluted points. This paper focuses on the typological relationships of the points. As a whole, the points are morphologically homogeneous and fall within a general category of wider, thicker, more parallel-sided forms reported from several sites in the Northeast/Great Lakes. Detailed comparisons with other regional assemblages of a wide range of characteristics indicate the Hiscock points are different from named types in that general category such as Gainey in that they are relatively narrow at the base, have shallow basal concavities and debatably, are short-fluted. As a whole, they most closely resemble the finds reported from sites like Shoop, Pennsylvania and Paleo Crossing, Ohio.}, author = {Chris Ellis} } @Conference Paper {10675, title = {Intuitive Archaeology, A Psychic Approach}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {Intuition has been described as {\textquoteright}the immediate learning or knowing of something without the conscious use of reasoning{\textquoteright}. This paper describes a new approach to archaeology research in which the author has received information about archaeological sites and artifacts from a psychic associate who appears to {\textquoteright}know without the conscious use of reasoning{\textquoteright}. In actual fact the whole research program defies reasons and the usual concept of the rational man. The ultimate implications of this alliance of archaeology and para psychology are to say the least {\textquoteright}mind boggling{\textquoteright}.}, author = {J. N. Emerson} } @Conference Paper {10676, title = {Convergent Results From Divergent Methods: A Tripartite Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Maya Collapse in Guatemala}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {New zooarchaeological methods are challenging models of relationships between society and the environment. My use of multiple zooarchaeological techniques in the analysis of animal bones from sites in Guatemala creates overlapping tests of environmental and social models of the Classic "Maya collapse". Combined environmental reconstructions and isotopic analysis of land use reveal strong environmental stability throughout the occupation of the Petexbatun region. This result is supported by a reconstruction of dietary patterns through ecological statistics. However, detailed analyses of worked bone from the region describe changing systems of bone tool production, and suggest that "collapse" patterns are not a direct result of declining environmental conditions or dietary health, but instead reflect the shifting economic and political conditions of the period.}, author = {Emery, Kitty F.} } @Conference Paper {10677, title = {Medicinal Curation and Use of Animals by the Itza Maya of Guatemala: Implications for Zooarchaeology}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {Ethnoarchaeological research with the Itza Maya reveals a long-standing tradition of animal use for medicinal and medico-ritual purposes. Animals are curated, whole or in part, for use in curing primarily women and children. Some knowledge of medicinal animal use is shared among most women and many men, but other knowledge is specific to ritual healers. Medicinal use activities vary by species and animal portion/body part, materials are often curated over generations, and curated specimens are shared with other community members. These traditions have important implications for zooarchaeological research since they create distinctive discard and non-discard patterns.}, author = {Emery, Kitty F.} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9321, title = {Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {340-342}, editor = {Engelbrecht, William} } @Conference Paper {10679, title = {Population Trends Among the St. Lawrence Iroquoians}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {During Late Prehistoric times, there was a large Iroquoian population in northern New York, just east of Lake Ontario and south of the St. Lawrence River. Nineteenth and early twentieth century accounts describe at least 75 village sites in this region. Sometime during the late 15th or early 16th centuries, the region was abandoned. Warfare, European diseases, and climatic change have all been suggested as factors involved in this abandonment. Current research seeks to trace population shifts during the 14th century through to the abandonment in order to document whether this depopulation was sudden or gradual and whether any trend of population nucleation or dispersion was present. Trends in site size, natural defensibility, and the elevation of settlements will also be considered.}, author = {Engelbrecht, William} } @Conference Paper {10678, title = {Erie}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {This paper notes historic references to the Erie and other named groups who are believed to have lived along the Southeastem shore of Lake Erie during the early Contact Period. It also examines the distribution of village sites during the same period. Ceramic patterning within and between these sites is discussed along with postulated sequences of village movement. The Ripley site in Southwestern New York, some 70 miles south of the cluster of village sites near Buffalo, is ceramically highly similar to these sites and represents an anomaly.}, author = {Engelbrecht, William} } @Conference Paper {10680, title = {The Bill Richards Site (FaNp-9): A Late Precontact Bison Processing and Habitation Site}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {The Bill Richards Site (FaNp-9) is a late precontact bison processing and habitation site located immediately south of the city of Saskatoon. The site is named for late the Bill Richards, a Saskatoon Archaeological Society member and avid avocational archaeologist. This site has been excavated extensively in the past. Both the Saskatoon Archaeological Society and the University of Saskatchewan collaborated on a field school in which substantial excavations were conducted. In the fall of 2004, Stantec Consulting Ltd. completed the final mitigatory excavations of the Bill Richards Site. A total of 105 square meters have been excavated at the site, with the final 30 in 2004. In addition to a great deal of highly fragmented, burned and calcined bone, the site exhibits predominantly Late Side-notched projectile points and Mortlach pottery. This presentation will discuss the final findings and conclusions of the Stantec Consulting Ltd. project and attempt to integrate those findings with information gained from previous excavations.}, author = {Enns-Kavanagh, Kristin and Steven C. Kasstan} } @Conference Paper {10681, title = {Archaeological Investigations at Cannington Manor Historic Park}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Cannington Manor is a historic settlement site located in the Moose Mountain area of Southeastern Saskatchewan. The village achieved its fame through a group of English expatriates who came to Canada hoping to re-create an {\textquoteright}English rural life of leisure{\textquoteright} as prosperous farmers. Known generally as {\textquoteright}the English group{\textquoteright}, these settlers devoted a great deal of time to pursuits such as music, art, and sport. Race days, fox hunts, tennis parties, and musical evenings created a body of legend surrounding the site. Cannington life wasn{\textquoteright}t all dances and tea parties, however. In addition to the wealthy English, Cannington{\textquoteright}s community included hard-working farming families from Britain, Ontario, Manitoba, and the Maritimes. Through a discussion of archaeological investigations conducted at the town site in 2000 and 2001, this presentation examines the ways in which these two groups of people got along and created Cannington Manor in the newly-developed west.}, author = {Enns-Kavanagh, Kristin} } @Conference Paper {10682, title = {HISTORY, HERITAGE AND THE INUIT OF NUNAVIK}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {The cultural heritage importance of history as perceived by the Inuit of Nunavik and the work of the Avataq Cultural Institute in the preservation of traditional Inuit knowledge are outlined.}, author = {Epoo, Johnny} } @Conference Paper {10684, title = {Beyond Disorder: Chaos in Culture Change}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {Ecological and other biological concepts are employed commonly by archaeologists and anthropologists to explain cultural adaptation and change processes. Often, cultural evolution is compared to biological evolution, meaning speciation. Cultural systems dynamics, however, are related more realistically to ecosystem dynamics. Especially suitable is the application of non-linear dynamical systems theory to ecological and cultural systems changes. The result is a new emphasis on life history evolution rather than speciation only. Self-organized life systems maximize long-term survival by adjusting to non-linear external influences, such as climate, via punctuated or pulsating unrepeated system state changes. All macroscopic systems, cultural systems included, are non-reversible, time-dependent and, therefore, non-linear or dynamical, each with its own sequence of unrepeated states or trajectory, entropically drawn to states of increasing disorder. When plotted mathematically, dynamical systems trajectories behave as fractals, bifurcating and separating exponentially with unpredictable yet infinite repetition in finite space. This causes the trajectories to fold over and wind around loci called strange or chaotic attractors, the basis of chaos theory. Chaotic trajectories cut ordered paths through a morass of random influences. The result is simplicity within complexity, order within seeming disorder or chaos, a basic structure of self-organization common to systems which are subject to unpredictable, random influences. This recently proposed chaos paradigm in science is the result of a new search for non-regularities or unrepeated phenomena, rather than the traditional search for regularities only which relegates chaos to background {\textquoteright}noise.{\textquoteright} The new paradigm includes a new deterministic emphasis in science. This is in the form of a new causality in which the order within seeming disorder cuts a predetermined path through chaotic or non-regular influences, the structure of the macroscopic order determined by the confinement of the disorder within finite boundaries. The change process is fractal, the trajectories of change bifurcating exponentially until they reach the limits of their physical parameters. Should a trajectory break out of these parametric limits, the bifurcation process begins all over again. Each bifurcation point is, in effect, a decision point, determining the paths of the trajectories until they reach further bifurcation points. This is similar to the {\textquoteright}pulsating{\textquoteright} ecosystem change process newly proposed by Howard Odum, is related to Stephen J. Gould{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteright}punctuated equilibrium{\textquoteright} evolutionary theory and is based directly on chaos theory. It is a case of entropy sowing the seeds of its own demise - increasing randomization can result only in the chaotic order which springs from random behaviour, resulting in re-affirmation of the order to disorder to restructuring sequence. The suggested chaotic cultural order functions so that uncertainty alternates with certainty on a pulsating basis, with a new system state path partly determined by its former state, and partly by chance changes occurring during the chaotic or decision intervals. Thus, the deterministic nature of cultural systems changes is due to an ordered form of disorder which occurs on a pulsating basis, and which provides {\textquoteright}choice{\textquoteright} or trajectory alternatives. However, once a state emerges from a chaotic interval, its trajectory is predetermined by the system order until it collapses once more into a chaotic state.}, author = {Henri T. Epp} } @Conference Paper {10683, title = {New Land Ethic: Relationship to Archaeology / Une nouvelle {\'e}thique de la Terre : les rapports de cette {\'e}thique avec l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}o}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {Pervading the world of environmental conservation at this time is promotion of a new land ethic. This is the ecocentric ethic, which rejects the western economic tenet that nature exists exclusively for our use and abuse and that economic growth is more important than environmental integrity. The ecocentric ethic places a higher value on the environment and its protection than it does on humanity, which is considered to be no more than part of that environment. Many environmentalists believe that general acceptance of the ecocentric ethic will lead to greatly improved human-environment relationships in the future, saving the environment, biodiversity, and humanity from extinction caused by our nature exploitation excesses. Recent studies show that indeed there is a new environment ethic developing in technological societies, but it is only a partial shift toward the ecocentric ethic, retaining a good measure of the old anthropocentrism. Concomitant with and related to the ethical shift is development of the landscape ecosystem approach in environmental or land management. Basic to this approach is the intent to maintain landscape integrity, thereby ensuring that ecosystem processes remain intact. Archaeological information is part of the landscape ecosystem, part of past anthroposystems within ecosystems. The landscape archaeology related to this more general environmental management approach incorporates both the academic or explanatory and resource management sides of archaeology. The academic side concentrates on how past humans related to their environments, including their own perceptions of this. Explanatory hypotheses may include the relationships of material cultural distributions to physical and biological landscapes, demographics, and finding punctuated material cultural change and stasis intervals in the archaeological record. The resource management side is beginning to focus less on salvage of information from developments perceived as inevitable, and more on being part of overall landscape planning and management to ensure retention of landscape integrity, thereby hopefully obviating the need for most salvage operations. This management approach includes input from relevant traditional and local peoples at the decision-making level.}, author = {Henri T. Epp} } @article {9581, title = {Human Effect: Dynamical Extinction-Expansion Process}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {093-105}, abstract = {

Throughout the last two decades much has been written on the possible cause of the well documented North American late glacial large mammal extinctions. An important explanation of this mass extinction phenomenon has been to single out human hunters as a primary cause. A new look at the sequence and nature of the factual evidence reveals another possibility. Also well documented are the large mammalian and human population expansions and dispersions which occurred during and immediately following the extinction process. As ecological niches were vacated and ecosystems changed, presenting new opportunities, the megafaunal extinctions were superseded by an actual population increase and dispersion of several remaining megafaunal genera, especially bison, major human resources. I suggest that the continuing and accelerating post-extinction human population expansion was more an effect of the megafaunal extinctions than a major cause. System feedback, normal in non-equilibrium systems, including ecosystems, however, likely contributed to a coup de gr\’ce effect.

}, author = {Henri T. Epp} } @article {9580, title = {The Other Face of Janus: Research in the Service of Archaeological Resource Management}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {8}, year = {1984}, pages = {095-113}, abstract = {Lately some prominent members of the discipline have criticized applied archaeology, especially its research standards and low productivity of new knowl- edge relevant to the interests of academics. More serious, however, has been the entire descipline{\textquoteright}s inability to show concretely the effectiveness of its methods and the importance of its goals to government and industry. This dilemma seems resolvable by turning the first problem around to address the second. That is, archaeologists need to concentrate on how to better manage the resource base and how to improve the attendant research, be it applied or academic in nature. Such a change in focus requires a fundamental reorientation. Good impact assessment or mitigation work must provide information for resource management decision- making and scientific explanation. Ecology, undergoing many of the same diffi- culties and adjustments as archaeology, is beginning to reconcile its management and scientific responsibilities by concentrating on how better research can con- tribute to improved impact assessments and environmental management. We would do well to consider ecology{\textquoteright}s findings. For it is time for archaeology to likewise improve its management and scientific services to the public, rather than continue to use applied research activities only as opportunities to serve itself within a narrow, academic view of the discipline.}, author = {Henri T. Epp and Brian F. Spurling} } @article {9626, title = {Archaeology and the environmental impact study}, journal = {Bulletin}, volume = {6}, year = {1974}, pages = {032-047}, author = {Henri T. Epp} } @article {9582, title = {Archaeological Distribution and Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Glass From Obsidian Cove, Suemez Island, Southeast Alaska}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {089-095}, author = {Jon M. Erlandson and Madonna L. Moss and Richard E. Hughes} } @Conference Paper {10685, title = {Revisiting Fleur de Lys 1, a Dorset Soapstone Quarry in Newfoundland}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The soapstone quarry in Fleur de Lys, Newfoundland has been the subject of archaeological interest for almost a century. While initially believed to be Beothuk in origin, Diamond Jenness suggested in his synthesis {\textquoteright}The Indians of Canada{\textquoteright} (1932), that the numerous carvings along the exposed soapstone outcrops might be attributable to his newly discovered Cape Dorset culture. Although many researchers have commented upon the significance of the quarry, little archaeological evidence had ever been cited to support claims concerning the nature, use and importance of this site until the 1980s. Despite the lack of any major excavation, the quarry{\textquoteright}s significance went unquestioned throughout most of this time due to the fact that it was the only known Dorset soapstone quarry of its kind. A full scale excavation in 1997/98 and ongoing analyses have: (1) shown that the extent and complexity of the quarry deposits exceed all previous descriptions; (2) defined the Dorset quarrying tool kit by way of a four stage reduction model; and (3) demonstrated that soapstone vessels were finished at the quarry site. This research also has implications for defining a north eastern variant of Dorset culture on the island of Newfoundland.}, author = {Erwin, John} } @article {9583, title = {Form and Function of Projectile Points and the Trajectory of Newfoundland Prehistory}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {29}, year = {2005}, pages = {46-67}, abstract = {

The adoption of bow-and-arrow technology by Recent Indian peoples on the island of Newfoundland has been accepted on the basis of untested observations of the archaeological record. This study investigates the period circa 1000 BP, when the replacement of the Beaches complex by the Little Passage complex is purported to be marked by the introduction of bow-and-arrow technology. Metric analysis of 840 projectile points confirms this technological transformation, but disputes the notion that projectile point function can be linked to current complex signatures\—notably, the presence of side-notching or corner-notching on projectile points. This analysis suggests that bows-and-arrows did not immediately replace spear throwers-and-darts, but rather, were complementary to the Recent Indian tool kit. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of bow-and-arrow technology may be linked to the departure or demise of (Middle) Dorset Palaeoeskimo populations on the island.

}, author = {John C. Erwin and Donald H. Holly Jr. and Stephen H. Hull and Timothy L. Rast} } @Conference Paper {10687, title = {Dorset Palaeoeskimo Settlement Patterns in White Bay, Newfoundland}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Located on the northeastern coast of the island of Newfoundland, the Dorset Palaeoeskimo occupation of Shelley Garden is interpreted as a warm weather habitation/workshop site on the basis of its association with the Fleur de Lys soapstone quarry and its inner coastal location. As a large inner coastal habitation site, Shelley Garden is somewhat of an archaeological anomaly that can be tied to its use with the soapstone quarry. It is argued, however, that Shelley Garden also served as a large warm weather base camp. Although locations for warm weather Dorset occupations are suggested in models for Dorset subsistence and settlement on the island of Newfoundland, they are rarely demonstrated archaeologically. In contrast, to large outer coastal Dorset habitation sites that are associated with the acquisition of harp seals, it is proposed that the location large inner coastal warm weather Dorset sites are strategically located relative to the acquisition of more than a single important resource.}, author = {Erwin, John} } @Conference Paper {10686, title = {Changement de nature et de fonction de Phillip{\textquoteright}s Garden : perspective diachronique d{\textquoteright}un site pal{\'e}oesquimau du Dors{\'e}tien \&agra}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {John C. Erwin} } @Conference Paper {10690, title = {Le site Rbs : Analyse d{\textquoteright}un site de production de microlames vieux de 8000 ans dans le Nord-Ouest de l{\textquoteright}Alaska}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {ESDALE, Julie and Jeff Rasic} } @Conference Paper {10689, title = {Periglacial Geoarchaeology of the Dog Creek Site, Northern Yukon}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {Dog Creek (NcVi-3) is an unusual site in the northern Yukon because it contains artifacts buried in stratified context. Periglacial processes have made the stratigraphic interpretation quite complex. Geoarchaeological research at Dog Creek aims to determine the relationship between surficial artifacts, buried artifacts and stratified sediments. Understanding the site taphonomy since deposition of the artifacts is necessary to interpret a minimum age for occupation. The artifacts were interpreted to be buried by solifluction based on the organic soil in which they were located, fabric data, refitting of artifacts, and the sedimentology of the deposits. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the artifacts were buried by 3800 B.P.}, author = {ESDALE, Julie and Raymond LeBlanc} } @Conference Paper {10688, title = {Recent excavations from the Nimiuktuk valley, Brooks Range, Alaska: using GIS spatial analysis to discriminate between assemblages in near-surface sit}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Recent excavations at the Nim-5 and Nim-11 archaeological sites in the Nimiuktuk River valley of the Brooks Range, northwest Alaska, have produced a variety of artifact styles dating to roughly 4,000-7,000 B.P. Formal artifacts include side-notched projectile points, lanceolate-shaped bifacial points, wedge-shaped microblade cores, and wide, oval-platformed microblade cores. These technologically diverse artifacts, although functionally similar, appear to occur in spatially associated contexts and potentially result from the same occupation. Discrete assemblages are difficult to discern at these sites, however, because artifacts clusters on or near the ground surface might also result from different activities or episodes of site occupation. Spatial analysis using GIS technology has been useful for distinguishing assemblages at the sites where components are not stratigraphically separated.}, author = {ESDALE, Julie} } @Conference Paper {10692, title = {Towards a Social Archaeology of the Southern Northwest Coast}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {The Pacific Northwest Coast is an example of dominant evolutionary themes structuring the analysis of archaeological data sets that can almost exclusively be considered interrupted. This follows from the difficulty accumulating archaeological knowledge in a sparsely populated and environmentally diverse region of the world. The information that has been gathered from archaeological sites over this mountainous, rugged coastline is constricted both temporally and spatially. The nature of archaeological data on the Northwest Coast thus lends itself well to evolutionary debates while at the same time leaving historical narratives little in the way of a grounding. This situation is beginning to change, however, in several regions of the Northwest Coast. In the Gulf of Georgia a foundation of archaeological research results now exists that is detailed enough to begin to build an historical interpretation of social life. Employing existing archaeological data a detailed example explores the meanings of a new framework for interpretation.}, author = {Ewonus, Paul} } @Conference Paper {10691, title = {Zooarchaeological Perspective on Late Prehistoric Social Landscapes in the Southern Strait of Georgia}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {This paper emphasizes the value of a social archaeological approach to the study of pre-contact zooarchaeological data. The Dionisio Point site on Galiano Island is the point of departure for a consideration of regional economic patterns within a social context. Discussion begins with an examination of spatial patterns evident within House 2 at Dionisio Point, one of five large house depressions visible at the site. The primary goal is to address patterning within the fauna in relation to previously described artifact and feature data. These data have indicated status differentiation within House 2. The faunal assemblage, however, presents a somewhat different window into the social economy of the time. Situating the zooarchaeological data from Dionisio Point within the social landscape of the southern Gulf of Georgia offers an opportunity to view the site within a multi-scalar continuum of interaction. A coherent narrative of daily routines, their meanings and contingencies alongside knowledge of seasonal movements on the landscape place the unique zooarchaeological data from Dionisio Point in regional perspective.}, author = {Ewonus, Paul} } @Conference Paper {10693, title = {Neolithic Potters and Ceramic Technology}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The study of ceramic technology has become a common way to approach the economical, social and cultural aspects of pottery. However too often, the use of the term {\guillemotleft}technology{\guillemotright} is being limited to the study of techniques in their mechanical and functional dimensions. On the other hand, if technology is being refered to as the interaction of materials, tools and gestures, it permits to deal with all the decision making processes.which underlie the ceramic production. The technological study of two Neolithic ceramic assemblages from South-eastern Italy is thus aiming at a better understanding of the various modalities involved in making pots. By using the operational concept of the cha{\^\i}ne op{\'e}ratoire, each stage of the ceramic production is being studied in order to identify the processes and decisions made by the potters to achieve a common goal.}, author = {Eygun, Guilmine} } @Conference Paper {10694, title = {Fish, Flesh, or Fowl: In Pursuit of a Diet-Mobility-Climate Continuum Model for the Cis-Baikal}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {The dynamics of changing environmental and climatic regimes, cultural and technological diversity, and changes in mobility strategies are critical variables in modeling forager use of various resource habitats through time. Model matrices for considering variations in resource distribution and climatic regimes in the Cis-Baikal region are established to provide some expectations of how and why dietary and mobility patterns might vary through time and across space. The model predicts increased emphasis on lacustrine resources in cool periods, and an increased use of riverine resources in dry periods. It also predicts high mobility between lakeshore and riverine environments in warm, wet periods, and low mobility during cool, dry periods. Trace element analysis of human and faunal remains suggests that the subarctic forest was a more important resource habitat during the Early Neolithic (5800-5200 B.C.), whereas boreal forest habitats were far more prominent in later periods. Trace element analysis from the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age sites of Khuzhir Nuge (Ol{\textquoteright}khon region) and Obkhoi (Upper Lena region) suggests that at least part of the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age was warm and wet, with a strong subsistence emphasis on terrestrial resources. Considerable mobility between lakeshore and riverine environments appears to have occurred at this time as well.}, author = {Ezzo, Joseph A.} }