@Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11122, title = {The Archaeology of French and Indian War Frontier Forts}, volume = {40}, year = {2016}, pages = {226-229}, editor = {John Triggs} } @Conference Paper {10041, title = {NONINTRUSIVE IDENTIFICATION OF BURIAL SITES THROUGH GROUND CONDUCTIVITY SURVEYING TECHNIQUES}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {Often, if a heritage resource impact assessment or an archacological research project is conducted on a site containing human remains, the research design is abandoned or modified drastically and field activities become mere reactions to the unexpected occurrence. However, recent ground conductivity studies by Manitoba{\textquoteright}s provincial Historic Resources Branch have enabled staff to determine unmarked grave locations without disrupting the underlying burials. This technique is particularly useful in situations where Native burials are known or thought likely to be present, as it identifies specific lands which can be avoided during construction and monitored in the future. The paper discusses research at three historic cemeteries where two models of ground conductivity meters were used, the EM-31 and the EM-38. The former reads a maximum depth of 6m, white the latter penetrates only one quarter of that depth. Studies were conducted at St. Paul{\textquoteright}s Anglican Church at Middlechurch, north of Winnipeg, and at the abandoned cemeteries associated with two former Native residential schools at Elkhorn and Brandon, Manitoba. Data generated at Middlechurch, where studies were conducted over a two-year period and Branch archaeologists tested anomalies, provided a foundation for subsequent research and interpretation of the residential school cemetery sites. The paper concludes with a comparison of the EM-31 and the EM-38 meters and discusses the logistical problems of using each machine, as well as their potentiel for archaeological applications.}, author = {Badertscher, Patricia M. and K. David McLeod} } @Conference Paper {10040, title = {Archaeological Investigations of Cemeteries and Burial Sites: Heritage Mysteries Without Good Plots / Fouilles arch{\'e}ologiques dans les cimeti\&e}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {Cemeteries and burial sites are cultural features that transcend time and ethnicity. A community{\textquoteright}s regard for its dead members, revealed in the treatment of their remains, may be observed long after the persons and the community have ceased to exist. Individual resting places are not only sacred spaces, but often the only physical remains of a former community. Over the past decade, the Historic Resources Branch of Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Citizenship has examined a number of cemeteries and burial sites using an electromagnetic surveying technique. This non-obtrusive technology, generally implemented as a part of a heritage resource impact assessment, provides locational data for cemetery restoration projects and First Nations band councils who are developing land management procedures. This paper discusses the techniques, results and future of electromagnetic surveying in the context of historic archaeology.}, author = {Badertscher, Patricia M. and K. David McLeod} } @Conference Paper {10043, title = {Electromagnetic Ground Conductivity at St. Paul{\textquoteright}s-Middlechurch: A Heritage Resource Management Study in a Historic Cemetery}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Archaeological applications for electromagnetic ground conductivity survey were presented by the authors at the 24th Annual Conference in St. John{\textquoteright}s, Newfoundland. At that time, the results and preliminary conclusions from studies at three historic cemeteries in southern Manitoba were discussed. Historic Resources Branch archaeologists have been able to test the validity of their interpretations of the electromagnetic ground conductivity survey data at St. Paul{\textquoteright}s-Middlechurch Cemetery. The estimated 650 burials at this Anglican church cemetery located north of Winnipeg, Manitoba, date from ca. 1850 to the present. Investigations have combined archival research, electromagnetic ground conductivity survey and archaeological excavation to produce locational information for unmarked grave sites.}, author = {Badertscher, Patricia M. and K. David McLeod} } @Conference Paper {10042, title = {Heritage Resource Impact Assessment: Cultural Resource Management in Manitoba}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Heritage Resource Impact Assessments (HRIAs) have been carried out in Manitoba, albeit informally, since the inception of the Historic Resources Branch in 1974. The HRIA process was formalized in 1986 with the proclamation of the Heritage Resources Act, which not only contains; provisions for protecting Heritage resources on provincially designated Heritage Sites, but also protects resources on sites where the Minister only has {\textquoteright}reason to believe{\textquoteright} that they are present and will be adversely impacted by development or other activities. The Archaeology Section of the Branch coordinates initial HRIA screening for impacts to architectural, historical and archaeological resources. Field personnel examine any project with potential to require a developer to conduct a HRIA. Permits for field activities are issued, HRIA reports are reviewed and monitoring of project impacts are also functions of the Branch. HRIA Guidelines, in the form of seven self-contained {\textquoteright}modules{\textquoteright}, are available for use by the developer and the archaeological consultant in carrying our HRLAs.}, author = {Badertscher, Patricia M.} } @Conference Paper {10045, title = {On the History of Northern Qu{\'e}bec Archaeology}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Abstract Unavailable}, author = {Badgley, Ian} } @Conference Paper {10044, title = {Pre-Dorset Settlement Patterns in Nunavik}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Archaeological rescarch carried out over the years in Nunavik has resulted in the inventory of a large number of Pre-Dorset sites. Sites of this culture are particularly numerous along sections of the east coast of Hudson Bay and occur in high density in several localities, including Kuujjuaraapik and the Inukjuak-Witch Bay area. The majority are located in boulder fields situated at high altitudes. Pre-Dorset sites known in the Ungava Bay region are more widely dispersed and, for the most, occupy raised gravel beach ridges. This paper reviews and compares the settlement pattern data obtained from these Early Palaeoeskimo sites. Marked contrasts in the physical settings and composition of the Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay sites indicate different patterns of occupation in each region. As well, differences in the lithic tool assemblages recovered from the sites tend to suggest 2 regional variants of the Pre-Dorset culture in Nunavik, both of which appear to have been of different geographical origin.}, author = {Badgley, Ian} } @Conference Paper {10048, title = {GLIMPSES OF NEO-ESKIMO OCCUPATION OF THE NUNAINGOK SITE, NUNAVIK}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {Archaeological field schools for Inuit conducted in 1987 and 1988 at the Nunaingok site, extreme northeastern Quebec-Labrador, were centred on the excavation of a sod qarmat and an associated midden. Preliminary results of the excavations indicate that the dwelling was repeatedly occupied by historic Inuit and clarify the seasonality of occupation. As well, data recovered from underlying Thule culture deposits shed new light on prehistoric Neo-Eskimo occupation of the site.}, author = {Badgley, Ian} } @Conference Paper {10047, title = {AIRPORT IMPACT ARCHAEOLOGY IN NUNAVIK}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {Environmental impact studies engendered by the Northern Quebec Airports Improvement Project included the systematic archaeological inventory of the environs of 11 Inuit villages and the salvage excavation of sites threatened by project construction work. This field programme, carried out between 1984 and 1988, was planned and implemented through the collaboration of the Ministry of Transport of Quebec, the Avataq Cultural Institute and the local Inuit communities concerned. In all 233 sites were inventoried and four sites were salvage excavated. The organisation and results of these impact mitigation activities are described and the implications of the programme regarding the management of archaeological resources in Nunavik are discussed.}, author = {Badgley, Ian} } @Conference Paper {10046, title = {Variation in Dorset Semi-subterranean dwellings at DIA.4 (JfEl-4)}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {The 1978 and 1979 Tuvaaluk programme excavations at the DIA.4 site revealed 13 complete or partially definable Dorset semi-subterranean dwellings. The majority of these dwellings are interpreted as having been subject to successive re-occupations, several of which were accompanied by alterations in the form of the earlier structure and the re-organization of internal features. Stratigraphic relationships and radiocarbon dating allow the chronological ordering of these occupations and permit the examination of dwelling variation through time. Certain implications concerning occupation of the site and Dorset architectural techniques are discussed.}, author = {Badgley, I.} } @Conference Paper {10050, title = {Labrador Culture, Heritage and the Inuit Land Claim in Labrador / La culture, le patrimoine et la revendication territoriale des Inuits au Labrador}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {Recently the Inuit of northern Labrador began negotiating a comprehensive land claim with the government of Newfoundland and Labrador. One aspect of these negotiations was the concern expressed in the Inuit community that our cultural heritage deserved protection. Therefore, archaeologists were contracted to survey our traditional lands and to identify heritage sites. Their research was successful in discovering previously unknown sites. In addition, several Inuit were hired to accompany the archaeologists and to gain experience in field methods.}, author = {BAIKIE, Gary} } @Conference Paper {10049, title = {MINERAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ABORIGINAL RIGHTS IN NORTHERN LABRADOR}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {The recent avalanche of mineral exploration in northern Labrador has generated significant challenges for archaeologists and aboriginal people, who share a common interest in mitigating the impacts of these developments on cultural resources. Exploration is proceeding rapidly in an environment marked by strong pressures for investment and job creation as well as unsettled Inuit and Innu land claims. Archaeologists involved in impact assessments must confront the social and political responsibilities inherent in working at the interface between development interests and aboriginal concerns. This paper will recount the problems experienced during the past year and outline proposals for the conduct of future research based on collaboration between archaeologists and Inuit}, author = {BAIKIE, Gary and/et Bryan HOOD} } @Conference Paper {10052, title = {Life in Rats Nest Cave: a View from Paleoentomology}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {A fossil insect assemblage was investigated from.Rats Nest cave in Grotto mountain near Banff, Alberta. Ten families of beetles (Coleoptera) were identified along with flies (Diptera) and ants (Hymenoptera). Analysis of the insect remains indicated a damp, dung-filled microenvironment within the cave as well as the open gravelly areas around the cave entrance. The assemblage was dated to approximately 2000 B.P. which is also reflected by the floral and faunal remains as they are similar to the ecology of the region today. A brief discussion of this method of environmental reconstruction will be presented as well as its potential application to archaeological investigations.}, author = {Allison Bain} } @Conference Paper {10051, title = {Archaeoentomological and Archaeoparasitological remains from the Hunt Site, Qu{\'e}bec City (1850-1900)}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The latter of half of the nineteenth century was a period of many changes in the daily lives of city dwellers. For North Americans, health inspectors and permanent boards of health were instituted, and connections to water and sewer systems became widely available for the first time. The domestic sanitary movement, promoting cleanliness of the home and person as a means to be spared epidemic diseases such as smallpox and cholera, was also on the rise. Water and sewer connections combined with the promotion of personal, domestic, and municipal sanitation and hygiene should have improved life in urban centres, though the image of the nineteenth century city provided by documents and artifacts is just the opposite. Preserved insect and parasite remains were studied to elucidate further details about the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the Hunt Site in Qu{\'e}bec City between 1850-1900. The results, based on the study of a latrine system amongst other structures will be presented in this discussion.}, author = {Allison Bain} } @Conference Paper {10054, title = {The Geochemical Fingerprint Of Major Lithic (Glass-Rich Dacite) Quarries}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {A major lithic mining site in the Cache Creek area, British Columbia, yielded rocks with a dull black appearance and distinctive working characteristics. This material has been referred to as glassy basalt in the literature but petrographic and geochemical analysis (46 major and trace elements) show it is dacite with a high glass content. Attempts to correlate this material with artefacts from a site in the southern Okanagan revealed a second dacite with a different geochemical fingerprint. At least one other dacite quarry site may exist. These preliminary results indicate that dacite was a common stone tool material in the BC interior perhaps acting as a substitute for rhyolitic obsidian which is less common in the area.}, author = {Baker, J. and L.M. Mallory-Greenough and J.D. Greenough} } @Conference Paper {10053, title = {Cultural Resource Management Archaeology in Maine: A View from the University of Maine at Farmington}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {Since 1984 the University of Maine Archaeology Research Center has completed nearly 30 Cultural Resource Management assessments in the state of Maine. These projects have been mandated by state and federal statutes and have been completed for both private and public concerns primarily in previously understudied interior settings of Maine. This work is not simply "rescue{\textquoteright} or "salvage" archaeology but is research-oriented. As a result of these investigations, data from more than 500 archaeological sites (prehistoric aboriginal, historic aboriginal, and Euroamerican) or at least one-fifth of all of the recorded sites in Maine has been recovered and is undergoing assessment. This data will permit us to clarify and expand existing models of aboriginal occupation and utilization of the interior of Maine as well as allow us to pose new ones. An example of the wealth of information recovered during Archaeology Research Center investigations is drawn from the Androscoggin River valley located in western Maine and will be discussed in this presentation.}, author = {Baker, Thomas R.} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {12173, title = {Lumi{\`e}res sous la ville: quand l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie raconte Montr{\'e}al}, volume = {43}, year = {2019}, pages = {098-099}, editor = {Nadia Charest} } @Conference Paper {10057, title = {A regional approach to the study of diet during the first Century of the Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company fur trade}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {The Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company Archives contain a wealth of information}, author = {Balcom, R.} } @Conference Paper {10056, title = {Historic Sites Excavation, Oldman River Dam}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Prior to inundation by the Oldman River Dam Reservoir, Environmental Management Associates (now Golder Associates) completed mitigative investigations at six sites representing a time span from 1885 to 1935. These sites were selected for excavation on the basis of historical data and visual observation. A summary of the results of the mitigation is followed by a critique of the methods employed at the assessment and mitigation stages.}, author = {BALCOM, Rebecca} } @Conference Paper {10055, title = {Using a Geographic Information System to Predict Archaeological Resource Sensitivity at the Development Planning Stage}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Environmental Management Associates is a diversified enviromnental consulting company. With the heightened awareness regarding the environment, our clients are frequendy requesting that considerable effort be expended at the project planning stage in determining the environmental and cultural resource sensitivity of various areas. A Geographic Information System is used to predict the potential for varions re-sources, thereby allowing the client to choose the least sensitive options for detailed assessment. This paper examines how GIS bas been used to establish the archaeological resource sensitivity using an example from a valley in the Canadian Rockies. Completing this project involved examining known sites for common characteristics. Subsequently, the study area was modelled in 3D to determine slope and aspect and water bodies were buffed at 100 and 200 metres. Certain landforms such as alluvial fans known to have sites associated with them were also given a high potential rating. The attributes were weighted and the scores were summed to determine overall site potential. Because this valley has generally high sensitivity for both environmental and cultural resources throughout, the proponent will be able to focus further states of the route selection process on areas where the overall sensitivity is most manageable.}, author = {Balcom, Rebecca J. and Rick F. Courtney} } @Conference Paper {10058, title = {THE PTERRIBLE PTARMIGAN AND OTHER PROBLEMS IN BIRD OSTEOLOGY}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {This paper presents preliminary results of comparative osteological studies of two very difficult groups of birds: smaller members of the order Passeriformes (perching birds) and the subfamily Tetraoninae (grouse and ptarmigan). Despite their small size, some passerine bones can often be distinguished on the basis of morphological characters. Using modern reference specimens, selected elements of species whose present distribution includes the Canadian prairies have been examined. The amounts of variation within and between taxa have been compared to determine the most reliable osteological characters. The most distinctive postcranial element is the humerus, with the carpometacarpus, ulna, proximal corocoid, proximal femur and quadrate also providing reliable characters for identifying passerine remains. On the other hand, the bones of most species of grouse and ptarmigan have proven virtually impossible to distinguish on the basis of morphological features. Osteometric studies conducted on modern reference specimens show a great deal of overlap in the total length of complete bones, although this measurement can in some cases reduce the number of possibilities and occasionally point to a single species. Thus in areas where more than one tetraonid species occurs, or may have occurred, identification of these bones should be made with extreme caution.}, author = {Balkwill, Darlene} } @inbook {11026, title = {Siglit Subsistence: Preliminary Report on Faunal Remains From a Large Midden at the Gupuk Site (NiTs-1), Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T.}, booktitle = {CAA Occasional Paper No. 2}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {95-116}, abstract = {A large quantity of well-preserved faunal material was excavated from a midden at the Mackenzie Delta site of Gupuk (NiTs-1), thought to have been the main village of the Siglit branch of the Mackenzie Inuit. The analysis of almost 38 000 non-cetacean bones and teeth recovered during the 1986 field season has revealed that Siglit subsistence was based on a wide variety of terrestrial, marine, riverine and lacustrine animals. Fish bones are very abundant, comprising over 67\% of the of the assemblage; the most abundant fish are burbot, inconnu and whitefish. The diversity of fish sizes indicates use of a number of fishing techniques, with netting probably the most important. Caribou, moose, seal, waterfowl, ptarmigan and grouse, and several small game species, especially muskrat, also played important roles in subsistence.}, author = {Darlene McCuaig Balkwill and Anne Meachem Rick}, editor = {Jean-Luc Pilon} } @Conference Paper {10059, title = {B.C. Plateau and the Northwestern Plains Similarities: Towards a Temporal Model for the Interior Plateau}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {The Interior Plateau region of British Columbia has long been considered a distinct {\textquoteright}archaeological area{\textquoteright}. Comparisons of artifact styles from the neighboring Northwestern Plains region suggest interesting developmental relationships. The application of a temporal model is advanced as a means to culture-historical interpretation.}, author = {BALL, Bruce and Martin Magne} } @article {9487, title = {Cost Effectiveness and Time Management Evaluation of Intensive Recovery Techniques}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {11}, year = {1987}, pages = {075-097}, abstract = {

An evaluation of intensive recovery techniques is provided under the scrutiny of time management. This paper first reviews the potential biases inherent in coarse sieving using mammal remains from the Great Basin as an example. The example illustrates quantitatively how the importance of smaller taxa in the assemblage increases as a function of decreasing sieve size. Next the results of a multiple mesh sieving experiment are presented using data recovered from the Ross Site, a multi-component camp site through 12.7, 6.35, 1.59 and 0.85 mm sieves and the frequencies of vertebrate faunal remains, gastropods, insect eggs, plant seeds, and cultural lithics were tabulated. Regression equations describing the percent loss and recovery for both lithics and bones are given. Discussion concerning the recognition rates for tub-water separation, wet sieving, wet froth flotation, and simple flotation are evaluated. This detailed review leads to the conclusian that the simple flotation apparatus of P.J. Watson (17.6 man hours/cubic metre) and the Cambridge froth flotation machine (27.2 man hours/cubic metre) are the most cost effective. This performance could be further enhanced through the use of chemicals. Sorting rates, as gleaned from the literature for a variety of deposits, are also presented. Bearing in mind the considerable variation in site contents we are able to generalize, for the purposes of time management in mitigation, that 100 to 150 man hours are required to sort one cubic metre of processed material.

}, author = {Bruce F. Ball and Peter T. Bobrowsky} } @Conference Paper {10061, title = {The Arrowstone Quarry Site: A Major Quarry In The BC Southern Interior}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {The Arrowstone Quarry Site is a large prehistoric site recently recorded in the Arrowstone Hills of south central British Columbia. The site is located in mountainous hills near the town of Cache Creek, northeast of Vancouver. This is an important find and represents interest on a number of different levels. Extending over several kilometres of hillside area, the site displays a variety of resource extraction activities and appears to have been utilized over significant periods of time. The Arrowstone Quarry Site is described and compared to other known quarry sites found throughout North America. Artifacts of similar raw material are known from many sites found throughout the interior regions of British Columbia. This is an important source that had been, for many years, well known, but ironically it remained somewhat of a mystery since its location and nature remained unknown.}, author = {Bruce F. Ball} } @Conference Paper {10060, title = {Some results from the study of small archaeological sites}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Results from two separate studies carried out on small sites are presented. The importance of small, limited activity sites in hunter-gatherer systems is well known from a number of recent ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological studies. However, it is these kinds of sites which continue to receive little attention in archaeological projects, both at the pure research and applied levels. To underline the potential and importance of these site types we present results from studies undertaken on two separate projects, one of which was strictly research oriented and the other a CRM contract project.}, author = {Ball, B. and B. Spurling} } @Conference Paper {10063, title = {A METHOD FOR ASSESSING PREHISTORIC SITE POTENTAL IN REGIONAL STUDIES}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {Archaeologists are increasingly involved in environmental planning studies required as a precondition of development. A major component of these studies is the identification of prehistoric archaeological site locations that may be affected by the proposed undertakings. The challenge to archaeologists is to identify, with limited field reconnaissance, location(s) that are most likely to have significant material remains. The method developed and described is intentionally generic, and may be applied in any regional study, although the specific data used would vary. A contextuel approach incorporating both ecological and cultural data is advocated for assessing archaeological potentiel. Relevant ecological and cultural features of the environment are mapped and overlaid to assess potential. The opportunities and limitations posed by the scales of ecological data are illustrated, and examples of the databases available for such studies in Ontario are described. The importance of specific cultural adaptation and land use hypotheses in relation to the ecological context is emphasized. Cultural data (ethnographic and archaeological) relating to patterns of land use and resource exploitation are incorporated. Using examples from studies undertaken in Ontario, an approach to classifying high potential areas in a regional context is presented.}, author = {Balmer, Ann L. and John H. Peters} } @Conference Paper {10062, title = {An Illustration of Prehistoric Site Potential Mapping in Regional Studies}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {This paper presents a case study to illustrate the practical application of a method for prehistoric site potential mapping in regional studies described by the authors in 1991. The study area is located in the Canadian Shield of north central Ontario. The method described emphasizes a contextual approach incorporating both ecological and cultural data for assessing archaeological potential. Cultural data (ethnographic, ethnohistorical, archaeological) are reviewed to derive general settlement and land-use models. Enviromnental attributes associated with the settlement and land-use patterns are selected and mapped at a scale of 1:50,000 using a GIS. Specific examples of the mapped attributes will be reviewed. The individual mapped attributes are then overlaid to identify the range of environmental situations. The resulting patterns are analyzed to provide a ranking of areas of archaeological potential.}, author = {Balmer, Ann and John Peters} } @Conference Paper {10066, title = {There{\textquoteright}s a Time and a Place: Ground Stone Tool Technology and Intersite Variability on the Northern Northwest Coast}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Despite their ubiquitous use in pre-contact Northwest Coast societies, ground stone tools are an underused source of information regarding technology, subsistence and social relations. The examination of ground stone tool assemblages from archaeological sites can help to inform us as to the organization of household procurement and production on the Northwest Coast. Furthermore, experimental research into the methods of manufacture of ground stone tools can aid in the recognition of stages of manufacture and debitage in archaeological contexts. This paper presents anlysis to date of the distribution of ground stone tool assemblages across eight sites in the Prince Rupert Harbour area. In order to better understand the distribution of resource procurement and production at different sites, ground stone tool assemblage from village sites and camp sites are analysed. Homogeneity and heterogeneity among toolkits are discussed in the context of site function. In addition, experimental results of ground slate tool production are discussed in relation to archaeological data.}, author = {Banahan, Joan} } @Conference Paper {10065, title = {Shell Remains and Prehistoric Shellfishing in Prince Rupert Harbour, Northern British Columbia.}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {Although vertebrate remains such as those of salmon, sea otter, deer and sea birds are relatively abundant in midden sites in Prince Rupert Harbour, invertebrate remains are by far the dominant fauna at sites in this area, and shell remains are often the primary component of midden deposits. However, invertebrate remains at sites around Prince Rupert have received little attention, and prehistoric shellfishing as an important and organised economic activity in the harbour area has not been considered. Emphasising in this paper the capacity of shell remains to inform us about settlement, subsistence, and household organisation on the Northwest Coast, I discuss ethnographic and ethnohistoric information on aboriginal shellfishing practices in Prince Rupert Harbour and in other areas on the Coast, and I present and discuss new (preliminary) data on size, abundance and variability of shell remains from column samples at four prehistoric middens in Prince Rupert Harbour.}, author = {Banahan, Joan} } @Conference Paper {10064, title = {Small Site Archaeology on the Northern Northwest Coast: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement and Resource Procurement in Prince Rupert Harbour}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {For the most part, archaeological research on the Northwest Coast has concentrated on the excavation and interpretation of large village sites. While the focus on villages has yielded significant insights into resource distribution, we know very little about the locations where resources were obtained. Although it is likely that some resource procurement took place at villages, the abundance of small, non-village midden sites in Prince Rupert Harbour suggests that foods and raw materials were also obtained from resource procurement sites in the surrounding microenvironments. However, we have a very limited understanding of the structure, variation and distribution of procurement sites in Prince Rupert Harbour, and of their role in settlement, subsistence and social organisation. This paper presents preliminary results from archaeological investigations at three small midden sites in Prince Rupert, with an emphasis on site function and season of use. Initial results suggest some specialization of resource use and possibly year-round occupation of the harbour area.}, author = {Banahan, Joan} } @Conference Paper {10068, title = {PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THERMALLY TREATED CHERTS FROM SOUTHERN ONTARIO}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {This paper presents the preliminary results of macroscopic analysis of various cryptocrystalline raw materials from southern Ontario. Individual chert samples, gathered from known chert outcrops as summarized by Eley and Von Bitter (1989), were experimentally burned in hearths for controlled periods of time. Samples were then compared to corresponding control groups for form, colour, transparency, luster, change in hardness, and cleavage. Preliminary results suggest there is sufficient variability in macroscopic characteristics after burning to caution against subjective field indentifications.}, author = {Bandow, James B. and Heide Bohaker and Frank Albanese} } @Conference Paper {10067, title = {Reflections On Water: Streamlining Predictive Modeling in Ontario}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {With the introduction of heritage legislation in Ontario over the last three decades, the growth of Cultural Resource Management, and the resulting trend towards implementation of regional archaeological master plans, several predictive models have been produced for use in archaeological planning. Yet, there is a reluctance on the part of Ontario archaeologists to incorporate these methodologies into a standard cohesive long term strategy. Rather, archaeologists continue to rely on simple {\textquoteright}distance to water{\textquoteright} criterion when determining high, medium, and low archaeological site potential. Why? The reason may lie both in the orthodox nature of government bureaucracy and in the inadequacy of deploying difficult to use models that continue to be untested, without validation, or any other form of nullification. As such, some regional master plans become obsolete: the implementation schedule does not meet the needs of the client. Is this a question of theory or scale? This paper will review and address the utility of predictive modelling in Ontario. An alternative approach is suggested combining several attributes of deductive spatial models employed elsewhere with technological solutions to the problem of low resolution of inductive approaches. These new methodologies would incorporate known aspects of culture history alongside environmental variables and contemporary social realities.}, author = {Bandow, James B. and Jacqueline Fisher} } @Conference Paper {10069, title = {Un paysage n{\'e}olithique dynamique au Wadi Ziqlab, en Nord-Jordanie}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {E.B. Banning} } @Conference Paper {10070, title = {The Morley Maya Model and its Enduring Influence}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {In the interest of current critical approaches within culture studies, I will examine the writings of Sylvanus Griswold Morley, an American archaeologist who for forty years dominated Maya archaeology through activities associated with the Carnegie Institute of Washington and through the publication of his monumental synthesis on Maya Civilization: The Ancient Maya. This paper will investigate Morleys contribution through identification of the models on which he constructed a particular view of the ancient Maya, the social, political, economic, and academic circumstances out of which such models arose, and the personal agendas which they were used to fulfill. In assessing this model, I will cite both areas in which it achieved lasting success, and sorne of the avenues of inquiry which it marginalized. Looking at Morleys model from a contemporary perspective, I will explore some of the ways in which it continues to influence archaeological interpretation, and thereby to suggest more responsible post-structural and post-colonial alternatives.}, author = {Bardsley, Sandra} } @Conference Paper {10071, title = {Dorset Inner Bay Settlement And Subsistence as Seen Through Rattling Brook 1 (DgAt-1).}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {Dorset Palaeo-Eskimo warm season sites are poorly understood. This paper focuses on the investigation of a Dorset summer season site, known as Rattling Brook 1, located in the inner region of Notre Dame Bay, NL. Recent excavations of both a structure and the surrounding features of the site, situated at the mouth of Rattling Brook, will be used to examine the settlement and subsistence patterns of the Dorset Palaeo-Eskimo in eastern NL. Specifically, this paper will investigate their use of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as a resource. The paper will also identify the purpose and timeframe of Dorset occupation at Rattling Brook and the reasons for considering this a warm season site. To date, Dorset research in Newfoundland has not been able to identify the full seasonal round of the Dorset. Therefore, the research undertaken at Rattling Brook is capable of expanding our understanding of not only the Dorset, but also seasonal movements.}, author = {Barnable, K. Stuart} } @Conference Paper {10072, title = {Potential for Deeply Buried Archaeological Sites in Ontario based on the Glacial History.}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {During the last deglaciation of Ontario, events occurred that resulted in transgression of lake levels and the possible deposition of lake sediments over pre-existing landscapes. These transgressions were the result of glacier re-advances, changes in the routing of glacier meltwater and isostatic rebound. Glacier re-advance could result in the direct burial of archaeology sites by till or blocking meltwater drainage passageways resulting in flooding of surfaces in front of the glacier that were previously exposed. The Arkona-Whittlesey, Kirkfield-Main Algonquin and the Nipissing Great Lakes transgressions are examples of these types of transgressions. Glacier re-advance to the Marks and Dog Lake moraines (Marquette advance) is an example where there is a possibility that a habitable pre-existing landscape was overridden and covered with till and areas immediately in front of the ice were rapidly flooded by ponding meltwater. The value of using a hillshaded digital elevation model (DEM) to find potential areas to explore for buried archaeology sites is examined.}, author = {Peter J. Barnett} } @Conference Paper {10073, title = {COLONIZATION FROM WITHIN: THE {\textquoteright}PERIPHERALIZATION{\textquoteright} OF VIKING AGE ORKNEY}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {In the 11th century the autonomous Viking Age {\textquoteright}chiefdom{\textquoteright} of Orkney was transformed into a periphery of medieval Christian Europe. This paper integrates archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence to investigate the cultural processes that caused this transformation. It contrasts the role of external economic pressures and internal dialectical forces. I suggest that the efforts of a single lineage to consolidate secular and symbolic power may have been the catalyst of socioeconomic change. Earls such as Thorfinnr Sigurdarson sought to marginalize their competitors through recourse to pragmatic and symbolic support from the royal and ecclesiastical elite of neighbouring states. While their strategy was successful in the short term, it probably had an irreversible impact on the character of Orcadian society. This study provides a glimpse of wider processes underlying the transformation from {\textquoteright}Dark Age{\textquoteright} to medieval Europe. Moreover, it provides a model of {\textquoteright}colonization{\textquoteright} without population movement which may prove relevant to episodes of culture-contact elsewhere in the North Atlantic region.}, author = {James H. Barrett} } @Conference Paper {10075, title = {FARMERS AND FISHERMEN IN NORSE ORKNEY: WILD FOOD RESOURCES IN AN AGRICULTURAL ISLAND ECONOMY}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {The remains of fishes and other wild foods from Earl{\textquoteright}s Bu, a high status Norse site in Orkney, Scotland, are compared to the evidence for agricultural food resources. Wild foods were probably a significant dietary supplement at Earl{\textquoteright}s Bu. Similar data have been reported from other Norse sites in the region. These raise questions regarding the usefulness of economic categories such as forager and farmer.}, author = {Barrett, James} } @Conference Paper {10074, title = {BONE WEIGHT DATA AND THE INTERPRETATION OF INTRA-SITE AND INTER-SITE ECONOMIC PATTERNING: THEORY AND PRACTICE}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {This paper has two aims. Firstly, it reviews zooarchaeological implications of the allometric relationship between dry bone weight and total weight in mammals, birds and fish. Secondly, it illustrates how weight data from bone (and other cultural inclusions) can serve as valuable indicators of intra-site and inter-site behavioural patterning. Univariate and multivariate techniques of statistical analysis are applied to data from Viking Age and medieval settlement sites in northern Scotland.}, author = {James H. Barrett and Trevor J. RINGROSE} } @Conference Paper {10077, title = {Ossements et contextes : le pal{\'e}o-ADN et l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude des maladies dans le pass{\'e}}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Jodi Lynn Barta} } @Conference Paper {10076, title = {Addressing Issues of Cultural Continuity on the Central Northwest Coast using Ancient Dogs and DNA}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {The distribution patterns of modern Aboriginal language families, combined with variations in the archaeological record, suggest a complex pattern of human migration and interaction along the Northwest Coast of North America before European contact. The spiritual connection between modern Aboriginal populations and their ancestors makes large-scale genetic analysis of ancient human remains inappropriate, but dogs may be useful as proxies of human population continuity over time because they are products of and participants in human cultures. This paper will present the results obtained from the extraction, amplification, and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Northwest Coast dogs. These data are used to try to elucidate patterns of genetic continuity/change over the course of 6000 years on the central Northwest Coast.}, author = {Jodi Lynn Barta} } @article {11400, title = {Dog Days on the Plains: A Preliminary aDNA Analysis of Canid Bones from Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {41}, year = {2017}, pages = {46-62}, abstract = {

Dogs were an important component of lifeways on the Northern Plains until the reintroduction of the horse following European contact. There has been little investigation into the variability of domestic canids on the Prairies and the potential of that variability as a proxy for identifying relationships between culture-historic entities. Distinguishing between sympatric canids using morphological characteristics can be challenging with degraded specimens that have high intra-specific variability, and where wolf-dog hybridization can result in transitional morphologies. Here, we present preliminary ancient DNA data on archaeological canids recovered from FM Ranch (EfPk-1) and Cluny (EePf-1) in Alberta, as well as from Lake Midden (EfNg-1) in Saskatchewan. Using the mitochondrial control region, we taxonomically reclassify zooarchaeological remains, find potential evidence of European dogs in a protocontact component, and identify preliminary indications of a distinct dog population at the Cluny site that may be of interest for determining the origin of the One Gun phase.

}, author = {Bj{\o}rn Peare Bartholdy and Tyler James Murchie and Krystyna Hacking and Christine Verwoerd} } @Conference Paper {10078, title = {Cultural Resources Management for U.S. Water Pollution Control Facilities in New York State, 1976-98}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {The presentation will begin with a description of the evolution of cultural resources management techniques and practices in the New York State Construction Grants Program. Management of these resources is achieved by integrating federal environmental and historic preservation reviews into one effective process for the identification, evaluation and protection of historic properties. Successful and problematic case studies will be presented. These will include: the use of remote sensing in identifying an urban historic archaeological district; integration of data on factory complexes into exhibits at the treatment plant and in the local school; protective measures for a 200 acre prehistoric and settlers{\textquoteright} site; unique problems posed by accidental discovery on two separate construction sites of cemeteries (one Native American, the other Colonial).}, author = {Basa, Louise A.} } @Conference Paper {10079, title = {THE PICTS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS IN CAITHNESS AND SUTHERLAND}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {The period of time under consideration in this paper falls between the 7th century and the 12/13th centuries AD, and encompasses the geographical area at the northern-most point of Mainland Britain. The evidence available for study for the Pictish and succeeding Viking and Late Norse populations in Caithness, and less commonly, in Sutherland, falls into several categories. Specific place-name types can be identified; they are few in the pre-Viking period but widespread and dense in distribution following the Scandinavian arrival. Several isolated finds of artefacts have been recorded in the past, and there are a limited number of new finds to be considered. The settlement evidence, although somewhat fugitive for the Pictish era, can be perhaps more easily recognised in the later Viking or Late Norse period, and certainly recent excavation has concentrated on this aspect. Evidence from burials will also be presented, and the distinctive Pictish graves will be considered in addition to the rich, accompanied Viking graves. Remaining lacunae in our knowledge will be highlighted and a way forward suggested.}, author = {BATEY, Colleen} } @Conference Paper {10082, title = {Canine Health and Human Analogy: Dogs as Surrogate Indicators of Human Health Status}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Dog remains are familiar components of zooarchaeological assemblages. Traditionally, they are quantified and recorded in similar ways to other forms of faunal evidence. Yet most faunal remains are vestiges of past meals, and equate to little more than a sorted roster of menu items. Dogs, however, represent a unique form of cultural evidence that may more fully inform both archaeologists and physical anthropologists alike. Considering that dogs were bred, fed, cared for, trained by and spent their lifetime in the company of humans, their contribution to the archaeological record is more cultural than strictly biological. I propose that dogs have, therefore, been underutilised as alternative lines of supporting evidence in relation to such disparate issues as health in past human communities. This paper will contrast and compare the results of the paleopathological analysis of domestic canid remains from two distinct regions of Canada: the Northwest Coast and south-central Ontario. Results suggest that dog remains share skeletal stresses similar to those found in contemporaneous human populations. Furthermore, such evidence may illustrate other forms of stress not easily recognized on human skeletal remains. It is therefore suggested that dogs be considered as independent indicators of health status in past human communities.}, author = {Bathurst, Rhonda} } @Conference Paper {10081, title = {Vers une d{\'e}finition des normes de l{\textquoteright}analyse des arch{\'e}oparasites}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Rhonda R. Bathurst} } @Conference Paper {10080, title = {Beyond Disease: The Archaeological Significance of Parasites}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {Microscopic evidence of intestinal parasites have been recovered from 11 of 15 shell midden sites examined in the Namu region of the Central Coast. Eggs representing 4 genera and dating over 6000 years old were identified from midden sediment that had been excavated in auger samples. The paper will demonstrate that parasites are a valuable line of archaeological evidence, with broad interpretive value. Aside from health, the genera recovered are indicators of environmental conditions, site ecology, and food choice/preparation. Difference in the density and variety of parasites between sites is considered evidence of human population density, site use and seasonality.}, author = {Bathurst, Rhonda} } @Conference Paper {10083, title = {Investigating health and mortality in the Hamilton Cemetery: The impact of progressive inclusion}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {The issue of burial representativeness is central to any attempt to reconstruct patterns of life and death in the past. Building on the work of Cannon (1995), we examine the impact of progressive inclusion on efforts to study the impact of industrialization and urbanization through the demographic distribution of mortality. To address this issue, we used a sample of 400 gravestones yielding a total of 881 individuals in the Hamilton Cemetery in Hamilton, Ontario. The data were sorted according to birth cohorts and analyzed by age and sex.}, author = {Heather Battles and Sarah Buchanen-Berrigan and Stacey Hallman and Martyna Janjua} } @Conference Paper {10084, title = {Folsom Mobility and Subsistence Strategies on the Southern Plains: A View from Lake Theo}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Folsom groups have been characterized as having residential and logistical mobility incorporating extremely large foraging territories. The Lake Theo site, located on the Southern Plains, provides a unique perspective to examine aspects of mobility and subsistence practices. Lake Theo is a bison kill and processing site located at the edge of a creek and situated within 1km of a high-quality chert source. Extensive utilization of the bison is indicated by cut marks, helical fractures, and long bone segments. This evidence points to secondary butchering after meat retrieval, and specifically marrow processing. Folsom groups focused on hunting bison, and therefore, subsistence strategies were based on bison migration routes and availability of other critical resources (toolstone and water). Representing a fall kill, Lake Theo was a favorable site due to its proximity to a lithic resource, water, and location along a bison fall migration route. Risk management, then, is considered the operative factor in the organization of Folsom technology and subsistence procurement.}, author = {BAXEVANIS, Susan and Briggs BUCHANAN and Eileen JOHNSON} } @Conference Paper {10086, title = {Shamanka II : un nouveau cimeti{\'e}re n{\'e}olithique sur le lac Ba{\"\i}kal}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Vladimir Bazaliiski and Andrzej WEBER} } @Conference Paper {10085, title = {Lokomotiv, Usta Ida and Shamanka Cemeteries: Mortuary Ritual and Culture Historical Context}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Lokomotiv and Ust{\textquoteright}-Ida, two Middle Holocene cemeteries from the Angara valley, dated to the Kitoi and Servo-Glazkovo cultures, respectively, have already seen much research. Human osteological and stable isotope data from these sites have helped to formulate the initial models of Cis-Baikal hunter-gatherer adaptations. These two collections will also play a pivotal role in this multidisciplinary project with regard to the examination of the mortuary ritual and social organization in addition to subsistence, diet and health. Shamanka, on Lake Baikal, is a recently discovered cemetery with both Kitoi and Glazkovo graves. Since it shows excellent potential, both with regard to preservation and number of graves, it is being considered as subject of the projects next excavation campaign. The paper will review the major archaeological characteristics of all three cemeteries.}, author = {Bazaliiski, Vladamir} } @Conference Paper {10088, title = {Bringing Archaeology to the Public: A Kingston Viewpoint}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {Kingston{\textquoteright}s past is rich in historical detail, whether it be architectural, political or archaeological. The staff of the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation has drawn upon the archaeological collections from a variety of excavations, and Kingston{\textquoteright}s museum community to develop public access to the history and archaeology of the area. In addition to school workshops, the Foundation provides a well established summer archaeology program, and utilizes a variety of methods to bring archaeology to the public. These efforts have exposed both the process of archaeology, and an insight into the past, to the public.}, author = {Bazely, Susan M.} } @Conference Paper {10087, title = {An Historical and Archaeological View of the Molly Brant Property}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {During the summer of 1988 the field investigation component of the {\textquoteright}Kingston Archaeological Master Plan Study{\textquoteright} was carried out. A survey along the upper portion of the Great Cataraqui River shoreline, just south of Belle Island, revealed evidence of the final abode of the Mohawk Matriarch, Molly Brant. A review of this initial assessment under the terms of the Kingston Archaeological Master Plan Study will be presented.}, author = {Bazely, Susan M. and Earl Moorhead} } @Conference Paper {10089, title = {GIS at Khuzir Nuge XIV: The Use of GIS in Mortuary Archeology}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {In October of 1998 the Baikal Archeological Project decided that the Khuzir-Nuge XIV site located on the west side of Lake Baikal in Siberia would benefit by being organized into a Geographic Information System (GIS). The purpose of this project was to bring together large amounts of tabular, spatial, pictorial and text data collected by a number of field workers in a format that was easily accessible for analysis and presentation. For Khuzir-Nuge XIV, ArcView was used because of its capabilities to link different data sets from the project. The application also represented the data visually, quickly and easily. Using the GIS will allow project researchers to undertake faster and more accurate analysis of features within the site. It will also provide an immediate visual aide, which would not be possible without the data organization provided by this approach.}, author = {Beames, Katherine} } @Conference Paper {10090, title = {New Initiative in Federal Shipwreck Legislation}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {After several years of lobbying efforts by underwater archaeological groups throughout Canada, the Department of Communications has recently embarked upon a review of Federal Shipwreck Legislation. In particular, Part X of the Canada Shipping Act may be significantly revised. The new underwater archaeological legislation should be heritage based, providing an enforcement mechanism to protect and possibly enhance Canada{\textquoteright}s rich but fragile maritime heritage lying under water. British, American and Australian shipwreck legislation will provide models for this new federal initiative. Such heritage based legislation should protect for future generations our cultural resources lying underwater while enhancing our ability to learn about our past, and providing new recreational opportunities. This initiative is an exciting development for the diving, heritage and archaeological communities.}, author = {Beasley, Thomas B} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9396, title = {Found! Human Remains {\textendash} A Field Manual for the Recovery of the Recent Human Skeleton}, volume = {9}, year = {1985}, pages = {191-192}, editor = {Owen Beattie} } @Conference Paper {10091, title = {Patterns of cranial deformation on the prehistoric south coast of British Columbia}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {An analysis of 115 human skeletons from prehistoric sites located in the Gulf of Georgia region of British Columbia suggests the introduction of cranial deformation at around 2000 B.C. After this date., the patterns and extent of deformation change from a probable non-intentional form resulting from cradle board use to forms that are intentionally produced and possibly cosmetic in nature, By very recent prehistoric periods, cranial deformation is seen to be a universal feature among the inhabitants of Georgia Strait.}, author = {Beattie, O.} } @article {9488, title = {The Kw{\"a}day D{\"a}n Ts{\textquoteright}{\'\i}nchi Discovery from a Glacier in British Columbia}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {24}, year = {2000}, pages = {129-147}, abstract = {

Glaciers and icefields in Northern North America have been exhibiting progressive retreat over the past several decades. One by-product of this phenomenon is the exposing of evidence for past human use of high altitude areas hidden by ice cover until recent years. The discovery in August, 1999, of well preserved remains of a young man, who perished over 550 years ago on an icefield in Northwestern British Columbia, is presented in this paper, along with initial descriptions and discussions of dating, the artifacts, human biology, and the procedures for stabilization and preservation. The paper also provides an outline of the variety of integrated research studies now underway relating to the goal of understanding who this person was, and the events immediately preceding and following his death.

}, author = {Owen Beattie and Brian Apland and Erik W. Blake and James A. Cosgrove and Sarah Gaunt and Sheila Greer and Alexander P. Mackie and Kjerstin E. Mackie and Dan Straathof and Valerie Thorp and Peter M. Troffe} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9287, title = {The Native Peoples of Canada: An Annotated Bibliography of Population Biology, Health and Illness}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, pages = {264-266}, editor = {Owen Beattie} } @Conference Paper {10092, title = {La recherche arch{\'e}ologique : outil de gestion ou moyen de destruction?}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {La pratique de la fouille arch{\'e}ologique sans la justification d{\textquoteright}une menace imminente - et fort s{\'e}rieuse - est souvent consid{\'e}r{\'e}e comme {\'e}tant une activit{\'e} destructrice. Cependant, la fouille alli{\'e}e aux autres outils de gestion des ressources culturelles constitue peut-{\^e}tre le moyen privil{\'e}gi{\'e} pour assurer la meilleure conservation possible de documents irrempla{\c c}ables et le plus souvent sans d{\'e}fense. Cette communication est l{\textquoteright}occasion de s{\textquoteright}interroger sur la validit{\'e} d{\textquoteright}une approche trop souvent r{\'e}active tant en ce qui a trait {\`a} la conservation des ressources qu{\textquoteright}{\`a} la connaissance du pass{\'e}.}, author = {Beaudet, Pierre and Monique {\'e}lie} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9015, title = {Archaeomalacology: Molluscs in Former Environments of Human Behaviour}, volume = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {103-107}, editor = {Alwynne B. Beaudoin} } @Conference Paper {10100, title = {How can we find evidence of people in postglacial palaeoenvironmental records from Alberta?}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {There are well over 100 palaeoenvironmental records from Alberta, spanning the range of the postglacial. Yet, of all the factors that are used to account for vegetation changes in these records, human agency is rarely invoked. Underlying much of the analysis is an implicit assumption that the contemporary landscape is {\textquoteright}natural{\textquoteright} and the product of natural processes. Consciously or not, people are considered to be outside these natural processes. Human agency is only used as an explanation for vegetation changes in the Late Holocene, following EuroCanadian settlement. Perhaps this mirrors another implicit assumption, that only settlement and agriculture, with concomitant land clearance, can leave a signal in the vegetation record. Records will need to be sampled at much higher resolution than hitherto to detect the more subtle changes in vegetation likely to arise from the activity of hunter-gatherers. Fire history appears one of the most promising lines of investigation. Indeed there is considerable urgency in disentangling anthropogenic and climatic signals in the fire records from the perspective of land-managers concerned with reinstating {\textquoteright}natural{\textquoteright} fire regimes in areas such as National Parks. There has also been remarkably little palaeoethnobotanical research in Alberta, although work at Saskatoon Mountain shows that there is great potential in favourable preservation locales. Perhaps this arises from palaeoethnobotanists{\textquoteright} concentration on cultigens, which are unlikely to be present in Alberta. The challenge for both these disciplines will be to devise criteria for the recognition of plant use and vegetation modification by people where exotics are not present as an indicator of human presence.}, author = {BEAUDOIN, Alwynne} } @article {9489, title = {Attributing Cultural Affiliation to Sod Structures in Labrador: A Labrador M{\'e}tis Example from North River}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, pages = {148-173}, abstract = {

The Labrador landscape is littered with the remnants of sod structures that cannot be readily associated with a specific ethnic group because of the rapid adoption of this type of dwelling by Labrador Inuit, Europeans, and culturally-mixed families. Sod structures occupied by culturally-mixed families of Labrador Inuit and Europeans, which are today known as Labrador M{\'e}tis, have not been studied in detail. This paper outlines the excavation and analysis of one such structure: site FkBg\–24, a nineteenth-century Labrador M{\'e}tis sod structure. The results were compared with contemporaneous Labrador Inuit and European sites in order to assess distinguishing features of Labrador M{\'e}tis families and to formulate an initial archaeological definition that can be used to identify Labrador M{\'e}tis sod structures.

}, author = {Matthew A. Beaudoin and Richard L. Josephs and Lisa K. Rankin} } @Conference Paper {10095, title = {Of Mud and Men: History of the Fletcher Site (DjOw-1), Southern Alberta}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Situated in the most arid region of the Canadian prairies, water has always played an important role at the Fletcher Site (DjOw-1). Water, the digging of a dugout, was involved in the site{\textquoteright}s recognition, and water, in the form of a lake and its associated resources, probably attracted Paleoindians to the locale around 9000 years ago. Indeed, waterlogged conditions at depth have preserved a fine record of plant and other macroremains from the early Holocene. The record supports a view of early Holocene water availability on the plains that forms a strong contrast with today. Since Forbis and his team worked there almost forty years ago, Fletcher has remained one of the most important Paleoindian sites in western Canada and it continues to contribute to our understanding of human occupation on the prairies.}, author = {BEAUDOIN, Alwynne} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9392, title = {Across a Great Divide: Continuity and Change in Native North American Societies, 1400{\textendash}1900}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, pages = {265-268}, editor = {Matthew A. Beaudoin} } @Conference Paper {10099, title = {Macroremains from the Fletcher Site (DjOw-1), Southern Alberta, and Implications for Early Postglacial Landscapes on the Canadian Plains}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Fine fraction analysis of matrix samples from Cody-complex levels of the Fletcher site (DjOw-1) has yielded abundant macroremains including seeds, plant fragments, mollusc shells, bird{\textquoteright}s egg-shell, insects, ostracodes, and faunal remains, dated around 9,300 yr. BP. Identified seeds include those from aquatic (Potamogeton, Zannichellia palustris) and wetland (Scirpus) taxa that suggest the presence of permanent, if somewhat brackish, water. At present, the area has few sources of permanent water on upland surfaces, especially in mid-summer. Other identified macroremains include Scirpus validus/autus, Ranunculus sceleratus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Hippuris vulgaris, Boraginaceae, Chenopodium spp., Graminae, Polygonum, Cyperaceae undiff., Typha latifolia seeds, and Rumex periaths. Molluscs include the aquatic taxa: Gyrsaulus spp., Promenetus exacuous, Armiger crista, Lymnaeidae, Physa, Pisidium, and Helisoma. The assemblage also includes a few specimens from land snails (Vallonia, Succinea, and Vertigo). Above the Cody-complex levels, there is a transition to clastic (windblown?) sediment which is essentially sterile. This sediment infilled the wetland hollow. The Fletcher site record is one of a series of new palaeoenvironmental records that also includes the Jenner and Weber Dugouts (constructed for cattle watering) in Southeastern Alberta. These sites have yielded wood, including aspen, dated between 10,150 and 9,800 yr. BP. Together, these three records are providing a more complete picture of early postglacial landscapes (ca. 11,000-9,000 yr. BP) in southern Alberta and indicate considerable differences from present landscapes. In particular, they suggest that early postglacial landscapes were well-watered, despite indications of climatic aridity from elsewhere. Water may have been derived from melting residual ice and permafrost contributions to groundwater. The Fletcher site shows that there may have been more (fresher) water sources on the Canadian Plains in the early postglacial than at any time since. Perennial water and productive wetlands may have been attractive for human occupants, especially in summer. This suggests that Paleoindian occupation patterns and land-use on the Canadian Plains may be quite different to those of later occupants.}, author = {BEAUDOIN, Alwynne} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {12549, title = {Challenging Colonial Narratives: Nineteenth-Century Great Lakes Archaeology}, volume = {43}, year = {2019}, pages = {259-261}, editor = {Jeff Seibert} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9018, title = {Flag Fen: Prehistoric Fenland Centre}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {149-150}, editor = {Alwynne B. Beaudoin} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9057, title = {The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {592-594}, editor = {Matthew A. Beaudoin} } @Conference Paper {10094, title = {Mapping the Past: A Database of Pollen Records for the Northern Plains}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {One component of SCAPE highlights Holocene landscapes and vegetation from the northern plains. Pollen records yield information about past vegetation and, by inference, climate and resources. As of January 8 2001, 149 palaeoenvironmental records have been identified from the SCAPE study area. Of these records, 102 deal with pollen; others focus on diatoms, ostracodes, geochemistry, pigments, or plant macroremains. Comparison of the pollen records has to take into account species-dependent response to environmental changes, variable plant migration rates, and local factors (e.g., substrate type) affecting plant distributions. Variable chronologic control is also an important consideration in extracting time-stratified patterns from these data. However, this database will be useful for generating regional pictures of landscape change, and recontructing vegetation at the five Holocene time-slices that are the principal focus of SCAPE.}, author = {Alwynne B. Beaudoin} } @Conference Paper {10098, title = {The Landscape Context for Early Postglacial Paleoindian Occupation on the Northern Plains}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Recently, palaeoenvironmental records, including new plant macrofossil evidence, from the Northern Plains (Alberta and Saskatchewan) have yielded information on the early postglacial landscapes (ca. 11,000-9,000 yr. BP) occupied by Paleoindians. Although coverage is patchy, the records suggest general patterns of vegetation and landscape development that provide the basis for a testable model. Specifically: 1) a recently-completed plant macrofossil record from the Andrews site, southern Saskatchewan, contains white spruce cones and needles at a level radiocarbon-dated from sprucewood to 10,200 yr. BP, 2) in Southeastern Alberta, the Jenner and Webb sites have yielded wood, including aspen, dated between 10,150 and 9,800 yr. BP, 3) in south central Alberta, the Fletcher site (DjOw-1), has produced seeds from wetland and aquatic plants dated around 9,300 yr. BP. Already-published pollen records from northern Montana show predominantly open, probably arid, landscapes between 12,000-10,000 yr. BP. Based on these observations, we propose the following scenario for a transect moving away from the Laurentide ice margin, extending from southern Saskatchewan, through southern Alberta to northern Montana, around 11,000-9,000 yr. BP: a) abundant residual ice and proglacial lakes, b) a belt of open spruce forest in newly deglaciated terrain beyond the ice margin, c) hummocky terrain with abundant kettles and melting ice,supporting perennial wetlands, surrounded by aspen, d) perennial wetlands probably surrounded by open grasslands, perhaps with some aspen in particularly sheltered or moist locations, e) grassland changing to open parkland terrain in the foothills. This transect roughly follows a trend of moisture-availability. Around 10,000-9,000 yr. BP, several records show a transition to clastic (windblown?) sediment that infilled wetland hollows. By this time, any residual buried ice and permafrost had melted. Further drying and sediment redistribution occurred during the Hypsithermal. Subsequent moisture increases, associated with cooler Late Holocene conditions were insufficient to produce permanent water bodies in these locales. This model suggests that there may have been more water sources on the Plains in the early Holocene than at any time since. Despite indications of climatic aridity, the Plains landscapes were probably well watered. Perennial water may have made these productive areas and attractive for human occupants, especially in summer. This model has implications for Paleoindian lifeways and occupation patterns in the Northern Plains.}, author = {BEAUDOIN, Alwynne and Catherine YANSA and Robert E. VANCE} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9017, title = {The Fisher Site: Archaeological, Geological and Paleobotanical Studies at an Early Paleo-Indian Site in Southern Ontario, Canada}, volume = {26}, year = {2002}, pages = {066-072}, editor = {Alwynne B. Beaudoin} } @Conference Paper {10093, title = {Formule statistique multidimensionnelle pour d{\'e}finir les ensembles de v{\'e}g{\'e}tation dans la zone {\`a} l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude du pr}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {BEAUDOIN, Alwynne and Timothy Panas} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9099, title = {The Palynology of Archaeological Sites}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {227-230}, editor = {Alwynne B. Beaudoin} } @Conference Paper {10097, title = {Sod House Structure Architecture of the 19th Century Labrador M{\'e}tis}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {The use of sods in house structure construction was common throughout the Labrador coast since the Labrador Inuit first entered the region. Since sod house structures are well suited for this environment, they were quickly adapted and used by a wide variety of different cultures and groups throughout Labrador. The use of sod structures by Inuit, seasonal fishers and permanent European settlers has littered the coast with sod house remains. This paper will discuss how the architecture of a recently excavated 19th century Labrador M{\'e}tis sod house structure compares and contrasts to those of the other cultural groups in the region. Differences in the architectural features, house layout and methods of construction are apparent, and outlining these differences is the preliminary step in creating an archaeological definition of the Labrador M{\'e}tis that could be used to help determine cultural affiliation of sod house structures on the Labrador Coast.}, author = {Matthew Beaudoin} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9016, title = {American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Beringia}, volume = {27}, year = {2003}, pages = {314-317}, editor = {Alwynne B. Beaudoin} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9319, title = {The Archaeology of Consumer Culture}, volume = {36}, year = {2012}, pages = {188-189}, editor = {Matthew A. Beaudoin} } @article {9490, title = {A Compendium and Evaluation of Postglacial Pollen Records in Alberta}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {17}, year = {1993}, pages = {092-112}, author = {Alwynne B. Beaudoin} } @Conference Paper {10096, title = {Dissecting a signal for the Little Ice Age from environmental and historical data from central Saskatchewan.}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {We are currently investigating whether the Little Ice Age (LIA) had a significant impact on landscapes of central Saskatchewan. Cooler temperatures and higher precipitation may have affected the composition and extent of vegetation types and the frequency and intensity of landscape-level processes, such as fire. By extension, changes in the characteristics of the landscape may have influenced the subsistence strategies of people living in these regions. Climate signals are available from proxy palaeoenvironmental indicators, phenological indicators, and documentary sources, especially Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company journals, for the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, the interval that encompasses the height of the Little Ice Age. Most palaeoenvironmental records rarely yield data on the temporal scale (at least sub-decadal) relevant to human activities. In contrast, documentary sources yield a plethora of observational information related to climate, such as timing of break-up and freeze-up on major waterways. With judicious interpretation, these data can be compared to modern data for the same events. The comparison and integration of data from such different sources highlights interesting perceptual and interpretational issues.}, author = {Beaudoin, A. B. and D. Meyer and J. D. Gillespie and D. Russell} } @Conference Paper {10101, title = {Pedological research and its application to Boreal Forest archaeology Pedological research has much to offer in the evaluation of toil disturbances in}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, author = {Beaudry, M.} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9309, title = {The Archaeology of Measurement: Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies}, volume = {36}, year = {2012}, pages = {190-193}, editor = {Kiara Beaulieu} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9368, title = {Archaeology in the Making: Conversations through a Discipline}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {329-332}, editor = {Kiara Beaulieu} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9382, title = {An Archaeology of Asian Transnationalism}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {595-597}, editor = {Kiara Beaulieu} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9444, title = {The Archaeology of Colonialism: Intimate Encounters and Sexual Effects}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, pages = {168-171}, editor = {Kiara Beaulieu} } @Conference Paper {10102, title = {Comment les documents lient l{\textquoteright}histoire {\`a} l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie : l{\textquoteright}exemple de Red Bay}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Ce propos a pour but d{\textquoteright}illustrer un autre exemple de la compl{\'e}mentarit{\'e} de l{\textquoteright}histoire {\`a} l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie. Cette compl{\'e}mentarit{\'e} s{\textquoteright}est refl{\'e}t{\'e}e dans l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude de documents notari{\'e}s bisca{\"\i}ens du 16e si{\'e}cle pour le projet du baleinier de Red Bay. La documentation provient de diff{\'e}rents fonds d{\textquoteright}archives de la province basque de Gipuzkoa en Espagne. {\`a} cette {\'e}poque, la renomm{\'e}e des constructeurs de bateaux de la c{\^o}te bisca{\"\i}enne n{\textquoteright}{\'e}tait pas {\`a} faire. Toutefois, jusqu{\textquoteright}{\`a} r{\'e}cemment, aucune {\'e}tude approfondie de leurs m{\'e}thodes de construction n{\textquoteright}avait {\'e}t{\'e} entreprise. Les fouilles men{\'e}es {\`a} Red Bay donneront essor {\`a} plusieurs sujets de recherche dont celui-ci. Voici les r{\'e}sultats obtenus dans le cadre de la construction navale. Un examen minutieux de chacun des documents par sujet nous permit de r{\'e}unir des d{\'e}tails tr{\'e}s int{\'e}ressants sur la traite du bois, le gr{\'e}ement, l{\textquoteright}architecture et la construction navale. Ces pr{\'e}cisions nous donn{\'e}rent une meilleure compr{\'e}hension du r{\^o}le des divers acteurs impliqu{\'e}s dans cette industrie. Elles nous donn{\'e}rent aussi une compr{\'e}hension am{\'e}lior{\'e}e de la provenance et des lieux de transformation des mati{\'e}res premi{\'e}res, des modes de transport, des divers m{\'e}tiers impliqu{\'e}s, des lieux de construction, etc. En ce qui a trait {\`a} l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie, l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude de ces documents nous {\'e}claira sur la m{\'e}thode de construction des bateaux par le biais de l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude des m{\'e}tiers, les outils employ{\'e}s, les noms des diverses pi{\'e}ces de bois, des {\'e}l{\'e}ments du gr{\'e}ement, leur fonction et localisation, donn{\'e}es importantes pour permettre la reconstitution fid{\'e}le de l{\textquoteright}{\'e}pave. Ceci n{\textquoteright}est qu{\textquoteright}un {\'e}chantillon des possibilit{\'e}s offertes par l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude de ces documents. En effet, ces derniers regorgent d{\textquoteright}informations de toutes sortes. Pour terminer, notre expos{\'e} vous en d{\'e}voilera les principaux th{\'e}mes.}, author = {Beauvais, Suzanne} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9120, title = {The Archaeology of Kinship: Advancing Interpretation and Contributions to Theory}, volume = {39}, year = {2015}, pages = {138-141}, editor = {Susan J. Beckwith} } @Conference Paper {10103, title = {The Archaeological Process in British Columbia: Help or Hindrance to First Nations?}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {In the last decade, Native communities have expressed dissatisfaction with the handling of native cultural heritage and archaeology in BC. In response, the Archaeology Branch, university researchers and consultants have taken steps to accommodate these concerns. This paper will examine some of the concerns as well as the measures taken by archaeologists and assess whether they align with native needs and perceptions. Based on this examination, some predictions for professional archaeology and First Nations are made.}, author = {BEDARD, Beth} } @article {9491, title = {A Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris L.) of Probable Pleistocene Age from Old Crow, Yukon Territory, Canada}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {161-168}, abstract = {

A complete right dentary of a domestic dog, Canis familiaris L., recovered from Old Crow Basin, Yukon Territory, Canada, may represent one of the earliest known domestic dogs. The oldest known dog remains have been dated to approximately 12,000 BP. Although the Old Crow specimen has not been radiocarbon-dated, it is inferred to be Pleistocene in age on the basis of its stratigraphic position and staining.

}, author = {B.F. Beebe} } @Conference Paper {10104, title = {La r{\'e}gion Mezcala-Balsas et son int{\'e}gration {\`a} la M{\'e}soam{\'e}rique pr{\'e}hispanique}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Dans le cadre de cette pr{\'e}sentation, nous aborderons l{\textquoteright}histoire pr{\'e}hispanique de la r{\'e}gion Mezeala-Balsas au Guerrero du point de vue particuli{\'e}rement de sa position p{\'e}riph{\'e}rique par rapport aux principaux centres de d{\'e}veloppement et de pouvoir en M{\'e}soam{\'e}rique et notamment {\`a} la r{\'e}gion voisine des hauts-plateaux du Mexique central. {\`a} partir des donn{\'e}es arch{\'e}ologiques et ethnohistoriques issues de recherches men{\'e}es en la r{\'e}gion Mezeala-Balsas, nous tenterons de cerner les caract{\'e}ristiques internes et le d{\'e}veloppement de cette r{\'e}gion et d{\textquoteright}{\'e}valuer la nature des m{\'e}canismes qui ont permis le maintien {\`a} long terme de son int{\'e}grit{\'e} culturelle tout en favorisant sa participation et son int{\'e}gration {\`a} la M{\'e}soam{\'e}rique pr{\'e}hispanique. Notre propos se veut une r{\'e}flexion th{\'e}orique quant au caract{\'e}re profond{\'e}ment m{\'e}soam{\'e}ricain de ces soci{\'e}t{\'e}s p{\'e}riph{\'e}riques du Guerrero pr{\'e}hispanique et de la n{\'e}cessit{\'e} d{\textquoteright}une meilleure compr{\'e}hension de ces processus r{\'e}gionaux d{\textquoteright}adaptation dont la diversit{\'e} et l{\textquoteright}articulation fondent le concept de M{\'e}soarn{\'e}rique.}, author = {B{\'e}langer, Christian} } @Conference Paper {10105, title = {Stratigraphic Considerations of Housepit Construction Along The Maine Coast}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {Housepit remains are common in the Maine-Maritime region. Many have been recognized along the coastal zone of Maine and New Brunswick. Housepits present problems in the qualitative interpretation of stratigraphy. Aboriginal digging activities disturb, destroy and reorganize pre-existing strata. By digging into subsoil, no pre-existing strata would be damaged; however, subsoil could be re-deposited over other strata. Excavation of a pit into pre-existing shell midden or a pre-existing housepit disturbs cultural strata and their associated artifacts. To conceptualize digging activities, the term {\textquoteright}Building Episode{\textquoteright} is used. Building Episodes consist of cultural and natural events leading to the development of archaeological remains referred to as housepits. Examples of building episodes and their implications for shell midden deposition are drawn from the Knox site, East Penobscot Bay.}, author = {William R. Belcher} } @article {9492, title = {The Bradley Cemetery: A Moorehead Burial Tradition Site in Maine}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {003-028}, abstract = {

The Bradley Cemetery was a large Late Archaic, Moorehead Burial tradition site in Bradley, Maine. The site has a long history of amateur digging and collecting as well as limited professional investigations. A radiocarbon sample on birch bark directly associated with an artifact excavated in 1969 has provided a new date of 4,580\±120 years BP on this type of cemetery. The artifacts are similar to other cemeteries of this type; however, there is generally a lack of ground slate material.

}, author = {William R. Belcher and David Sanger and Bruce J. Bourque} } @Conference Paper {10106, title = {Taphonomic Processes and Reconstruction of Maritime Behavior: A Case Study from the Roque Island Archipelago, Maine (USA).}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {A large sample of faunal remains from a shell midden on Great Spruce Island in the Roque Island Archipelago along the Downeast Coast of Maine (USA) has allowed several avenues of study to be implemented. This faunal assemblage represents a unique collection of terrestrial and marine species ranging from large sea mammals (unidentified whale) to large ungulates to small fish remains. This collection offers a unique opportunity to examine a seasonal occupation of an insular environment by the First Peoples of northern New England during the Ceramic (Woodland) period of 3,000 to roughly 1,000 years B.P. However, although a reconstruction of the maritime adaptation will be attempted, several distinct taphonomic issues are present within this assemblage. The sample consists of bulk unit gross-screened samples as well as fine-screened samples. Each of these yields different results as small bones, such as fish vertebrae of tom cod (Microgadus tomcod) tend to be under-represented in the bulk samples. Taphonomic processes include carnivore activity, excavation strategies, inherent preservation issues related to the bone density and varying soil pH throughout the midden. Shell middens in northern New England are not uniform deposits of shell and several lenses and strata on low or non-shell are present that create a significantly different preservational environment.}, author = {William R. Belcher} } @Conference Paper {10107, title = {Contexte environnemental et impacts environnementaux sur l{\textquoteright}occupation pr{\'e}historique de Port au Choix, c{\^o}te nord-ouest de Terre-Neuv}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Trevor Bell and Joyce Macpherson and Renouf, M.A.P.} } @article {9493, title = {An Empirical Study of Probability Sampling Design}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {3}, year = {1979}, pages = {105-123}, abstract = {

This paper presents preliminary results of an empirical study of probability sampling designs based on the study of seven attributes of collared rimsherds from six totally or almost totally excavated middens investigated during the 1975 rescue excavations at the Draper site. The results of this study suggest that the current practice of arbitrary selections of sampling designs and sampling fractions are inappropriate and recommendations for a more appropriate method of selecting sampling designs and fraction are presented.

}, author = {David R. Bellhouse and William D. Finlayson} } @Conference Paper {10109, title = {A Re-Analysis of the Late Side-Notched Projectile Point typology for the Northeastern Plains}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Since the inception of the Late Side-notched projectile point system in the 1960{\textquoteright}s by R.S. MacNeish, R. Forbis, and T. Kehoe, researchers have applied this typology to projectile points recovered from sites on the Northern Plains. These types have been used as relative temporal markers for different cultures on the Northern Plains. J. Ives and T. Peck re-evaluated the Late Side-notched projectile point system in the mid 1990{\textquoteright}s using sites from the Northwestern Plains. The result of this research was the development of two distinct point classes called Cayley series and Mortlach group. These classes represent temporal and geographic distribution of cultures residing on the Northwestern Plains. The traditional model for the Late Side-notched points and this new classification does not encompass projectile points from Blackduck sites on the Northeastern Plains. This presentation offers an analysis of side notched projectile points from selected Northeastern Plains sites including Brockinton, Stott and Hokanson. This evaluation serves to support the notion offered by Peck and Ives that some side notched points do not correspond with the existing typology particularly regarding the stylistic differences of points from Blackduck sites. Late Side-notched projectile point classification needs to be re-evaluated as a temporal and geographic marker for Late Precontact cultures occupying the Northern Plains region.}, author = {Belsham, Leanne and Andrea Richards} } @Conference Paper {10108, title = {Macroscopic and attribute analysis of the lithic assemblage for the Jackson Site (DiMe-17)}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {A number of techniques used to study stone, have been applied to the lithic assemblage the Jackson Site, a Vickers occupation dated circa 330{\textpm}60 B.P. An analysis using macroscopic properties and attributes for each tool and debitage class has been completed to determine tool and flake types and manufacturing techniques. Individual flake analysis, the examination of rock types, both local and exotic material use, and the use of heat treatment were employed in the research. Previous researchers have used the application of ultraviolet light to differentiate between Knife River flint and chalcedony and this technique has been evaluated. The results from the flake and tool analysis have been applied to a spatial study of the kill, midden, and habitation zones, of this kill/processing site in the Lauder Sandhills. By using lithic analysis, secondary utilization of the site is evident. Preliminary results are discussed in this presentation.}, author = {Belsham, Leanne} } @Conference Paper {10111, title = {Proton magnetometer results from the early Jomon Yagi site, Hokkaido}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {A proton magnetometer survey of Yagi, a large early Jomon community of southwestern Hokkaido, was carried out by an international crew during the 1978 and 1979 field seasons. The survey, as part of the archaeological research at the Yagi site, was an attempt to identify distinct features and their areal variations in order to guide subsequent excavation. Extrapoloation from the correlations of the excavation results and their magnetic anomalies to areas not tested by excavation permits suggestions about the distribution of subsurface features and cultural debris within the Yagi site. This paper presents the theory of magnetic survey as applied in this situation together with the results of the survey at Yagi and an interpretation of the Yagi magnetometer data.}, author = {Bennett, C.} } @Conference Paper {10110, title = {The Evolution of Archaeology in British Columbia: an Industrial User{\textquoteright}s Perspective}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Archaeology and the forest industry in BC were rapidly forced together by legislation in the mid 90{\textquoteright}s. The Forest Practices Code requires forest companies to search out and secure the services of archaeologists to ensure operations (harvesting and silviculture) are carried out in a manner that will avoid damage or uncontrolled alteration of cultural sites. Methodologies, standard practices, relations with local First Nations, and corresponding costs have varied substantially from project to project and from Archaeologist to Archaeologist. To meet legislative requirements, forest companies have been forced to accept these variations in order to continue to service the timber requirements of the various facilities. Legislative accreditation ensures membership standards (academic and practical experience) code of conduct, client responsibility, and appropriate discipline procedures. The end result would be a more cost-effective and professional service that would meet the needs of the client and local First Nations groups, and would protect important cultural resources.}, author = {Bennett, Brad} } @Conference Paper {10113, title = {The Smuland Creek Site (GdQn-1) and Implications for Palaeoindian Site Prospection in the Peace Region of Northwestern Alberta}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {CRM survey of a pipeline corridor stretching across uplands to the southeast of Grande Prairie resulted in the discovery of the Smuland Creek site. Preliminary testing yielded an artifact assemblage diagnostic of earliest prehistoric times in the Peace Region. The elevation of the site lies within the range of strandline features associated with the uppermost and earliest levels of Glacial Lake Peace (Bessborough Stage). Further survey in the immediate area resulted in the identification of an upland beach ridge that yielded additional prehistoric artifacts but no diagnostics. Previous archaeological research in the area has recognized potential associations between palaeoindian sites and younger phases of Glacial Lake Peace development (Clayhurst Stage). The new discoveries present evidence for earlier human presence in the region that may be associated with older, upland glacial lake features. The merits of this hypothesis are examined, and the implications for palaeoindian site prospection and predictive modeling in the region are discussed.}, author = {Bereziuk, Darryl A. and Gordon M. Moore} } @Conference Paper {10112, title = {The Deer Mountain Locality: Evidence for Long Term Prehistoric Lithic Resource Extraction in the Swan Hills of North-Central Alberta}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {Cultural Resource Management (CRM) survey of proposed forest harvest developments in the Swan Hills has resulted in the discovery of the Deer Mountain Locality. Preliminary investigation has resulted in the discovery of 12 prehistoric sites centered upon Deer Mountain, a distinctive upland feature situated along the Grizzly Ridge escarpment. Both habitations as well as lithic procurement and reduction sites are represented. The recovered lithic assemblages are noteworthy for exhibiting high quality lithic raw materials that include abundant quartzites, some chert and a novel material type identified as {\textquoteright}Grizzly Ridge Silicified Wood{\textquoteright}. The target geological source of the {\textquoteright}opalized{\textquoteright} wood raw material has been tentatively identified along the nearby escarpment slopes. This local raw material comprises up to 90\% of some lithic assemblages. Previous archaeological research conducted in north-central Alberta has tended to relegate the Swan Hills as a {\textquoteright}hinterland{\textquoteright} area largely devoid of focused prehistoric human activity. The new discoveries present evidence for intensive prehistoric human habitation and lithic resource extraction within uppermost elevations of the Swan Hills. A description of the nature and context of prehistoric assemblages recovered from Deer Mountain and other nearby sites will be accompanied by an examination of pertinent geological factors that may have stimulated repeated human occupation of the area. Based upon these preliminary findings, an hypothesis is forwarded suggesting that this pattern of prehistoric human settlement was initiated during Early Prehistoric times, eventually leading to the establishment of local populations into wide-ranging prehistoric trade networks that extended as far as the Northern Plains}, author = {Bereziuk, D. A.} } @Conference Paper {10114, title = {Arch{\'e}ologie ET conservation, une mission impossible?}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {D{\textquoteright}un point de vue strictement professionnel, la pratique de l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie diff{\'e}re sensiblement de celle de la restauration. Ces deux disciplines pr{\'e}sentent toutefois des analogies importantes, ainsi qu{\textquoteright}un d{\'e}nominateur commun: la culture mat{\'e}rielle mise au jour par l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologue. La perspective d{\textquoteright}examen de l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie et de la conservation-restauration n{\textquoteright}est pas la m{\^e}me. Pourtant l{\textquoteright}interaction qui peut en r{\'e}sulter est b{\'e}n{\'e}fique sous plusieurs aspects, surtout lorsque l{\textquoteright}on pense {\`a} la mise en valeur. M{\^e}me si la situation s{\textquoteright}est am{\'e}lior{\'e}e depuis 15 ans, il existe encore aujourd{\textquoteright}hui beaucoup de probl{\'e}mes {\`a} solutionner et de nombreuses zones grises. Cette communication tentera d{\textquoteright}effectuer un bilan de cette relation entre l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie et la conservation, avec quelques suggestions pour l{\textquoteright}approfondir et l{\textquoteright}am{\'e}liorer.}, author = {Bergeron, Andr{\'e}} } @Conference Paper {10115, title = {L{\textquoteright}excavation et la conservation des mat{\'e}riaux gorg{\'e}s d{\textquoteright}eau: une symbiose parfois difficile, souvent compliqu{\'e}e et toujo}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {Of all the different types of conservation treatment, objects made of waterlogged materials constitute one of the most frustrating and difficult to treat, albeit the most gratifying when success is achieved. Using some samples of work done in the province of Qu{\'e}bec, the author will try to outline the guiding factors well as the moral and ethical responsibilities behind the relationship between excavation and conservation, and the lack of liaison between the two disciplines.}, author = {Bergeron, Andr{\'e}} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9020, title = {Basketry and Cordage from Hesquiat Harbour}, volume = {26}, year = {2002}, pages = {062-065}, editor = {Marianne Berkey} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11541, title = {Les Choix Alimentaires {\`a} Qu{\'e}bec au XVIIIe Si{\`e}cle : {\'E}tude Zooarch{\'e}ologique d{\textquoteright}un Assemblage Faunique Provenant des Latrines Ouest du Palais de l{\textquoteright}Intendant (CeEt-30) vers 1722{\textendash}1775}, volume = {41}, year = {2017}, pages = {340-342}, editor = {Lauriane Bourgeon} } @Conference Paper {10118, title = {L{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie en Colombie-Britannique( le statut des femmes}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {De r{\'e}centes {\'e}tudes r{\'e}alis{\'e}es en Europe, en Australie et aux {\'e}tats-Unis r{\'e}v{\'e}lent que les femmes et les hommes s{\textquoteright}int{\'e}ressent de mani{\'e}re diff{\'e}rente {\`a} l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie et que la d{\'e}finition du succ{\'e}s professionnel s{\textquoteright}{\'e}tablit par rapport {\`a} l{\textquoteright}homme. Cet article d{\'e}crit, {\`a} partir de documents et d{\textquoteright}exp{\'e}riences v{\'e}cues, les diff{\'e}rences dues au sexe dans les perspectives et les r{\'e}alisations de l{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie en ColombieBritannique au cours du temps. Il pr{\'e}sente les probl{\'e}mes engendr{\'e}s par l{\textquoteright}{\'e}valuation du statut, de la contribution et des r{\'e}sultats obtenus.}, author = {Kathryn Bernick and Sandra K. Zacharias} } @article {9494, title = {Status of Women in British Columbia Archaeology}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {19}, year = {1995}, pages = {079-086}, abstract = {

Recent studies in Europe, Australia, and the United States show that women and men participate differently in archaeology and that the definition o f professional success is androcentric. This paper documents gender-related differences in opportunities and achievements in British Columbia archaeology through time. Problems in measuring status, contribution, and achievement are addressed.

}, author = {Kathryn Bernick and Sandra K. Zacharias} } @Conference Paper {10122, title = {Wet-Site Investigations on the Northern Northwest Coast}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Exploratory excavations in June 1999 added wooden fishing implements, fragments of a net, a ground slate point, and faunal remains to an assemblage of 5,000-year-old twined basketry that had been previously rescued from eroding intertidal deposits at a site in southeastern Alaska. The water-saturated deposits have also preserved remnants of a 2,000-year-old fish trap feature. Although the sample is too small to draw conclusions with confidence, stylistic characteristics and functional interpretations of the finds support reconstructions of intensive salmon fishing and cultural continuity in the Northern Tlingit area for the past five millennia.}, author = {Kathryn Bernick} } @Conference Paper {10117, title = {The Status of Women in British Columbia Archaeology}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Recent studies in Europe, Australia, and the United States show that women and men participate diff{\'e}rently in archaeology and that the definition of professional success is androcentric. This paper documents gender-related differences in opportunities and achievements in British Columbia archaeology over time, using documentary sources and life experiences. Problems in measuring status, contribution, and achievement are addressed.}, author = {Kathryn Bernick and Sandra K. Zacharias} } @Conference Paper {10121, title = {The Scowlitz Wet Site}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Recent investigations of the waterlogged component at Scowlitz (DhR1-16W) in the Fraser valley of southwestern British Columbia, illustrate the socio-political complexities of the process of doing archaeology. Aboriginal administrators, individual band members, university educators, students, volunteers, wet-site archaeologists, conservators, and government managers see the project from different, intersecting perspectives. The concerned parties do not have the same goals for research, resource management, and public awareness. Thus, the methods as well as the results of the archaeological investigations reflect multiple, sometimes conflicting, lines of thinking. This paper attempts to mirror reality through simultaneous consideration of disparate viewpoints.}, author = {Kathryn Bernick} } @Conference Paper {10116, title = {A Stitch In Time: Recovering The Antiquity Of A Coast Salish Basket Type}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Basketry artifacts, which comprise some of the more culturally distinctive archaeological finds on the Northwest Coast, have been of little use in the Coast Salish area for tracking continuity into modern times. The introduction of coiled basketry very early in the post-contact era combined with a dearth of archaeological specimens from the past 1,500 years obscure the heuristic potential of basketry. New insight is provided by a waterlogged specimen made entirely in cross-stitch wrapping that was found at a site (DhRq 19) in the Fraser estuary. Dated to 900{\textpm}100 BP, it is technologically analogous to baskets made with exotic materials (raffia) by Coast Salish basket-makers in Washington state.}, author = {Kathryn Bernick} } @Conference Paper {10120, title = {Identifying Anthropogenic Deposits in Alluvial Settings}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {Environmental processes that shaped the landscape throughout antiquity and continue to do so today also affected the archaeological record. This is particularly apparent in alluvial settings. Excavations at the Scowlitz Wet Site (DhRl-16W) in the Fraser Valley illustrate that not all culture-bearing deposits represent in situ materials buried by accumulated sediments. A review of previous investigations at the Sunken Village site (35MU4) in the lower Columbia River region suggests that lack of attention to hydrological processes led to misinterpretation of cut-bank exposures and auger-test results. Addressing cultural questions with data from dynamic environments requires a research strategy that gives primacy to geoarchaeological reconstruction and determination of the stable landforms at the time of occupation.}, author = {Kathryn Bernick} } @Conference Paper {10119, title = {Diagnostic Features of Marpole Baskets}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Artifacts with numerous techno-stylistic attributes have great diagnostic potential, but recognizing the relevant features can pose a considerable challenge. Recent research in the Coast Salish area of the Northwest Coast identifies decorative patterns typical of patterns from the Marpole Phase (400 BC - AD 500). Zig-zag and chevron motifs are especially characteristic and often occur as part of rim construction and reinforcement wrappings. Replication of these attributes on a Marpole Phase stone bowl, as well as purely decorative imitation reinforcements, strengthen the conclusions indicated by inter-site comparisons.}, author = {Kathryn Bernick} } @Conference Paper {10123, title = {WET SITES: REDISCOVERING FORGOTTEN FINDS AND FINDING OVERLOOKED DEPOSITS}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {Detailed background research provides essential direction for locating wet-site resources in the field, since they are seldom detectable by normal survey procedures. A search of field notes, unpublished manuscripts, artifact records and collections in selected repositories documented 28 wet-site components in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, where previously only eight were on record. The data indicate likely locations for additional water-saturated archaeological deposits in this region, including former sloughs and creek beds up to 2.5m below present-day alluvial surfaces, and modern intertidal river beaches in front of terrestrial habitation sites.}, author = {Kathryn Bernick} } @Conference Paper {10124, title = {L{\textquoteright}h{\'e}ritage du Corossol, Vaisseau du Roi}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Il y a trois cents ans, en novembre 1693, une violente temp{\^e}te frappait une flotte de sept navires partie de Qu{\'e}bec pour la France. Les navires, sous le commandement de Le Moyne d{\textquoteright}Iberville, furent dispers{\'e}s et le Corossol, l{\textquoteright}un des six Vaisseaux du Roi {\`a} tenter la travers{\'e}e, fit naufrage au {\guillemotleft} lieu appel{\'e} les Sept-{\^\i}les dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent {\guillemotright}. Seuls quelques matelots surv{\'e}curent au d{\'e}sastre. En octobre 1990, des plongeurs amateurs remont{\'e}rent {\`a} la surface des canons retrouv{\'e}s {\`a} l{\textquoteright}entr{\'e}e du port de Sept-{\^\i}les. Une intervention rapide des autorit{\'e}s permit de monter une prospection arch{\'e}ologique avant que le site ne soit davantage perturb{\'e}. Aucun vestige de la coque ne fut retrouv{\'e} et il semble que le navire ait {\'e}t{\'e} en grande partie d{\'e}truit. Toutefois, les objets retrouv{\'e}s tendent {\`a} confirmer que cette {\'e}pave soit bien celle du Corossol. Ce site pr{\'e}sente un cas int{\'e}ressant de probl{\'e}mes qui ont trait {\`a} la pr{\'e}servation du patrimoine submerg{\'e} et des dilemmes qui d{\'e}coulent de leur gestion.}, author = {Bernier, Marc-Andr{\'e}} } @Conference Paper {10125, title = {Lake Baikal Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Evolutionary Theory}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Behavioral or evolutionary ecology differs from the usual anthropological perspective in its focus on individuals rather than cultures. The motives, goals, and strategies of individuals are amenable to direct observation and analysis. It is unclear, by contrast, whether any culture as a whole has definable motives, goals, and strategies at all. In the Lake Baikal region of Siberia, we have access to a unique data set of discrete individuals from numerous mortuary sites. The ability to acquire detailed information about the life history of these individuals, in combination with the environmental and ecological history of the region, provides us with an archaeological opportunity to apply this perspective in unparalleled detail.}, author = {Bettinger, Robert L.} } @Conference Paper {10126, title = {{\'e}volution des {\'e}conomies de subsistance inuites dans le delta du Mackenzie, Territoires du Nord-Ouest}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Matthew Betts and T. Max Friesen} } @article {11935, title = {The Pierce-Embree Site: A Palaeoindian Findspot from Southwestern Nova Scotia}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {255-262}, abstract = {

The Pierce-Embree site is a recently discovered Palaeoindian findspot from southwestern Nova Scotia. Located on the Sable River Estuary, it is a formerly inland location which is now on the shore of a long inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. The site where the artifacts were deposited is now apparently destroyed because of sea-level rise and associated inundation/erosion. The fluted point and the spall-scraper recovered from the site are stylistically similar to artifacts dating to the Early and Middle Palaeoindian periods (12,900{\textendash}11,600 cal BP). This discover y highlights the alarming impact of erosion on the archaeological record of Nova Scotia{\textquoteright}s South Shore, and underlines the importance of community engagement and outreach when conducting survey projects.

}, author = {Matthew Betts and M. Gabriel Hrynick and Alexandre Pelletier- Michaud} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9097, title = {Subsistence and Culture in the Western Canadian Arctic: A Multicontextual Approach}, volume = {33}, year = {2009}, pages = {129-132}, author = {Matthew W. Betts}, editor = {Susan Dermarkar} } @Conference Paper {10127, title = {AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Ontario Cultural Materials}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {The opportunity of using small samples sizes and a variety of material types has improved the research opportunities for those investigators employing radiocarbon analyses as an aspect of their investigative programmes. The solutions to problems of chemistry are still of utmost importance to the reliability of the dating results. The final dendro-corrected result must also be seen in perspective as a probability statement. These issues are discussed within the framework of ISOTRACE results on a suite of samples from Ontario spanning the time range 7000 B.P. to A.D. 1650 and will examine radiocarbon results from the sites of Renshaw, Ball, Warminster, Ossossane, Mienburg, Kirch, Benson and others.}, author = {Beukens, R.P. and L. A. Pavlish and Farquhar, R. M.} } @Conference Paper {10130, title = {An Evaluation of Radiocarbon Analysis of Organic Tempering Agents in Ceramics}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {With the advent of the AMS approach to Radiocarbon dating in which individual atoms are counted, a great many more items became dating candidates as only milligram size samples were required. The Radiocarbon analysis of ceramic materials was high on this list and the success of the analysis of charred food remains in pottery is well documented. However, the analysis of organic tempering agents in ceramic materials has been plagued by many difficulties which are not immediately apparent to the analyst. This talk will discuss why these difficulties are intrinsic to the material, based on case histories of a variety of samples.}, author = {BEUKENS, Roelf} } @Conference Paper {10129, title = {THE RADIOCARBON DATING OF SMALL UNCONVENTIONAL SAMPLES BY AMS}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {The advent of AMS Radiocarbon dating has made possible the analysis of small unconventional samples, such has cultigens, foraminifera and small gastropods, fibres etc. The success of these analyses is contingent upon knowledge of the organic constituents and their appropriate chemical processing. The lessons learned from the successes and particularly the failures will be discussed.}, author = {BEUKENS, Roelf} } @Conference Paper {10128, title = {AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Archaeological Materials: Successes and Failures}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {The small sample size of AMS radiocarbon dating has changed fundamentally the preferred archaeological material requirements. In addition to the charcoal, wood and large bone samples, commonly used for conventional radiocarbon dating by beta-ray counting, a large number of different materials such as steel, ivory, silk, small bone fragments, antlers, narwhal tusks, seeds, pine and spruce needles, food remains, mud brick and walls, egg shells, paper and parchment, ropes, copper tools, etc., are now commonly dated. A decade of experience bas shown that a careful selection of these materials on the basis of their archaeological use or function as well as the careful chemical extraction and purification of the appropriate fractions has improved the accuracy and reliability of the dating results and has solved archaeological problems which could not be solved by conventional radiocarbon dating. These successes and some of the spectacular failures have created new insights into the suitability of some materials and the limitations imposed by sample contamination.}, author = {Beukens, R.P.} } @Conference Paper {10131, title = {A Dorset surface habitation at DIA.73 (JfEl-30)}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the analysis of a Dorset surface habitation on Diana Island, northwestern Ungava Bay. Analysis centres primarily on architectural remains and the lithic collection. These data are then compared with similar Dorset structures elsewhere.}, author = {Bibeau, P.} } @article {9495, title = {Spatial Behaviour of Prehistoric Arctic Hunters: Analysis of the Site Distribution on Aston Bay, Somerset Island, N.W.T.}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, pages = {033-045}, abstract = {

Cultural and spatial analyses of prehistoric sites on Aston Bay suggest that behaviour was spatially patterned, and that the pattern changed through time. Early Arctic Small Tool tradition people were exploring adaptational possibilities, wintering on the coast and travelling inland during the summer. Dorset people, in contrast, used the coast as a stop on their journies between the sea ice and the interior. Thule people found the area relatively unsuitable for occupation. The relevance of the study for method and theory is discussed.

}, author = {E. Bielawski} } @Conference Paper {10132, title = {Spatial behaviour among prehistoric Arctic hunters}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Four study hypotheses about spatial patterns in the archaeological site distribution on Aston Bay, Somerset Island, NWT are presented. These identify variables assumed to have affected site location choice made by early Arctic small tool tradition, Dorset Culture and Thule culture groups. The study indicates differences in spatial behaviour among the three prehistoric groups, adding to understanding of changing adaptation to the Arctic environment through time. The study also yields the conclusions that a regional approach coupled with systematic data collection and quantitative analysis reveals subtle variability in the Arctic archaeological record, and that anthropology provides the explanatory theory for interpretation of prehistoric spatial behaviour.}, author = {E. Bielawski} } @article {11249, title = {Chronological Modeling and Insights on European- St. Lawrence Iroquoian Interaction from the Roebuck Site, Ontario}, volume = {40}, year = {2016}, pages = {332{\textendash}347}, abstract = {

Advances in laboratory methods and chronological modeling have greatly refined the practice of radiocarbon dating, permitting more precise age-estimates for archaeological sites and materials than have been previously possible. This report presents new AMS dates on maize and bone collagen from a European-worked needle case from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian Roebuck site. Those dates are then re-presented within a series of Bayesian models to illustrate the benefits of chronological frameworks which include prior information. The results produce an estimate of Roebuck\’s occupation as beginning cal A.D. 1474\–1568 and ending cal A.D. 1524\–1587 (2 sigma), placing the needle case in the very early protohistoric period.

}, author = {Jennifer Birch and Carley A. Crann and Jean-Luc Pilon} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11049, title = {From Prehistoric Villages to Cities: Settlement Aggregation and Community Transformation}, volume = {39}, year = {2015}, pages = {371-374}, editor = {Gary Warrick} } @Conference Paper {10134, title = {Rethinking the Archaeological Application of Iroquoian Kinship}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {Kinship is the primary idiom through which social and political relationships are constructed and maintained in Northern Iroquoian societies. As such, it has often been invoked in explanations for organizational changes observed archaeologically. However, if overly generalized models of Iroquoian kinship are employed to explain the archaeological record we risk masking the variable and contingent nature of social relationships as they existed in practice. In this paper I discuss the historical construction of Iroquoian kinship by anthropologists and how archaeologists have applied the resulting models. I discuss how the terms matrilineage and clan have been used to describe household and village organization and offer alternative suggestions for how kinship-based relationships might be more productively employed (and not employed) in archaeological interpretations of Iroquoian society.}, author = {Jennifer Birch} } @article {9496, title = {Rethinking the Archaeological Application of Iroquoian Kinship}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, pages = {194-213}, abstract = {

Kinship is the primary idiom through which social and political relationships are constructed and maintained in Northern Iroquoian societies. As such, kinship terminology has often been invoked in explanations for organizational changes observed archaeologically. However, if overly generalized models of Iroquoian kinship are employed to explain the archaeological record we risk masking the variable and contingent nature of social relationships as they existed in practice. In this paper I will discuss the historical construction of Iroquoian kinship by cultural anthropologists and how archaeologists have applied the resulting models. I will also explore how the terms matrilineage and clan have been used to describe household and village organization and offer alternative suggestions for how kinship-based relationships might be more productively employed (and not employed) in archaeological interpretations.

}, author = {Jennifer Birch} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9302, title = {Archaeology, Society and Identity in Modern Japan}, volume = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {108-110}, editor = {Jennifer Birch} } @Conference Paper {10133, title = {A Search for the Public Interest in the Cultural Resource Management Industry in Ontario}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {The growth of consulting archaeology in Ontario over the past twenty-five years has resulted in a situation where professional practitioners now undertake hundreds of projects each year. New sites are revealed every day in the cities and neighbourhoods that we live in and the vast majority of these rediscoveries occur without receiving a ripple of acknowledgement in the community. This raises questions about accountability, and it has been suggested that archaeologists have an obligation to public education and outreach. The results of a recent survey undertaken among archaeological practitioners in Southern Ontario suggests that the current system of cultural resource management in this province is lacking in policies and practices that permit meaningful communication with the public.}, author = {Jennifer Birch} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9021, title = {Warfare in Cultural Context: Practice, Agency and the Archaeology of Violence}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, pages = {106-109}, editor = {Jennifer Birch} } @article {9497, title = {The Lands Edge Also: Culture History and Seasonality at the Partridge Island Shell Midden}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, pages = {017-037}, abstract = {

The inter-relationships among stratigraphy, seasonality and culture history at the Partridge Island site, a prehistoric shell midden located in the Quoddy region of southern New Brunswick, dating between 2400 and 1550 B.P. are described and discussed. It is concluded that Early and Middle Woodland cultural components are represented at the site, and that distinct faunal assemblages, restricted to particular layers and representing particular seasons of occupation, are present at the site.

}, author = {Jennifer C. Bishop and David W. Black} } @Conference Paper {10135, title = {GIS and Artifact Classification at Urban Sites in Central Mexico}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Artifact classification and spatial analysis traditionally are distinct procedures. In large settlements containing considerable socioeconomic and ethic differentiation, however, artifact classificatory taxa developed without regard for context may be meaningful over only limited areas of the site. The analytical facilities available in different GISs allow one to integrate analyses of artifact characteristics more tightly with analyses of spatial context. This procedure has enhanced our ability to meaningfully classify maize-grinding tool in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico.}, author = {BISKOWSKI, Martin F.} } @article {9498, title = {Teaching Complexity and Ambiguity in an Introductory World Prehistory Course}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, pages = {001-020}, abstract = {

Teaching an introductory-level archaeology and world prehistory course in a university is challenging because the instructor must balance the need for comprehensive coverage against the risk of superficiality that would impede student understanding of the discipline. This paper is a personal account of the use of an interactive role-playing laboratory exercise to teach archaeological field and laboratory methods in a context of hypothesis testing. The interaction between theory and research design, and the potential influence of the archaeologists\’ intellectual history on interpretation are strongly emphasized. The topics explored are the \“Neanderthal problem\” and the origins of complex cognition, interrelated issues which are subject to currently unresolved debate. This exercise has demonstrated that first-year students are capable of understanding and manipulating complex and occasionally conflicting data to produce an effective scientific argument. Although this has been a successful pedagogical technique, the labor cost to the instructor and the teaching assistants is very high.

}, author = {Michael S. Bisson} } @Conference Paper {10141, title = {Maritime Peninsula Lithic Material Acquisition and Exchange: Looking Through the Bliss Island Lens}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {During the past two decades, exploring patterns of lithic material acquisition and exchange has become a significant focus of prehistoric archaeological research on the Maritime Peninsula. Studies have determined sources of specific lithic materials, as well as local and subregional exploitation patterns of those materials. Progress also is being made in tracing distributions of specific exotic materials, and defining suites of lithic materials within specific periods and subregions. Although the details are only now beginning to emerge, it appears that, through time, Native people participated in a series of lithic material acquisition and exchange systems. These systems varied in scale and duration; they sometimes developed within the Maritime Peninsula, and sometimes intersected it from outside. Here we examine variability in the lithic material assemblages of a single point in the Maritimes landscape-the Bliss Islands group, Quoddy Region, N.B.-produced through Native participation in lithic material acquisition and exchange systems from the Terminal Archaic through the Late Maritime Woodland.}, author = {David W. Black and Elissa L. Atkinson and Elizabeth N. Gorman} } @Conference Paper {10136, title = {The George Frederick Clarke Artifact Collection: Canoe and Portage Connections}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {Dr. George Frederick Clarke (1883{\textendash}1974), a dentist and author, and an avocational archaeologist and historian, wrote the first book-length work devoted largely to the pre-contact archaeology of New Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary PhD by the University of New Brunswick. In 2006, his collection of 2700 artifacts and associated notes and records were donated to UNB by the Clarke family. Dr. Clarke{\textquoteright}s archaeological activities coincided with a time when little professional archaeological work was being conducted in the province, and many of the sites he found and explored were submerged, subsequently, beneath the head-ponds of hydro-electric dams. Thus, his work is important for its potential contributions to constructing regional archaeological history and for its place in the history of Canadian archaeology. One potential contribution is the light the Clarke collection may shed on the portage route between the headwaters of the Tobique and Miramichi river systems, which spans the traditional territories of the Wolastoqiyik and the Mi{\textquoteright}kmaq.}, author = {David W. Black} } @Conference Paper {10145, title = {PREHISTORIC SUBSISTENCE AND SEASONALITY IN THE INSULAR QUODDY REGION: BIOCHEMICAL, ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCE APPROACHES}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {Prehistoric subsistence and seasonality in the insular Quoddy region, New Brunswick, are being studied through stable isotope analyses of carbonized encrustations on ceramic vessels, niche width analyses of vertebrate and invertebrate faunal assemblages, and season-of death analyses of soft-shelled clams and mammal teeth. This paper presents results to date from the application of these techniques. Data are drawn from nine sites (15 cultural/stratigraphic components) dating ca. 2400 BP to ca. 400 BP. Warm season occupations of insular locations, focused on the exploitation of littoral resources, predominate; however, there is evidence for changes in the intensity and scheduling of resource exploitation, and in the specific resources exploited, during this period.}, author = {Black, David B.} } @article {9500, title = {Rum Beach and the Susquehanna Tradition in the Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {24}, year = {2000}, pages = {089-106}, abstract = {

In 1972, Dena Dincause defined the Atlantic phase as the earliest part of the Susquehanna tradition in southern New England, based, in part, on artifacts from an intertidal archaeological site in Massachusetts. In 1993, an intertidal site was recorded at Rum Beach on the Bliss Islands, Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Here I describe the Rum Beach site (BgDq24) and artifacts recovered from it, present evidence that the site represents a late Susquehanna tradition occupation of the Bliss Islands, and consider the implications of the site for understanding and further exploring the transition from Terminal Archaic to Maritime Woodland cultures in the Quoddy Region.

}, author = {David W. Black} } @Conference Paper {10140, title = {{\textquoteright}Strata as a Complex Patchwork": Stratification and Stratigraphic Analysis of the Weir Site}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {The Weir site, located on the Bliss Islands in the insular Quoddy region of southern New Brunswick, is a large deep, complexly and distinctly stratified shell midden in an unusually intact state of preservation. The site was occupied from ca. 2400 B.P. to ca. 1200 B.P. An excavated area of 22m2 contains 15 major layers and features, most of which are internally stratified. The site has been analyzed using the techniques developed by Edward Harris, Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. In this paper the stratigraphy of the site is summarized, and some general issues in the stratigraphic analysis of anthropogenic deposits, such as shell middens, are addressed.}, author = {David W. Black and Becky A. Southern and Pamela E. Kaufman} } @Conference Paper {10144, title = {Rum Beach and the Susquehanna Tradition in the Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {In 1972, Dena Dincause defined the {\textquoteright}Atlantic phase{\textquoteright} as the earliest part of the Susquehanna tradition in southern New England, based, in part, on artifacts from an intertidal archaeological site in Massachusetts. In 1993, an intertidal site was recorded at Rum Beach on the Bliss Islands, Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Here I describe the Rum Beach site (BgDq24) and artifacts recovered from it, present evidence that the site represents a late Susquehanna tradition occupation of the Bliss Islands, and consider the implications of the site for understanding and further exploring the Terminal Archaic/Maritime Woodland transition in the Quoddy Region.}, author = {David W. Black} } @Conference Paper {10139, title = {SOURCES OF EXOTIC LITHICS FROM LATE WOODLAND COMPONENTS ON THE BLISS ISLANDS}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {The Bliss Islands archaeological site inventory includes three Late Maritime Woodland (CP4-CP5) components dating ca. 1,050-1,350 BP (ca. AD 600-900), which contain significant amounts of exotic flaked lithic artifacts and debitage. We have conducted hand-specimen examinations and thin-sectioned selected lithics to identify the materials represented, and have compared them to samples from known sources on the Maritime Peninsula, to determine the sources of the exotic lithics. Our research shows that, at least on the Bliss Islands, the use of most exotic lithics is restricted to a relatively brief period. We conclude that native people living on the islands at that time acquired lithic materials that originated from widely separated sources in northern interior Maine, interior New Brunswick, the Minas Basin of Nova Scotia, and, perhaps, from Prince Edward Island and Quebec}, author = {BLACK, David and Lucy Wilson and Shianne L. MACDONALD} } @Conference Paper {10143, title = {Sources g{\'e}ologiques et distributions arch{\'e}ologiques de chert translucide au Nouveau-Brunswick}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {David W. Black and Blair, Susan E. and Brent D. Suttie} } @Conference Paper {10138, title = {Middle Archaic Sites and Artifacts from Charlotte County, New Brunswick}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Archaic archaeology in Charlotte County, New Brunswick, has long been essentially unexplored. Of the more than 200 registered archaeological sites in the county, fewer than 5\% are located more than 500 metres from a marine shoreline; and, as a result of shoreline erosion, the coastal archaeological record is effectively truncated at 2500 B.P. Thus, archaeological research has focused on the Maritime Woodland and Historic period coastal sites. However, over the years, occasional Middle Archaic artifacts have been recovered from offshore in scallop drags. More recently, archaeological sites located on lake margins in the interior of the county have yielded Middle Archaic assemblages. Here we summarize the current state of Archaic archaeology in Charlotte County.}, author = {BLACK, David and Brent D. Suttie} } @Conference Paper {10142, title = {Kineo-Traveler Mountain Porphyry and Sea Mink Bones}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {For several decades, naturalists and historians have questioned whether the Sea Mink, Mustela macrodon, an extinct species whose distribution is centered on the coast of Maine, also lived in the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. A recent find of Sea Mink bones, associated with the Late Maritime Woodland component at the Weir site, Bliss Islands, helps to answer this question. The association of the bones with artifacts made from Kineo-Traveler Mountain porphyry, an exotic lithic material from central Maine, suggests these remains do not represent Sea Mink living in the Quoddy Region. Rather, they probably represent artifacts brought by Native people from Maine to New Brunswick about 1000-1200 years ago.}, author = {David W. Black} } @Conference Paper {10137, title = {Seasonality of Modern and Archaeological Soft-Shelled Clams From the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Recently, there has been some controversy regarding interpretations; of the seasonality of prehistoric shellfishing on the Northeast coast of North America. In this paper, a study of the seasonality of soft-shelled clams, Mya arenaria, the most common archaeological shellfish in northern New England and Maritime provinces sites, is reported. Eighty-eight modern clams from the Quoddy region, and 266 archaeological clams from 9 prehistoric sites in the insular Quoddy region, were thin-sectioned, and their growth patterns analyzed. A model of the annual growth cycle of the clams is presented. The seasonality of prehistoric shellfishing is interpreted in light of this model. In the insular Quoddy region, shellfishing appears to have been predominantly a spring/early summer activity; however, there is evidence for seasonality differences among sites and for changes in seasonality through time.}, author = {David W. Black and Annette Wilkins} } @Conference Paper {10146, title = {History, Geology and Archaeology of the Washademoak Lake Chert Source, Queens County, New Brunswick}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Belyeas Cove on Washademoak Lake, Queens County, is the only primary bedrock source of chert in New Brunswick known to have been exploited by Native people. The Washademoak Lake chert source was documented in the nineteenth century, but until recently received little attention from archaeologists or geologists in the twentieth century. Here we present preliminary accounts of the history, archaeology and geology of the source. Washademoak multi-coloured chert is found as lenses and nodules which occur in a limestone breccia within the Pennsylvanian-aged Cumberland Group (McLeod et al. 1994a). Native people living in the lower St. John River Valley used this chert to make flaked stone tools during the Woodland period. At present little is known about use of the chert during other periods, or of its distribution beyond the lower St. John Valley.}, author = {David W. Black and Lucy A. Wilson} } @Conference Paper {10147, title = {Here{\textquoteright}s Looking at You: Ancient Maya Mirrors, Part 2 (Iconographic and Epigraphic Instances of Iron Ore Mosaic Mirrors in Ancient Maya Art)}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {The most prominent occurrence of ancient Maya iron-ore mirrors beyond those excavated archaeologically arises in their depiction in artistic works. The images on painted polychrome ceramics demonstrate mirrors functioning as principal objects in the royal court. Within this elite context, the iconographic evidence demonstrates that the mirrors were meant to be gazed into, but exactly what this gazing indicates is a much more elusive consideration. A consistent patterning of depictions provides the basis for a typology of physical mirror styles. Furthermore, the contexts in which mirrors are represented relative to the associated human actors in the painted scenes suggests possible renderings of the emic function of these objects in ancient Maya religion and socio-political environments. Supplementing the iconographic evidence, the analysis of hieroglyphs associated with the luminescent qualities of mirrors will work towards an interpretive model of a reflective surface complex of ancient Maya cosmology.}, author = {Marc G. Blainey and Healy, Paul F.} } @Conference Paper {10150, title = {Looking for Bliss: Excavations at an Early Loyalist Site in the Insular Quoddy Region, New Brunswick}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {This paper presents preliminary results of historic archaeology conducted as part of the Bliss Islands Archaeology Project, phase III. In spite of Black{\textquoteright}s concerns about the state of preservation of historic materials, and his pessimism regarding the likelihood of finding historic artifacts pre-dating 1850, last summer the authors surveyed and tested the Bliss Islands in search of early historic period occupations. Black{\textquoteright}s concerns were laid to rest when testing revealed the remains of a distinctly stratified, virtually undisturbed, early loyalist occupation dating ca 1783-1803. The site (BgDr-66) is believed to be part of the homestead of Samuel Bliss, the Loyalist Lieutenant : for whom. the islands are named. It is adjacent to one of the most attractive natural harbours in the region, and overlooks the West Isles and the marine approaches to Passamaquoddy Bay. Bliss specifically requested a land grant, of these islands from the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. With the support of Archaeological Services of New Brunswick, and a SSHRC grant to Black, University of New Brunswick fieldschool students excavated 20 m2 of the site under the authors{\textquoteright} direction. A diverse assemblage of ceramic, metal and glass artifacts, construction materials and faunal remains, totalling ca. 15,000 specimens, was recovered. This material will form the basis for Blair{\textquoteright}s M.A. thesis in Material History at UNB.}, author = {Christopher R. Blair and David W. Black} } @Conference Paper {10154, title = {Ordering the End of the Preceramic in the Maritime Peninsula: A Bayesian Analysis of Radiometric Dates}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Recent research in the estuary of the St. John River valley, of south-central New Brunswick, Canada, has expanded our knowledge of human settlement and behaviour during the Terminal Archaic (Preceramic) and Maritime Woodland (Ceramic) period. When this new information is added to a sequence provided by previously excavated sites (especially Fulton Island BlDn-12 and Cow Point BlDn-2), the result is a suite of 31 radiometric dates ranging from the Late Archaic (3980{\textpm}70 uncal bp) to the Middle Maritime Woodland period (1590{\textpm}40 uncal bp). Bayesian statistics can provide insight into relationships between these dates and our models for diachronic patterning in the archaeological record. Using results generated by BCal (a calibration and statistics software program administered by Dr. C. Buck on the University of Sheffield mainframe), I will discuss these relationships and what they suggest about continuity in the archaeological record, both within the lower St. John River sequence, and in terms of broader regional archaeological manifestations during this period of ambiguity in the regional archaeological record.}, author = {Susan Blair} } @Conference Paper {10149, title = {Feeling the Elephant: Early Maritime Woodland Components from South Central New Brunswick}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Recent research in the Maritime Peninsula has begun to weave together a coherent sequence that extends through most of the Holocene. However, the period from 3100 to 2200 years ago (the Early Maritime Woodland period) remains poorly understood, and has been represented primarily by chronologically suggestive surface finds, unique mortuary sites, and very few, small habitation sites. In New Brunswick, these finds have suggested broad macroregional linkages with complexes in Great Lakes basin and the central US, including such nebulous archaeological entities as {\textquoteright}Meadowood{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright}Adena{\textquoteright}, and {\textquoteright}Middlesex{\textquoteright}. This speculation has led some to characterize Early Woodland research as the proverbial blind men describing an elephant. To the one handling the trunk it is like a snake; to the one handling the leg it is like a tree, and to the one handling the tail it is like a stick... While this period remains enigmatic, recent excavations of sites in the Maritime Peninsula have presented researchers with new opportunities. The Jemseg Crossing site in south central New Brunswick affords one such opportunity. A partial mitigation of this site produced over 50 habitation features, most of which date to between 3100 and 2000 years ago. Preliminary analysis suggest that three phases can be distinguished within this period: a small early aceramic component (ca. 3100 to 2800 bp), a middle component (ca. 2800 to 2400 bp), reminiscent of Great Lakes Early Woodland complexes, and a late component (ca. 2400 to 2000 bp) showing local elaboration. This paper will describe the material from these periods and discuss changes and continuities in the patterning of technology, raw material procurement and settlement with an eye to developing a local framework and integrating it into a larger regional setting.}, author = {Susan Blair} } @Conference Paper {10158, title = {L{\textquoteright}{\'e}volution du peuplement et de la technologie entre l{\textquoteright}Archa{\"\i}que terminal et le Sylvicole maritimien moyen dans la r{\'e}gio}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Susan Blair} } @Conference Paper {10153, title = {Public Archaeology at the Enclosure Provincial Park}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {In recent years, the Archaeology Branch of the province of New Brunswick bas been actively pursuing a policy to develop an awareness of archaeology in the public, both at a local level and through tourism. This has been accomplished through a number of programs. This paper will discuss their development and implementation. A prime example of such programming is the Enclosure Provincial Park project. The Enclosure Provincial Park, on the Miramichi River, was the site of excavations in 1990 and 1991. These excavations revealed evidence of habitation in the 18th and 19th centuries by Acadian, Planter, Loyalist and later settlers. During both of these field seasons the public and the local community were involved in all activities at the site through volunteer programs, site tours, interpretation, and community events. This project and others like it are attempting to invest local groups in archaeology by developing direct links between people and the archaeological past. This paper will discuss this and other projects in terms of the shift from private to public archaeological research, and in practical terms, examining benefits and pitfalls of the potential for public involvement in both the excavation process and the narration of the archaeological record.}, author = {Susan Blair} } @Conference Paper {10148, title = {YHE NORTHEAST POINT SITE: A SINGLE COMPONENT OCCUPATION WITHOUT MIDDENS, ON THE BLISS ISLANDS}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {The Northeast Point Site (BgDq-7) is the only known non-shell midden prehistoric site on the Bliss Islands. This site type is unusual in the Quoddy region, and thus, Northeast Point offers insights into aspects of prehistory different from those represented in shell midden sites. The site apparently represents a short-term, single component occupation dating to ca. 1400 BP. Organic preservation is poor; however, lithic artifacts and debitage occur at higher densities than in any of the other components sampled on the islands. This paper describes the location, structure and contents of the site, and discusses how interpretations of it have changed since its discovery in 1981.}, author = {Christopher R. Blair and BLACK, David} } @Conference Paper {10157, title = {Introduction to "Nurturing Archaeology in the Maritimes" and the Career of Chris Turnbull}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {When Dr. Christopher Turnbull began his tenure as Provincial Archaeologist for New Brunswick in 1972, there was little in the way of archaeological policy, legislation, infrastructure, or research in the province. He personally assumed a mandate to build the best archaeological program in the country, and for the next 30 years, he pursued this goal with imagination, dedication and passion. He developed systematic, strong relationships with First Nations communities and individuals. He nurtured archaeological researchers, both within government, and within Canadian Universities. He created a structure and organization for the effective administration of heritage resource management. All this he accomplished with little acclaim or recognition. In this session we will review these accomplishments, and reflect on the significant impact that Chris Turnbull has had on Canadian archaeology.}, author = {Susan Blair and David W. Black} } @Conference Paper {10152, title = {Developing a Database for Evaluating and Exploiting Archaeological Site Information from Charlotte County, New Brunswick}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {During the past two years, the authors have been using the computer program PARADOX to develop a database for standardizing and organizing information concerning archaeological sites in Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Basic information was drawn from the Canadian Heritage information Network and has been supplemented by information from the records of Archaeological Services of New Brunswick, from published and unpublished reports, and from the authors{\textquoteright} field reconnaissance. In its present form, the database consists of 37 fields containing descriptive, locational, geomorphological, chronological and excavation information on 195 formally recorded historic and prehistoric archaeological sites. The database has been designed as a research tool; examples of the types of questions that can be generated and addressed through the database are illustrated.}, author = {Blair, Susan E. and David W. Black} } @Conference Paper {10156, title = {Inside the Jemseg Crossing Project}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {Oral traditions and widely disseminated anecdotes often develop around large, complex excavation projects. In some cases, however, important stories are less widely circulated. In this paper, we will present an insider{\textquoteright}s view of some of the key events of the Jemseg Crossing Archaeology Project. This project was both contentious and innovative. It involved unprecedented levels of cooperation between the Province of New Brunswick, and Wolastoqiyik individuals and communities, and has been the largest mitigation project in Atlantic Canada to date. A key to the many successes of this project was the diplomacy, support and vision of Dr. Chris Turnbull.}, author = {Susan Blair and Christopher R. Blair} } @Conference Paper {10151, title = {Bulk procurement and transportation in the Saint John River valley}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {While archaeologists studying stone tool assemblages have devoted considerable attention to relationships among technology, raw material procurement and mobility, most of this attention has focused on the influence of mobility upon technology, and not on the influence of technology upon mobility. This particular focus has led to some oversimplifications in the modeling of hunter-gatherer socio-ecology and mobility, and an emphasis on pedestrian movements. In turn, this emphasis has significantly influenced our treatment of efficiency, reduction for transport, and technological organization. In this paper I discuss my recent research into technology and lithic reduction on the Maritime Peninsula, and examine some of the implications of bulk transportation with watercraft for analyses of hunter-gatherer mobility, lithic technology, and patterning in the archaeological record.}, author = {Blair, Susan E.} } @Conference Paper {10155, title = {THE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT OF GRAND MANAN: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE GRAND MANAN ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT, PHASE II}, year = {1996}, address = {Halifax}, abstract = {The Grand Manan Archaeology Project was conducted during the summer of 1995, and entailed collections research, survey and excavations conducted in the Grand Manan Archipelago, in southwestern New Brunswick. Research into private and public (museum) collections revealed traces of settlement extending back into the Archaic period. Extensive foot surveys and the partial excavation of two prehistoric archaeological sites augmented this information. The Newton{\textquoteright}s Point site (BeDq-11), a shell-free coastal site, produced lithic debitage and cultural material dating to the Late Maritime Woodland period (approximately 1,000 years ago). The identification of imported (exotic) and local materials suggests the role that Grand Manan played in the regional trade networks that developed during the Late Woodland period. The Baird site (BdDq-3) is an extensive, shallow shell-bearing site composed of several Maritime Woodland and historic period components. In addition, several previously unrecorded prehistoric archaeological sites were identified, but not excavated. This paper will present preliminary results of the Grand Manan Archaeology Project, and discuss the implications of this research for regional culture history.}, author = {Susan Blair} } @Conference Paper {10159, title = {The Bilodeau Site Near Missisquoi Bay: Postmolds, Fishbones and Corn Ear Motif}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {In 1990, during a survey, a Saint Lawrence Iroquoian pot sherd was found on the Bilodeau site. This site is located on the Pike River, five kilometres upstream from Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain. During the summer of 1991, the excavation of 30 square metres in the area of this find, revealed the presence of a fishing camp. More than 80 postrnolds were found, delimiting a small oval habitation. The analysis of the ceramics demonstrates the presence of the Saint Lawrence Iroquoians in the area around AD 1450. We will give here an overview of the findings and discuss the relations with Saint Lawrence Iroquoian data from southern Quebec.}, author = {Blais, Judith} } @Conference Paper {10161, title = {The Prehistoric and Ethnographic Uses of Freshwater Bivalves on the Interior Plateau}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {Three types of edible freshwater bivalves, Margaritifera margaritifera, Anodonta sp., and Goneidea angulata are present in archaeological sites on the Interior Plateau. Ethnographers report that mussels were rarely eaten, but archaeological evidence indicates that at one time large quantifies were gathered for food. Some hypotheses regarding the collecting and eating of freshwater mussels are offered: (1) The increase in mussel use as shown in several excavated sites seems to correspond to the start of the Altithermal at about 6000 B.C. During the medithermal, mussels became more difficult to obtain as their numbers diminished; (2) If Anodonta replaced Margaritifera as the predominant species, the taboo against shellfish eating might be explained by a preference for Margaritifera; and (3)During late prehistoric and early historic times mussels were collected towards the end of the winter when stored food supplies became exhausted.}, author = {Michael BLAKE} } @Conference Paper {10160, title = {Mounds for the Ancestors: Ancient Burial Practices in the Coast Salish Region}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {The construction of large-scale, permanent, and highly visible mortuary features has long been supposed to reflect the social and political dimensions of ancient societies. An example of such a mortuary tradition is the earthen burial mound and stone cairn complex which developed between 1500 and 500 years ago in the present-day Coast Salish region of the Northwest Coast. We suggest that this complex developed as a strategy to: (1) mark hereditary claims to economically important locations, (2) connect far-flung political networks of elites, and (3) differentiate between distinct social strata at the local level. Comparisons with similar mortuary complexes in other parts of the world suggest that cemeteries with visible mortuary monuments were often used to compensate for high settlement mobility, proximity to intensively used communication routes, and increased competition for settlement space and valued resources.}, author = {Michael BLAKE and Douglas R. BROWN} } @Conference Paper {10163, title = {Topographic Landscape Modeling at the Stampede Site (DjOn-26), Cypress Hills, Alberta.}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Mazama tephra is used as a stratigraphic marker to reconstruct the natural landscape of the Stampede Site; circa 6800 yrs BP. Mazama tephra was deposited throughout southern Alberta during the Hypsithermal, a period when the climate of the Northwestern Plains was warmer and drier than present day. Because the geomorphic systems of the Cypress Hills are sensitive to climatic changes landscape reconstruction during this time interval is critical in furthering our understanding of natural landscape formation and human occupation at the Stampede Site. Geoarchaeological techniques utilized in developing this topographic landscape reconstruction model as well as the results of this study will be presented.}, author = {Blakey, Janet} } @Conference Paper {10162, title = {Re-Visiting Cultural Historical Models for the Central Alberta Parklands: A Case Study from Genesee}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {In this presentation traditional Cultural Historical Landuse models for the Central Alberta Parklands are evaluated in the light of recent archaeological and paleoenvironmental investigations Lifeways of Canada has undertaken in Genesee in 2003 and 2004. Previous archaeological studies of the Parkland environment have placed an emphasis on the transitional nature of the region located between the open grassland Prairies to the south and the closed Boreal Forest to the north. In this sense the cultural history of the region is seen to be inextricably linked with fluctuations in climate and environment over the last 10,000 years or more. This approach has greatly influenced interpretations generated from the Genesee Historical Resource studies, which still stands as one of the most inclusive studies of cultural resources found in the Parklands of Alberta. Recent investigations at Genesee have allowed staff from Lifeways of Canada to return to this study area twenty years after the fact, and readdress the question of how accurate this Parklands land use model is.}, author = {Blakey, Janet and Brian Vivian and Murray Lobb} } @Conference Paper {10164, title = {{\`a} la red{\'e}couverte des paysages du pass{\'e} : cartographie des anciens lits de rivi{\'e}re, des chutes, des plages et des grottes}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Steve Blasco and Andrew Promaine and Jim Shearer and Mike Lewis and Bill Fox} } @Conference Paper {10167, title = {Community Archaeology at Bonnechere Provincial Park and Murphy{\textquoteright}s Point Provincial Park}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {The evolution and results of a one-week integrated educational archaeology opportunity at Bonnechere Provincial Park in 2001 will be discussed and evaluated. This unique experiential program served as the catalyst for an even more structured and focussed approach at Murphy{\textquoteright}s Point Provincial Park in 2004 and 2005. Various complimentary program components will be highlighted and critiqued. These will be incorporated into a proposal for a "new community archaeology", and its pertinence to elementary school classes.}, author = {Blaubergs, Ellen} } @Conference Paper {10166, title = {Access to Archaeology: The Ontario Archaeological Society{\textquoteright}s Education Resource Kits}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {In 1991, the Ontario archaeological Society received an Access to Archaeology Programme grant from the Federal Department of Communications to develop a series of education resource kits for schools. A most positive and productive alliance between the Region of Peel Museum and the OAS resulted in a series of kits which feature an overview of Aboriginal prehistory and contact with Europeans, as understood from archaeological investigation. The kits are distributed to schools and other groups by participating local Ontario museums in partnership with the OAS. This paper will outline the various phases which led to the official launch of the {\textquoteright}Discovering Ontario Archaeology{\textquoteright} kit in 1992: design and assembly; promotion and administration; and distribution and maintenance. A {\textquoteright}DOA{\textquoteright} kit, complete with reproduction artifacts, cultural booklets, teachers{\textquoteright} directory, activity sheets and lesson plans will be available for examination during the duration of the CAA annual meeting.}, author = {Blaubergs, Ellen} } @Conference Paper {10165, title = {Documentary Context and its Importance: Preliminary Research Into a Nineteenth Century Toronto China Merchant}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Most documents, according to Robert Schuyler, give us direct insight into emic phenomena and indirect views of behaviour (etic). This paper will examine how these two dimensions have been considered and incorporated into research on one of Torontos most prominent nineteenth century China merchants, Glover Harrison, and his King Street shop {\textquoteright}China Hall{\textquoteright}. A cracked maker{\textquoteright}s mark uncovered during the 1990 excavation of {\textquoteright}Gore Vale{\textquoteright} in Trinity Bellwoods Park initiated an often unique search for this obscure cont-ributor to Toronto{\textquoteright}s commercial history.}, author = {Blaubergs, Ellen} } @Conference Paper {10168, title = {Fire and Acid: Implications of South Italian Pastoralism for the Archaeobotanical Record}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Collections of ovicaprid faecal pellets from 4 flocks in diverse environments were undertaken over a year in semi-arid Basilicata, southern Italy. During the initial months of ethnographic field research, I became increasingly aware of the impact of sheep and goats on the landscape, particularly the flora. A number of informants indicated that one particular plant or another had been brought into pastures by their flock. This information and my observations of flocks moving in their daily pasture rounds across the highly varied mosaic of vegetational zones, led me to collect sheep and goat faecal pellets to investigate their contents for evidence of ovicaprids{\textquoteright} roles in disseminating plants across environments. It also seemed probable that the effect of the ruminant digestive process on seeds is pivotal to understanding the composition of the local flora. Research undertaken by L. Salamone and E. Gambacorta at the Universit{\`a} degli Studi della Basilicata, and of L. Costantini (IsMEO, Rome) in Baluchistan provide supporting evidence of a mutualistic relationship between plants whose reproduction is largely dependent upon being consumed and digested, and the ovicaprids which consume them. This does not mean that {\textquoteright}coevolution leads to obligate mutualisms{\textquoteright} (Blumler 1996:28), but rather that those seeds which survive and benefit from the digestive process have been selected for through grazing by ruminants, in addition to drought and fire. The goal of the faecal pellet analysis is to test the hypothesis that a number of pasture plant species, characterized by their resistance to ruminant digestion and a consequent enhancement of their reproductive success, have been selected for under sustained grazing pressure by ovicaprids. The current study is restricted to investigating which seeds survive intact in the faecal pellets, while a forthcoming study shall investigate the viability of these seeds. Finally, preliminary results from this study are compared to the archaeobotanical record in the area, with a brief discussion of the implications of these results.}, author = {BOAG, Franca} } @Conference Paper {10171, title = {Armageddon in zooarchaeology, I: taphonomy}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Zooarchaeologists are now focusing part of their research interests toward recognizing variations in patterns of bone distribution and morphology in both natural and cultural deposits. Field observations and experimental studies are widely used by researchers to identify those factors which variably affect recoverable skeletal remains and to recognize those similarities and differences which are manifest in the bone remains themselves. In this study we introduce the need for establishing a rigorous quantitative approach to taphonomic studies by examining variations in attritional states of a single element. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of a sample of scapulae from Banks Island, N.W.T. form an explanatory base. Results of this study are discussed in terms of existing accomplishments in taphonomy and purported goals of the discipline.}, author = {Bobrowsky, P. and J. Curtin} } @Conference Paper {10170, title = {A postscript on maximization of artifact recovery: methodological musings on multiple mesh}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {In this paper we present results of a screening study which sought to investigate the effects of using different sized meshes for the recovery of archaeological data. The implications of using various sizes of screen mesh on types and frequencies of archaeological material are discussed within the confines of statistical sampling procedures. That the quality of results from archaeological excavations and the direction of interpretations of prehistory are closely linked with the methodology is difficult to question, yet the variety of opinions regarding which of the data recovery techniques is most accurate is considerable. Statistical sampling serves to elucidate this situation and provide some structure to the kind of archaeological interpretation that is based on retrieval systems. The goal of proper sampling centers on obtaining statistically valid samples of sites, features, or artifacts existing within a defined sampling universe. In all cases, properly executed sampling schemes assume that information recovery is complete. This working assumption can be accepted if the item in question can be recovered in total. This study examines the practical validity of these highly structured approaches to archaeological interpretation.}, author = {Bobrowsky, P. and Ball, B.} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9023, title = {Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, pages = {251-252}, editor = {Peter T. Bobrowsky} } @Conference Paper {10169, title = {Intra and Inter-Assemblage Comparisons of Faunal Data Using Graphic and Moment Statistics}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {All unbiased faunal assemblages can be shown to be lognormally distributed. This phenomenon is not unique to faunal remains, and it can be shown that this type of distribution is a common property of many other elements including artifacts and sediments. In fact, geologists have recognized for sometime that most sedimentary deposits show a lognormal distribution, but that each distribution can show minor variations. For example, modality, mean grain sizes, etc. can vary from sample to sample. Several parameters can be identified as characterizing individual sediment assemblages and quantitative descriptive measures have been developed to summarize these parameters. These measures include: median, mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis. The measures can be obtained through conventional moment statistical calculations or by graphic plotting methods. Both of these approaches have proven to be very useful in geologic studies and now occupy routine positions in geologic research. By analogy, the same parameters exist for faunal assemblages and, therefore, the same descriptors can be used to compare various faunal samples. This study illustrates the importance of using the above measures with historic faunal data from north-central Alberta.}, author = {Peter T. Bobrowsky} } @article {11933, title = {M{\'e}thodologie appliqu{\'e}e aux d{\'e}chets de fabrication en os : Reconstruire les chaines op{\'e}ratoires par l{\textquoteright}approche technologique / Methodology applied to bone manufacturing waste: Reconstructing the chaine op{\'e}ratoire using a technological approach}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {210-239}, abstract = {

This article presents the technological approach applied to the bone industry by using the principles of mental refitting developed by Aline Averbouh (2001). The main purpose of this study is to present methodological guidelines for the classification of bone refuse and by-products with examples drawn from the analysis of bones worked by St. Lawrence Iroquoians at the Mailhot-Curran site, Saint-Anicet, Quebec. This will provide an empirical model adapted to the analysis of the chaines op{\'e}ratoires and to distinct categories of bone refuse, blanks, roughouts, and also finished objects. Ultimately, our aim is to demonstrate the relevance of considering bone refuse in the reconstruction of technological sequences, as well as in the understanding of socioeconomic and cultural systems.

}, author = {Marie-{\`E}ve Boisvert} } @Conference Paper {10173, title = {Arch{\'e}ologie du sous-sol : La cave {\`a} charbon et {\`a} vins de la maison Lougheed de Calgary}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Boland, Dale Elizabeth} } @Conference Paper {10172, title = {Broken Bottles and Bison Bones}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {This presentation takes a look at the activities of the University of Calgary{\textquoteright}s Programme for Public Archaeology at Fish Creek Provincial Park during the 1999 field season. We discuss public involvement in the excavation of a prehistoric bison kill site and an early historic settlement site within the Calgary area (Fish Creek Provincial Park). Included in the discussion are programme promotion and publicity, the geo-topography of the Fish Creek area, as well as historic and prehistoric background information on both of the excavated sites. Also discussed is the continuation of the program through volunteer work in the lab and undergraduate analysis of the excavated material. We have realized that Public Archaeology is an area deserving further academic study and application. There are numerous archaeological programs that cater to the public within the United States, through university programs and programs offered by museums, but have found Canada, especially Alberta, generally lacking in such programs. The expansion of this Programme for Public Archaeology will lead to an increase in the visibility of students, and the Department of Archaeology within The University of Calgary on a community, provincial, and (hopefully) regional scale. As well, this programme may create new avenues for funding and a greater understanding of Alberta{\textquoteright}s cultural heritage resources.}, author = {Boland, Dale Elizabeth and Michelle Schatz and Christine Cluney} } @Conference Paper {10174, title = {The Glenn Family Homestead: Nineteenth Century Settlers and Public Archaeology}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Archaeological investigations at the Glenns{\textquoteright} first cabin have been open to university students and the general public for three seasons. Excavations around the building{\textquoteright}s perimeter and, more recently, through the living floor have helped to reveal the character of the buildings{\textquoteright} occupants and their use of the site since the 1870s. Public excavations and interpretations are considered for their validity and scientific relevance with regard to finds at the site. Other outreach efforts stemming from this site see the inclusion of historic archaeology in lessons to schoolchildren and the importance of context to historical interpretations in proposed reconstruction efforts.}, author = {Boland, Dale Elizabeth} } @Conference Paper {10182, title = {Archaeology by Prescription: Ensuring the Protection of Cultural Resources through Forest Management Planning}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {The protection of known cultural values poses few problems in forest management planning. Known sites are easy to protect because once they are located, they tend not to move around too much. As long as the location of the value can be placed on a map, an appropriate reserve can be identified to ensure its protection. Difficulties arise when protecting presumed values; that is, values predicted to exist through modelling efforts, but for which no physical evidence has been verified and no exact locations identified. Current archaeological predictive models applied in Ontario can result in up to 18\% of a forest management unit as high archaeological potential, which in some cases can equal more than 150,000 hectares of unverified cultural value. This paper will introduce a discussion of methods for protecting cultural values which may not necessarily require complete avoidance of the value by the forest industry. It also discusses a range of cultural values currently being protected in Ontario, including the protection of social values as perceived and identified by native communities. Finally, this paper will discuss how it is imperative that all this information must be packaged in a manner that can be understood and implemented by forest planners, and in a language and format compatible with forest planning terminology and scheduling.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA} } @Conference Paper {10177, title = {Explaining Prehistoric Activity Location in Northern Ontario}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {This paper presents the preliminary results of a research project developing models of prehistoric land use. It stems from an associated research project where predictive models of prehistoric activity locations are being developed in an area of northern Ontario. Presently, the Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction (CARP) at Lakehead University is conducting the research for this predictive modelling project where the development of predictive models of prehistoric activity location is the predominant research focus of this projet. These models however allow other aspects of prehistoric archaeological research to be investigated. While a predictive model of prehistoric activity location is a useful device for identifying potential archaeological sites, the methodology employed to develop a model can also be used to generate explanations why sites are located where they are. Previous archaeological research in the Black Sturgeon Lake area of northern Ontario has resulted in the identification of numerous archaeological sites ranging in age from historic to late Palaeo-Indian. Presently, a predictive model of prehistoric activity location is being developed for an area centering on Black Sturgeon Lake. using MAP II, a raster GIS, a 2400 km2 block of land has been digitized to a scale of 30m x 30m. Primary data layers include a digital elevation model, major water resources, minor rivers, minor lakes, and surficial geology. In addition, other data layers are being developed as a result of concurrent research into traditional boreal land uses. By examining the ethnographic and historic literature, many of the traditional uses of the boreal forest are being reconstructed. The different activities conducted by native people and the resources targeted by some of these activities are being translated into digital cartographie data. For example, Rogers (1966) describes the Mistassini Cree as congregating in large groups during the summer. The major activity at the time was fishing and later in the summer, berry collecting. One can confirm associations of existing archaeological sites with good fishing locations (through examination of fish productivity maps available through government agencies). Additionally, favourable berry picking areas can be identified. Blueberries tend to grow in specific areas. One variety can be found in predominantly moist woods, swamps and clearing while another variety grows in open, disturbed clearing. Using a GIS, areas with these characteristics can be identified in the study area and their association site locations can be evaluated. This paper will present the reconstruction of many of these land use activities. It is suggested that in addition to predicting where archaeological sites might be located, it is reasonable to expect that a model of catchment areas can be developed. Correlation of these catchment areas with specific site types may provide insight into the settlement system for the Black Sturgeon Lake area, and by extension the boreal forest north of Lake Superior.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA and Linda Larcombe} } @Conference Paper {10181, title = {Applying Predictive Models to 45 Million Hectares of Ontario}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) identifies and protects cultural resources through the forest management planning process. The problem that presents itself to cultural resource managers in northern Ontario, as well as much of the rest of the Canadian boreal forest, is one where the resources are known to exist, but their exact locations are unknown. So how does one manage a resource that we know exists but we don{\textquoteright}t know where it is? In the late 1980s, MNR identified archaeological predictive modelling as a means of addressing this situation and, given available knowledge, providing the best statement regarding the likelihood of archaeological resource existence. The MNR sponsored three years of research and development that led to a first generation predictive model. This was followed by three years of pilot projects which served to expand the applied base of the model from the original research and development area in northwestern Ontario and also to develop various means by which existing Ontario government digital databases can be incorporated into the archaeological predictive modelling process. The MNR is now at a stage where it is ready to employ archaeological predictive models as a cultural resource management tool in all new forest management plans - an area encompassing 45 million hectares of forested land.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA} } @Conference Paper {10176, title = {GIS-BASED HERITAGE RESOURCE PREDICTIVE MODELLING IN NORTHERN ONTARIO: A PILOT PROJECT}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {In 1990, Lakehead University began a pilot project studying the feasibility of developing predictive models of prehistoric settlement locations. More than 250,000 square kilometres of forest is leased for logging activities and virtually none of that land has been subjected to archaeological analysis. The project will organize its land base according to the Borden system to facilitate correspondence with archaeological management units. This has resulted in individual map sheets of 18.5km x 12km in size (608 rows x 397 columns per digital map). Each cell in the digital database represents 30m x 30m. This cell resolution allows for detailed mapping of the natural resource and archaeological database. In addition, LANDSAT TM data can be incorporated directly into this database. At the present time, two Borden blocks have been digitized: DhJf and DhJe. A variety of data layers have been generated including elevation, water resources, surface geology, drainage, transportation and utility corridors, and known archaeological sites. A preliminary predictive model has been generated but has not yet been subjected to field verification.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA and Scott Hamikon} } @Conference Paper {10185, title = {A Predictive Model of Prehistoric Activity Location for Thunder Bay District, Ontario}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {This paper will summarize in fifteen minutes, three years of research conducted for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources by the Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. The result of this research is a predictive model of prehistoric activity location that combines two of the traditional methods for developing predictive models. An {\textquoteright}inductive archaeologist{\textquoteright}s model{\textquoteright} and a {\textquoteright}deductive cultural model{\textquoteright} are combined to develop maps presuming favourable locations for the existence of archaeological sites. Three examples of this model{\textquoteright}s application will be presented and avenues of future work will be discussed.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA} } @Conference Paper {10180, title = {Visual Possibility Statements: A Preliminary Study into Predictive Modelling Using a Macintosh-Based Geographic Information System-Map II}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {This paper will present the preliminary results of an investigation into the prediction of possible areas of site location based upon known locations of prehistoric sites in British Columbia{\textquoteright}s Thompson River Valley. A Macintosh-based Geographic Information System (GIS) called MAP 11 was employed to examine an area of approximately 725 square kilometers of the Thompson River between Spence{\textquoteright}s Bridge and Ashcroft. Archaeological information concerning known site locations, functions and temporal associations and {\textquoteright}natural variables{\textquoteright} such as elevation and hydrology were each stored on a different digital {\textquoteright}map{\textquoteright}. Using the GIS to essentially {\textquoteright}add{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}subtract{\textquoteright} these separate maps, an attempt was made to determine if associations exist between areas of site location and these {\textquoteright}natural variables{\textquoteright}. The GIS was subsequently employed to identify localities exhibiting potential for these same associations. The resulting maps (labelled visual possibility statements) have the potential for providing insight into undiscovered areas of site locations.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA} } @Conference Paper {10175, title = {Addressing Archaeological Predictive Modelling / Les mod{\'e}les de pr{\'e}vision arch{\'e}ologique}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {In February 1997, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) hosted a workshop that brought together a diverse group of archaeologists and professionals. The focus of this workshop was the use of predictive modelling as a resource management tool and the most appropriate way in which that tool could be used in a boreal forest environment. Discussions were topic specific and did not focus on the use of a specific computer technology. Although it was clear that GIS is an important tool for conducting predictive modelling, discussions did not focus on that technology. Rather discussions and presentations focussed on modelling issues. The technology was secondary. The result of this workshop was not a series of papers that trumpeted one{\textquoteright}s mastery of a particular analytical module in a specific GIS package. Rather it was about addressing archaeological predictive modelling: the types of data one should consider; the means by which one could verify a model (statistical as well as survey approaches); incorporating non-geographical data into models (social data); and the means by which one can take a model and apply it to the real world. GIS and technology figure into it, but are not the focus of it. This paper will summarize the results of that workshop and put it into the context of the MNR{\textquoteright}s archaeological predictive modelling program.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA} } @Conference Paper {10184, title = {Helping Out the Foresters: Predicting Heritage Resource Localities}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {In June 1991, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction at Lakehead University initiated a research project to develop predictive models of prehistoric settlement location in the boreal forest north of Thunder Bay, Ontario. A GIS based predictive-modelling approach will be developed using a wide variety of sources including existing archaeological data, new archaeological survey data, informant data, ethnographic/historic data and geographical/geomorphological data. This paper will present the results of the first year of this project.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA and Scott Hamilton} } @Conference Paper {10179, title = {A Preliminary Predictive Model for the Western Lake Nipigon Watershed}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {The Centre for Archaeological Resource Prediction (CARP) at Lakehead University is entering the third year of a three year research program conducted for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. A predictive model of prehistoric activity location is being developed for an area centering on Black Sturgeon Lake, southwest of Lake Nipigon. Using geographic information system software, a 2400 km2 block of land has been digitized to a scale of 30m x 30m. Primary data layers include a digital elevation model, stream order, slope, aspect, rapids and waterfalls, eskers, drainage, and geology. In addition, other data layers are being developed as a result of concurrent research into traditional boreal forest land uses. By examining the ethnographic and historic literature, an attempt is being made to reconstruct the traditional land use patterns of the prehistoric inhabitants of the region. The different activities conducted by native people and the resources targeted by some of these activities are being translated into digital cartographic data which in turn is being used in the creation of a preliminary model of prehistoric activity location.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA} } @Conference Paper {10183, title = {I Know Exactly Where I am: Using GPS in Archaeology}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {In February and March of 1992, a global positioning system device (GPS) was evaluated for use by arch-aeologists in the heavy bush of northern Ontario. Archacological site locations were visited in and around the City of Thunder Bay. Locational readings were taken using the GPS device and these readings were compared with existing site records. The GPS was evaluated in a variety of terrain and vegetation settings for accuracy of the locational readings, ease of use and (important for archaeologists) durability.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA} } @Conference Paper {10178, title = {A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT IN THE SOURIS RIVER BASIN, SASKATCHEWAN}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {This research presents the results of the development of a predictive model for prehistoric settlement along the Souris River in southeastern Saskatchewan. The predictive model was developed using a visual possibility statement approach using a Geographic Information System. It was then tested with field survey and then subjected to subsequent revisions. The final predictive model accounts for between 77\% and 87\% of the sites in the study area. This paper presents a predictive model for the Souris River Basin in its final form with a discussion of the difficulties encountered in its development.}, author = {Luke DALLA BONA} } @Conference Paper {10186, title = {Traitement des zones {\`a} faible potentiel dans les mod{\'e}les pr{\'e}dictifs utilis{\'e}s dans la r{\'e}gion des sables bitumineux}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Tara Bond} } @Conference Paper {10188, title = {Orientations actuelles et futures en arch{\'e}ologie {\`a} l{\textquoteright}Universit{\'e} McMaster}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Sarah Bonesteel and S.Brooke Milne and Christine Cluney and Bathurst, Rhonda and Meghan Burchell and Peter Bangarth} } @Conference Paper {10187, title = {Souplesse du r{\^o}le assign{\'e} {\`a} chacun des sexes et intervention sociale en arch{\'e}ologie pal{\'e}oesquimaude ancienne}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Sarah Bonesteel} } @Conference Paper {10189, title = {New Techniques for Recovering and Analyzing Ancient Human and Animal Hair}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Human and animal hair appears to be an important source of information that is routinely overlooked at some archaeological and paleontological sites. Hair has the potential to make contributions to our understanding of paleoecology, paleontology, and human prehistory. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the techniques and values of hair recovery by using a case study from the Mammoth Meadow site, southwestern Montana. Archaeological research conducted at the Mammoth Meadow site (24BE559) has led to the discovery of a deeply stratified workshop-habitation site with a Holocene and late Pleistocene archaeological record, which contains numerous flaked stone artifacts, animal bones, and features that date from the time of white contact to the end of the Pleistocene. A human and animal hair record occurs below a tephra lens that has been identified as Glacier Peak volcanic ash that is dated 11,000 yrs B.P. at a number of localities in the western United States. Hair and other organic remains including plant debris, fish scales, and feathers, occur in anaerobic silt and clay deposits at and below the water table. By using a process of pre-soaking sediments in sodium hexametaphosphate, it has been possible to disaggregate the hair from silts and clays and to use screen washing and flotation techniques to routinely collect human and animal hair. At the Center for the Study of the First Americans a series of related studies have been initiated. R. Ervin Taylor, U.C. Riverside is attempting to date hair keratin by AMS C-14 method. Drawing on Oregon State University Fish and Wildlife Department study skin collection, which contains over 8,000 specimens, Kate Rendich is: (1) developing comparative control samples of hair mounted on slides; (2) mounting hairs from, Mammoth Meadow; (3) using a video-digital imagery system to compare the known samples with unknown specimens. AdditionaIly, Walt Rearn, Agricultural Chemistry and Katherine Field, Microbiology, are attempting to determine if DNA can routinely be extracted from ancient hair. Results of these related projects will be reported at the conference.}, author = {Robson Bonnichsen and Katherine FIELD and Walter REAM and Ervin TAYLOR and Kate RENDICH} } @article {9501, title = {Integrating Faunal Analysis}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {1}, year = {1977}, pages = {109-133}, abstract = {

One of the most important sources of information for reconstructing man\&$\#$39;s adaptive response to prehistoric environments is the faunal remains found in archaeological sites. This paper develops the view that faunal remains are not randomly distributed in archaeological sites; they may reflect patterned human behavior and may covary with other classes of archaeological data. A computer based data banking system is presented which may be used as a rapid organizational tool for isolating patterns in large and small quantities of faunal data. The interpretation of variance calls for the use of an interdisciplinary approach which entails a high degree of interaction between specialists throughout the project during the planning stages and during the interpretation of analytical results. Case example analyses of data from the Passamaquoddy Bay Archaeological Research Project, New Brunswick, are presented. The study is concluded with the suggestion that the acceptance of data banking methods and standardized systematics may provide the key for shifting the focus of faunal analysis research. These methods may permit analysts to change their focus from site specific studies to the consideration of cross-culture comparative questions regarding man\&$\#$39;s utilization of the faunal resource.

}, author = {Robson Bonnichsen and David Sanger} } @Conference Paper {10191, title = {The Circle Unfolds: Towards an Understanding of the Traditional Cosmology of the Piik_ni and Sioux Peoples / {\textquoteright}Le cercle r{\'e}v{\'e}l\&eacu}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {For many North American Native people, the circle represents the cycle of life. It is a symbol of infinity and interconnectedness. However, this belief transcends the boundaries of the physical world; its inception lies within the spiritual world. As such, there exists a reciprocal relationship between the spiritual and the terrestrial worlds and such a relationship is reflected by the American Indian through certain actions and rituals. It is my intent in this paper to examine the idea of numerical symbolism, and especially interpretations of the number 4, within the context of the sweat and the Sun Dance ceremonies of the Piik_ni and Siouan peoples and how such symbolism provides evidence of a connection for these people between themselves and their cosmos.}, author = {BOSCH, Katherine A.} } @Conference Paper {10190, title = {The 2001 Mackenzie River Delta Heritage Resource Survey}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {This paper is an overview of the Mackenzie River Delta Heritage Resource Survey undertaken by Inuvialuit Environmental \& Geotechnical and Bison Historical Services in 2001. The main objective of the survey was to provide a greater understanding of known and potential heritage site distribution patterns on both Crown and Inuvialuit Private Lands within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in order to aid industry with planning and route selection. Traditional knowledge research from the communities of Inuvik, Tuktoyaktuk, and Aklavik was integrated with archival research to form the foundation for the field portion of the survey. The field portion of the survey consisted of a systematic aerial and ground reconnaissance of potentially sensitive terrain in areas where various natural gas exploration and development activities were planned for the winter 2001/2002 season. The Mackenzie River Delta Heritage Resource Survey resulted in the identification of 175 new sites, and the successful geo-location of 84 previously documented sites.}, author = {Bosch, Katherine and Don HANNA} } @article {11040, title = {The Archaeological Legacy of Dr. Edward Van Cortlandt}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {39}, year = {2015}, pages = {294-326}, abstract = {

The discovery of unambiguous evidence identifying the location of an ancient aboriginal burial ground on the shore of the Ottawa River in the core of Canada{\textquoteright}s capital region has opened important new lines of inquiry relevant to the origins of Canadian archaeology, the formation of the country{\textquoteright}s first museums and the role played by the Ottawa physician and antiquarian Dr.\ Edward Van Cortlandt in the early investigation and exhibition of Canada{\textquoteright}s prehistoric past.

}, author = {Randy Boswell and Jean-Luc Pilon} } @Conference Paper {10192, title = {The Anthropology of Underwater Archaeological Sites}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {The study of culture through the study of archaeological materials must be the goal of underwater archaeology as it is in terrestrial archaeology. This paper sets forth a taxonomic system for underwater sites based on cultural activities related to these sites{\textquoteright} creation. The system, therefore, presupposes a goal beyond the study of artifacts in isolation from the culture which produced them.}, author = {Botwick, Brad and Gary BREWER} } @Conference Paper {10193, title = {A Dugout Canoe from Northeastern New Brunswick}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {A remarkably well-preserved dugout canoe was recently recovered from a coastal context near Val Comeau in Northeastern New Brunswick. Details of the canoe and the peculiar circumstances of its discovery are presented. Two radiocarbon dates ranging between 440 and 400 B.P. date the canoe to the early historic period. Also discussed are the implications of such a unique find within local and broader regional contexts.}, author = {Bourgeois, Vincent} } @Conference Paper {10195, title = {Radiocarbon Dating and the Little Gap}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The period between the end of the Susquehanna tradition and the appearance of Vintette I pottery in Maine remains a stark void in comparison to the millennia before and after it. One approach to understanding what may have been going on during the little gap is to examine the radiocarbon-dated components that appear to fall within its limits. Such an examination appears to offer little evidence that the gap is being narrowed by these new data.}, author = {Bourque, Bruce} } @Conference Paper {10194, title = {DIETARY RECONSTRUCTION OF PREHISTORIC MARITIME PEOPLES OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA: FAUNAL VS. STABLE ISOTOPIC APPROACHES}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {We present dietary reconstructions for seven coastal archaeological populations from Northeastern North America based upon stable isotopic ratios in human bone, including 13C/15C (collagen), 15N/14N (collagen) and 13C (apatite)/13C (collagen). These reconstructions are compared to others based largely upon faunal remains, but also upon palaeoenvironmental models. The populations range geographically from L{\textquoteright}Anse Amour, Labrador, to Casco Bay, Maine, and in age from 7,500 B.P. to the early seventeenth century. Comparisons are made to Northeastern interior populations of comparable age. Our main goal is to estimate the importance of marine protein in the diets of these groups, and to use these estimates to assess current notions about maritime adaptations along the northwest Atlantic littoral. The relevance of these results for the ongoing discussion about postdepositional diagenesis of bone is considered.}, author = {Bruce J. Bourque and Harold W. Krueger} } @Conference Paper {10197, title = {A Model for Midden Formation at the Turner Farm Site}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {During the past two decades, archaeological excavations on the central Maine coast have examined numerous shell midden sites. Normally, excavators have made detailed observations on midden structure, including stratigraphic and plan drawings. In general, however, the sites sampled represent a small number of components dating after c. 2,500 B.P. and the areas opened at the larger, more complex ones have not exceeded 5\% of the n-tidden surface area. The Turner Farm site represents a qualitatively different case. Its numerous components, which date between c. 5,000 B.P. and the early historic period, present a uniquely long sequence of generally well stratified deposits. Furthermore, excavations carried out there between 1971 and 1978 were extensive, opening a total of 25\% of the midden{\textquoteright}s surface area. Therefore, the Turner Farm excavation allows observations on long term midden formation processes that are not possible from smaller excavations at younger sites. These include factors influencing relative shell abundance, degree of shell fracturing, discreteness of horizontal patterning and post-depositional movement of artifacts.}, author = {Bourque, Bruce} } @Conference Paper {10196, title = {A Late Archaic Sequence for southern Maine the Small Stemmed Point tradition, the Laurentian tradition, the Moorehead phase and the Susquehanna tradit}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Archaeological research at several sites in southern and central Maine are summarized, and comparisons are made to the Archaic strata of the Turner Farm site. These data allow new insights into the relationships among long-standing constructs such as the Small stemmed point tradition, the Laurentian tradition, the Moorehead phase, and the Susquehanna tradition. They also clarify relationships with the Maritime Archaic tradition of Newfoundland and Labrador.}, author = {Bruce J. Bourque} } @Conference Paper {10198, title = {Early Archaic Nettling Settlement Patterns in North-Central Ohio}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Since Stan Wortner discovered the Nettling site north of Lake Erie in 1965, extensive survey has shown that initial Early Archaic (ca. 9000 BP) Palmer-like Nettling points occur over an area of about 70,000 km2, centered roughly on modem Lake Erie. Four base camps, each at least as intense as the Nettling site itself, each of which have yielded at least 200 points and 200 endscrapers, have been identified within a 10, 000 km2 tract in north-central Ohio, south of the western end of Lake Erie. They are 1) the Trapp locality at the upper rapids of the Sandusky River, 2) the Chapman locality on the Sandusky River near the mouth of Sycamore Creek, 3) the Demuth locality on the west branch of the Huron River, and 4) the Fulk locality at the Savannah Lakes, a glacial kettle complex at the head of the Vermilion River.}, author = {Bowen, LE.} } @Conference Paper {10199, title = {Petrographic Analysis of Prehistoric Ceramics: Methodology and Results}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {This paper investigates the use of petrographic analysis (the microscopic study of thin sections) to solve problems concerning prehistoric ceramic ecology, defined as the place of pottery in the lives of the people who made and used it. The approach is distinct from analyses which produce types meaningful for chronological or stylistic studies. Petrographic analysis is a specialized technique which defines paste types effectively and accurately. The paste types are the data which can be quantified and used to answer questions about prehistoric ceramic ecology. The paper deals with problem orientation, what questions can be asked, how to design a test, how to sample the collection, how to make and analyze the thin sections, and what results may be expected. Two specific illustrations are given from my researches in Northwestern Plains pottery, and the pottery of the Sierra Blanca region of New Mexico.}, author = {Carolyn Bower} } @Conference Paper {10200, title = {Caribou Remains at Thandl\‰t: Archaeology and Paleoecology of Some Well-Preserved Sites on Ice Patches in the Southwestern Yukon}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {In 1997 well-preserved prehistoric organic artifacts and faunal material were discovered melting out of a permanent snow patch in the Kusawa Lake area of the southwestern Yukon. Radiocarbon dates on caribou fecal remains from stratified deposits within the snow patch indicate that these animals were present in the area at least 2500 years ago, although they are absent in the region today. A wooden dart/arrow shaft recovered from the edge of the snow patch dates to 4300 years ago, and is a rare example of mid-Holocene organic technology in North America. The exceptional preservation of archaeological remains and high quality paleoenvironmental data at the Thandl\‰t site offers a rare opportunity to explore a number of questions regarding human use of montane sites, the ecology of prehistoric caribou, and implications of climate change on caribou populations.}, author = {BOWYER, Vandy and Gerald W. KUZYK and Donald E. RUSSELL and Richard S. FARNELL and Ruth M. GOTTHARDT and P. Gregory HARE and Erik BLAKE} } @Conference Paper {10205, title = {Building a Geoarchaeological Framework for the Assiniboine Delta: Initial Results}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {The Rossendale Gully site lies in a small underfit valley on the southeastern Assiniboine Delta. Previous radiocarbon dates on buried organics from this site were important in establishing the deglacial chronology of southern Manitoba (Preston et al., 1955; Elson, 1967; Teller, 1989). A new coring program was initiated in order to: (1) reconstruct early Holocene vegetation dynamics following the final regression of glacial Lake Agassiz across the delta; (2) correlate the Rossendale sequence with other Campbell-level deposits; and (3) model the broad relationship between late Paleoindian land-use and the history of Lake Agassiz in this region. In July 2003, 14 cores were collected from the region using a hydraulic Geoprobe. The longest core obtained was 13.25 m. A preliminary stratigraphic sequence is identified, composed of >12 m of offshore silt interbedded with at least eleven cycles of turbidite deposition, locally overlain by an early Holocene organic unit at the Rossendale Gully site. In general, this sequence documents the final regression of Agassiz from an earlier highstand phase (radiocarbon dates pending), followed by the first colonization of the delta surface by wetland vegetation ~9.5 ka BP. This suggests that the southeastern delta was not available for human settlement until the late Paleoindian period.}, author = {Matthew Boyd} } @Conference Paper {10204, title = {Phytolith Analysis in the Parklands: a Species-Diagnostic Candidate for Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) / Analyse des phytolithes des prairies-p}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {The potential of phytolith studies in areas of poor pollen and plant macrofossil preservation has been understood for some time. While this may be the case, phytolith studies in North America have generally focused on a narrow spectrum of plant types{\textendash} mainly native grasses, and cereals (e.g., maize). With regard to efforts directed towards paleoenvironmental reconstructions, this has meant that past vegetation communities which are not dominated by grasses are effectively {\textquoteright}invisible{\textquoteright} at present (especially where pollen and organic macro-remains do not preserve in sufficient quantities). In an effort to close this gap, the author presents some preliminary suggestions for a distinctive trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) phytolith type. If the distinctiveness and exclusivity of this type is borne out in further research, application may provide a means of tracing the boundaries of the Aspen Parkland over time. Archaeologically, it may then be possible to more accurately situate sites within this {\textquoteleft}transitional{\textquoteright} vegetation zone for purposes of inferring natural resource procurement strategies, seasonal rounds, etc.}, author = {Matthew Boyd} } @Conference Paper {10203, title = {Le lac glaciaire Hind et le complexe de Folsom}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Matthew Boyd and Garry Leonard Running IV and Karen Havholm} } @Conference Paper {10202, title = {Holocene Paleoecology of the Lauder Sandhills, Southwestern Manitoba: Preliminary Botanical Results}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {A cutbank of the Souris River in the Lauder Sandhills is currently undergoing micro- and macrobotanical analysis in order to help clarify the postglacial vegetation and climatic history of southwestern Manitoba. The early end of this sequence {\textendash} represented by a section of gyttja with exquisite organic preservation {\textendash} is the focus of this preliminary analysis. In general, results are suggestive of a pattern of Holocene succession broadly consistent with interpretations for adjacent areas. The evidence of extreme fluctuations in available moisture is given particular attention, and is interpreted according to more general climatic trends seen throughout the early- to mid-Holocene. As well, some attention will be paid to the paleoecology of certain key plant species on the postglacial landscape. These results, in addition to expanding the database of a very poorly studied area, have paleoenviromental implications extending beyond the local area.}, author = {Matthew Boyd} } @Conference Paper {10206, title = {A Late Holocene Prairie Fire Record from Southwestern Manitoba: Archaeological Implications}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Despite recent interest in the North American Holocene fire record, evidence for the deliberate burning of prairie by Plains hunter-gatherers has not previously been demonstrated. Through the analysis of phytoliths preserved in a sequence of dated paleosols in the Lauder Sandhills, Southwestern Manitoba, a local grassland fire record is reconstructed for the past ~ 4000 years. Rather than suggesting climatic {\textquoteright}forcing{\textquoteright}, an apparent peak in fire frequency shortly after ~ 2500 BP may correspond to the deliberate burning of prairie by Sonota-Besant hunter-gatherers. This practice, which is clearly documented in the historic record, may have functioned as a means of making bison herd movements more predictable.}, author = {Matthew Boyd} } @Conference Paper {10201, title = {Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Lauder Sandhills, Southwestern Manitoba}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {This paper presents a broad overview of environmental change and its relevance to the archaeological record in the southern basin of a former glacial lake in southwestern Manitoba. Plant microfossils, macrofossils, and geomorphological data indicate that, throughout the Holocene, the ecological history of this area represents the complex interaction between both large-and small-scale natural processes (e.g., climatic trends, sand sheet mobilization and dune formation, aquifer hydrology, etc.). The postglacial thermal maximum, for example, is shown to have a more complicated effect on the timing of grassland colonization in the basin in comparison to the surrounding uplands of the Manitoba Escarpment. Understanding the character of small-scale ecosystem variation provides a means of accounting for the timing of McKean occupations in this area.}, author = {Matthew Boyd} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9027, title = {Lost Cities of the Ancien Southeast}, volume = {22}, year = {1999}, pages = {167-168}, editor = {Wayne C. J. Boyko} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9169, title = {Pleistocene Landscape Features and Plano Archaeological Sites upon the Kaministiquia River Delta, Thunder Bay District}, volume = {25}, year = {2001}, pages = {140-143}, editor = {Wayne C. J. Boyko} } @Conference Paper {10208, title = {Laser ablation as a method for assessing the effects of microbial diagenesis on stable isotope analysis}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {Post-depositional alteration of skeletal material is a problem that has long plagued isotopic analysis of archaeological material. Diagenesis, the term used to describe the post-depositional alteration, may be physical, chemical or biological in nature, and calls into question the reliability of isotopic data. Specifically, microbial diagenesis has the potential impact of altering isotopic signatures in skeletal material through decomposition by soil microorganisms. The objective of my thesis has been to identify diagenetically altered areas within bone and determine to what extent the isotopic signals have been altered. Modern bone and dentition samples were subjected to microbial degradation in a natural environment and the extent of bacterial colonization of differing skeletal tissue layers was identified using scanning electron microscopy. Areas recognized as potentially having undergone microbial diagenesis are targeted for isotope analysis using a CO2 laser ablation system; ideal for spot analysis on rare or small specimens. Archaeological samples were also analyzed in an attempt to identify patterns in the colonization or offsets in isotope values over time. Variation in the degree of colonization of differing areas of the bone and also in the carbon and oxygen isotope values obtained from altered versus unaltered areas is investigated. These results not only further our knowledge of the process of biodegradation but allow for more accurate isotope analysis of archaeological material through the creation of a diagenetic profile within skeletal material resulting from microbial diagenesis.}, author = {Brady, Allyson and Christine White and Fred Longstaffe and Gordon Southam} } @Conference Paper {10207, title = {Faded, but not Lost: An Exploration of Rock-Art Patterning Using Digital Technology in the Torres Strait Islands, Northeast Queensland, Australia}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {Rock paintings from the Torres Strait islands in tropical far northeast Queensland are subject to a harsh coastal weathering regime. Many of these fragile images have faded due to accelerated coastal processes such as water and salt damage and are no longer visible to the naked eye. The systematic application of computer enhancement techniques to rock paintings recorded across Western Torres Strait over a four-year period has identified a previously undetectable north-south pattern in the proportion of faded paintings recovered using this technique. This patterning, taken in combination with a north-south division in Western Torres Strait geology, is used to reveal broader spatial and temporal patterns in the Torres Strait region. I argue that this systematic recording methodology attends to the preservation and conservation aspects of rock-art research, and can also be used to inform researchers of new or previously unidentifiable trends into the patterning of rock-art across space and through time.}, author = {Brady, Liam} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9276, title = {The Arctic Voyages of Martin Frobisher: An Elizabethan Adventure}, volume = {26}, year = {2002}, pages = {213-216}, editor = {Michael Brand} } @Conference Paper {10209, title = {Archaeological Investigations on the Dawson and Klondike City Hillsides}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {Typical of late 19th century mining camps, the population of Dawson City during the boom years contained a relatively large group of transients. Natural constraints on the limits of the townsite, and the high demand for land as the stampeders arrived, resulted in the occupation of the steep hillsides along the eastern margin of Dawson and the southern edge of Klondike City. Previous archaeological research by Parks Canada archaeologists on the Dawson hillside, suggests that these areas were inhabited by transients, who came seeking a fortune to return home to a better life. This paper presents the results of the 1998 season of the Dawson City Hillside Archaeology Project, which recorded structure platforms and surface artifacts on the Klondike City hillside and portions of the Dawson City hillside. This research provides insights into the lives of the transient people who lived there and the means by which they interacted with the rest of the community.}, author = {BRAND, Michael J.} } @Conference Paper {10210, title = {Metal Container Reuse and Transience During the Klondike Gold Rush}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {This paper examines metal container reuse in the context of transient habitation sites in Dawson City, Yukon. Many individuals who joined the Klondike Stampede came north hoping to make a quick fortune and return home. Investigation of cabin platforms on the steep hillsides surrounding Dawson City, Yukon, suggests that their occupants during the gold rush era were largely transients. Surface artifact assemblages associated with cabin platforms indicate that the reuse of metal containers was a relatively common activity. Items manufactured from discarded tin cans on the hillsides tend to be related to structures and basic household activities. The varieties of reused artifacts are described and comparisons are made with other sites associated with the Klondike Gold Rush.}, author = {Michael Brand} } @Conference Paper {10213, title = {A tale of two data bases}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Computer data base management systems are becoming increasingly in vogue for archaeological research applications. Abundant literature exists pertaining to computer data base techniques in archaeology in particular describing coding schemes, data manipulation procedures and analytical software. However, to archaeologists proposing to adopt such systems much less information is available detailing the accompanying problems introduced to the process of {\textquoteright}doing archaeology{\textquoteright}. Two examples of large-scale data base management systems used to analyze archaeological data from Batoche National Historic Site in Saskatchewan and the Lubbub Creek site in west-central Alabama are briefly compared. Emphasis is placed on key parts of the process prone to error resulting in user grief and the means of coping with them are discussed. It is proposed that the problem areas highlighted are likely to be encountered by researchers implementing such systems and can be avoided. Among the aspects to be addressed are sources, rates and effects of data base error; user behaviour; and the availability and suitability of software.}, author = {Brandon, J.} } @Conference Paper {10212, title = {Public Historical Archaeology at Chimney Coulee / L{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie historique publique {\`a} la coul{\'e}e Chimney}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {The Chimney Coulee Site (DjOe-6) in the Cypress Hills of Saskatchewan contains components representing virtually every historical theme in Western Canadian 19th-C history. These include at least two precontact occupations, a large hivermant M{\'e}tis village probably occupied in the 1860s and 1870s, a Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company post (1871-72) and the North-West Mounted Police Eastend post (1877-1180). Public archaeology programs were run in the Coulee in the summers of 1994 and 1995. Quite by chance, theses occurred simultaneous with the Eastend Tyrannosaurus rex palaeontological excavations and tourism boom. Both grant-based and {\textquoteright}user-pay{\textquoteright} methods of funding the project were utilized and the efficacy of both are discussed. Of the several occupations represented, the HBC post built in a M{\'e}tis longhouse style was the main focus of investigation. The archaeological findings are presented.}, author = {BRANDON, John D.} } @Conference Paper {10211, title = {Learning at the Source: A Comparison of Rhenish Stoneware from Ferryland, Newfoundland to Museum Originals in Germany}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The popularity of Rhenish stoneware during the 17th and 18th centuries is observed time and again during excavations of colonial sites and shipwrecks. The ubiquitous Frechen Bartmann bottles and Westerwald blue-grey tankards are the most common vessels. This reputation supercedes their interpretive value, however, since they are not studied as widely as they are recovered. The Ferryland site, Newfoundland, provides a wonderful assemblage of Rhenish stoneware spanning two centuries. Complimenting the bottles and tankards are Frechen drinking pots and jugs, and ornately decorated baluster jugs produced in Raeren and the Westerwald. A research trip to the Rhineland provided an opportunity to view a range of complete vessels and open communication with European colleagues. Moreover, examining the source of Rhenish stoneware affords a new perspective on the role and use of these wares in the colonies.}, author = {Brandon, Nicole E.} } @Conference Paper {10214, title = {Internship Experience in Archaeological Collections Management: Improving the Status of McMaster{\textquoteright}s Research Collections}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {In September of 2007 the Department of Anthropology at McMaster University initiated the {\textquoteright}Collections Management Plan{\textquoteright}. After decades in storage the materials recovered by archaeological field research conducted in 1960{\textquoteright}s and 1970{\textquoteright}s have been re-excavated from their cardboard matrix. The necessity for this came from a need for more storage space for existing materials, but most importantly it came from a recognized responsibility to maintain the collections and their potential for furthering research into Ontario{\textquoteright}s archaeological history. The objective is to develop and maintain a comprehensive database of excavated sites which will enable us to provide researchers with access to materials and information pertaining to the collections. It has also provided an opportunity to engage current undergraduate students with the changing practices of Canadian Archaeology. We hope that this research will reach the broader archaeological community and present opportunities for learning more about the history of this extensive collection.}, author = {Eliza Brandy and Matthew J. Seguin and Meghan Burchell} } @Conference Paper {10215, title = {Laurel in Northern Manitoba: A Ceramic Synthesis / La culture Laurel dans le nord du Manitoba : les informations livr{\'e}es par des c{\'e}ramiq}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {This paper discusses a synthesis of information obtained from northern Manitoba Laurel ceramics recovered between 1970 and 1995. This project has revealed an unexpected high number of sites with Laurel components in northern Manitoba. A higher than realized Laurel representation in all of Manitoba appears to be the emerging pattern. Some regionalism of the study area Laurel is suggested based on observed differences in decorative attribute frequencies. A temporal framework based on decorative attribute trends places the northern Manitoba Laurel within the middle to late period of the recognized Laurel existence. Thermoluminescence dating of selected sherds has produced a maximum range of dates beginning early at 40 B.C. and extending to A.D. 1469, a late date beyond the normally accepted temporal limit for Laurel.}, author = {BRANDZIN-LOW, Vera} } @Conference Paper {10216, title = {Links Between the East Aftican Acheulian and MSA{\textendash} Experimental Manufacture of Large Flake Blanks}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {The Acheulian tradition of East Affica comprises the second of two widely distributed and long lasting Early Stone Age industries appearing around 1,6 million years ago and lasting until approximately 0,2 million years ago. Being the second empirically distinct stone tool culture, the Acheulian industry maybe studied in ref{\'e}rence to technological precursors as well as technological descendants. Contrary to the common belief that the Acheulian is set apart from its precursors by it being a bifacial technology, it has been suggested that the diagnostic bifacial hand axes have been fashioned from large flake blanks and that it is the ability to produce large flake blanks of consistent size and shape that is the diagnostic character of the Acheulian. The large flake blank may represent a considerable advancement of technology over the preceding Oldowan industry, which was characterized by a quasi-opportunistic flaking of stone and tool types whose shape was more dependent on raw material constraints than on functional or stylistic considerations. The large flake blank also may foreshadow the technological regularity of the Middle Stone Age, which was characterized by the intentional use of prepared cores to produce maximally regularized flakes as blanks for tools. The status of the Acheulian between the Oldowan and MSA traditions of East Africa is explored through experimental manufacture of large flake blanks. Questions of the cognitive ability, behaviour and cultural evolution of the Acheulian hominids are addressed in light of these experiments.}, author = {Brantingham, Jeff} } @Conference Paper {10217, title = {Archaeological Investigations at a Prehistoric Village Site on Drummond Island Michigan}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {During the summers of 1991 and 1992, field crews from the Michigan Sate University Department of Anthropology conducted excavations at the Cloudman site on Drummond Island, located in the St. Mary{\textquoteright}s River Valley of Michigan{\textquoteright}s eastern Upper Peninsula. Excavations revealed that the site contained occupationally stratified deposits dating from the Middle Woodland, Late Woodland, and protohistoric/contact periods. Analysis of the ceramic assemblage indicates strong connections with other Michigan and Ontario groups. The location of the Cloudman site along the boundary between major eastem and western cultural traditions underscores its importance for understanding prehistoric social and cultural dynamics in this region of the Upper Great Lakes.}, author = {BRANTSNER, Christine N.} } @Conference Paper {10218, title = {Performance Characteristics of Rock-Tempered Iroquoian Pottery}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {Traditional analyses of Iroquoian pottery have focused on decorative attributes, with little attention given to its manufacture. In recent years, some research has suggested that an examination of manufacturing characteristics can make valuable contributions to our knowledge of Ontario Iroquoian society. The main goal of this paper is to investigate several aspects of pottery production through replication and experimentation. Previous research has suggested that at some Iroquoian sites, potters were tempering their clay with various types of rock, some of which required more effort to process than did others. I therefore wish to investigate whether the choice to expend more effort in the acquisition of certain tempers was primarily informed by a desire for certain performance characteristics, such as heating efficiency or resistance to thermal shock. If these tempers do not provide any performance benefits, it may be that the decision to use certain rocks over others as temper was influenced by "non-functional" or social concerns.}, author = {Greg Braun} } @Conference Paper {10219, title = {INAA and Obsidian Hydration Dating of Mayan Bladelets from Cahal Pech, Belize, C.A.}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Obsidian bladelet fragments were collected in the 1988 field season with Trent University at the Mayan site of Cabal Pech which is a ceremonial and administrative centre occupied in the Late Preclassic and Late Classic periods. Trace element analysis of these samples resulted in provenience information relating to known obsidian sources for the Central American region, and a relative chronological placement of architectural phases at the site by means of hydration rim dating. The C-14 dating of lirnestone plaster samples from the site was also attempted but with limited success. These resulting dates were far too early to be possible due to the dilution effect of geological carbonates, however the dates were appropriate for a relative chronology and in agreement with the obsidian hydration dates.}, author = {Brett, Jeremy} } @Conference Paper {10221, title = {Developing a Geographic Information System For Inventory Management in Saskatchewan / Cr{\'e}ation d{\textquoteright}un syst{\'e}me d{\textquoteright}information g\&ea}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {Overview of the current status of, and directions for, the development of the GIS at the Heritage Branch - Archaeological Resource Management. Some initial applications of paleo-environmental mapping and site location predictive modelling.}, author = {Gary BREWER} } @Conference Paper {10220, title = {Walking the Wire: CRM in Saskatchewan Goes Online}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {This paper provides an overview of the creation of Saskatchewan{\textquoteright}s online development screening system. Over the past ten years the Heritage Unit of Saskatchewan has completed heritage sensitivity reviews of all of the provincial Crown lands as well as the quarterly mineral rights sales. The land held by the Crown and managed by Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food totals some 80,000 quarter sections. The mineral rights sales include deeded as well as Crown lands and currently stands at just over 17,000 quarter sections. All of these reviews have been maintained in electronic databases. While these databases have served for internal purposes, the Internet and digital mapping technologies have created a cost-effective vehicle to provide this data in a graphic and easily accessible format for developers and heritage consultants.}, author = {Gary BREWER} } @Conference Paper {10223, title = {Multi-Site Faunal Analysis at the Dundas Island Group}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {A multi-site analysis of faunas is used to understand the long-term subsistence practices at the Dundas Island Group. This method of analysis can give insight into subsistence over the entire region, as well as variability between sites and site types. Preliminary faunal data from a series of shell midden sites present a profile of fish use at the Dundas Island Group and suggest the relative importance of salmon, herring and eulachon. These findings are compared with existing views and evidence of the pattern and development of fishing economies in the adjacent Prince Rupert region.}, author = {Brewster, Natalie} } @Conference Paper {10222, title = {The Inuit in Southern Labrador: A View from Snack Cove}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {For many years the nature of Inuit occupations in southern Labrador during the Contact Period has been debated. European Written accounts from this time period suggest a sustained Inuit presence in southern Labrador, yet archaeological evidence of this remains elusive. This paper will focus on a 17th century Labrador Inuit fall/winter dwelling from Snack Cove 3 in order to address the nature of Inuit occupations in southern Labrador during the early Contact Period.}, author = {Brewster, Natalie} } @Conference Paper {10224, title = {Here for a Reason: The Dundas Islands as a Gateway Community}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {This paper examines the important role that the Dundas Islands played in the context of the northern coast of British Columbia. For hunter-fisher-gatherers living in this region salmon and eulachon represented both dietary staples and highly valued trade commodities. There is a volatile history of conflict on the northern coast that may be related to efforts to control the abundant Nass and Skeena River fisheries where these resources were procured. Furthermore, the settlement choices of the region{\textquoteright}s inhabitants reflect a similar endeavor. Though they are a marginal resource area, intensive settlements were maintained on the Dundas Islands. The strategic location of the islands along transportation routes to both rivers provided a means to both defend and control access to the fisheries.}, author = {Brewster, Natalie} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9032, title = {The Sjovold Site: A River Crossing Campsite in the Northern Plains}, volume = {21}, year = {1997}, pages = {085-086}, editor = {Jack Brink} } @Conference Paper {10232, title = {Small sites in the northern Alberta mountains and foothills}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Archaeological surveys and excavations in the Grande Cache/Wilmore wilderness region of Alberta have identified small sites as a dominant expression of the prehistory of the area. The nature, location and content of these sites is discussed. The sites are compared to the larger, excavated sites from the same region, and relationships explored. Comments on the meaning of these small sites in a regional prehistoric context are offered.}, author = {Brink, J.} } @Conference Paper {10227, title = {Assessing Rock Art Erosion with Portable Laser Scanners}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park (WOSPP), in southern Alberta, is home to a large collection of Aboriginal rock art images. Numerous erosional forces are destroying the images. However, recent research indicates that some forms of rock art weathering can be delayed through implementation of both passive and active conservation treatments. Implementing these treatments raised the issue of how to asses their effectiveness. Portable laser scanning offers promise, not just for detailed recording of rock art, but also for charting the progress of conservation experiments. This paper describes conservation methods at WOSPP and reports on two laser scanning episodes, spaced over 27 months. Comparison of the two scans suggests that erosion is taking place on short time intervals, and that greater weathering is occurring on the surface not treated with chemical consolidants. While all rock art will ultimately disappear, there is hope for extending the life of select images.}, author = {Jack Brink} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9030, title = {Ancient Nomads of the Eurasian and North American Grasslands}, volume = {34}, year = {2010}, pages = {110-111}, editor = {Jack Brink} } @Conference Paper {10231, title = {The Stories of Buffalo Bird Woman: Lessons in Bison Carcass Use and Abandonment}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Gilbert Wilson{\textquoteright}s book The Horse and the Dog in Hidatsa Culture (1924) provides compelling accounts of Contact Period bison hunting, especially the stories of his prime informant, Buffalo Bird Woman. In particular, she recounts a long and complex pedestrian buffalo hunt, using dogs and travois, which took place in about 1870. Buffalo Bird Woman provides a unique view on bison hunting, butchering, processing, caching, consumption and transport. She also gives a voice to complex decision making processes that her group grappled with concerning the differing strategies of searching for new kills as opposed to continued reliance on cached food. Analysis of the use and discard of bison carcass parts by Hidatsa hunters indicates a preference for portions associated with greatest weight of fat and marrow, not weight of muscle tissue or muscle plus fat tissue. On the other hand, certain habits of carcass discard or retention appear to be idiosyncratic and defy modeling with indices of nutritional utility. The tales of Buffalo Bird Woman provide a realistic charting of the fate of skeletal elements and help us understand the formation of archaeological assemblages.}, author = {Jack Brink} } @Conference Paper {10226, title = {Saving Face: Experiments in Rock Art Conservation at Writing-On-Stone}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park has one of the largest concentrations of Aboriginal rock art found anywhere in western North America. Much of the rock art suffers - or has been completely lost - as a result of erosion of loosely cemented sandstone bedrock. An on-going research project has investigated ways to strengthen the near-surface bedrock using the product CONSERVARE OH. Results indicate that this silica-based product penetrates the sandstone to a depth of about 3 cm and provides an increase in rock strength of about 300\%. It is concluded that CONSERVARE would be effective in retarding erosion of certain rock art panels but would not be No deleterious effects of CONSERVARE have been observed, although it is noted that the product may interfere with some future research such as attempts to date rock art. Studies designed to monitor the long term effects of treatment with CONSERVARE have been initiated. Application to actual rock art surfaces has not yet taken place. Preliminary consultation with First Nations groups indicates approval of use of this technique to help prolong the life of rock art.}, author = {Jack Brink and Ian A. CAMPBELL} } @Conference Paper {10230, title = {Bison Carcass Utilization at Kill Sites from the Great Plains}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Quantitative measures of marrow and bone grease for bison have been produced by Emerson (1990) and Brink. Combined, these indices provide a new tool for the examination of faunal utilization at bison kill/butchery sites from the North American Plains. It is assumed that bones with the greatest amount of marrow and grease were preferentially processed. Testing this assumption for marrow at a number of bison kill sites reveals a large number of sites that conform to the prediction but a substantial number that contradict the expected pattern. Comparing bone grease content with faunal representation indicates a similar pattern of conformance with expectations at some sites but not others. Further analysis reveals that sites where optimal utilization of marrow is not evident are the same sites where maximum grease extraction was conducted. It is concluded that: (1) indices based on food quantity have the potential to elucidate seemingly contradictory patterns of faunal use, and (2) that subsequent stages of faunal utilization, such as grease rendering, can obliterate patterns of primary use, such as marrow extraction.}, author = {Jack Brink} } @Conference Paper {10225, title = {Another Look At Bison Bones From The Wardell Site}, year = {1998}, address = {Victoria}, abstract = {Excavations at both the kill and associated processing areas of the Wardell site afford an opportunity to chart the decision making processes of initial and secondary bison butchering. Comparison of skeletal elements between kill and butcher site reveal patterns apparently related to maximizing the recovery of marrow and grease. Broken and complete leg bone frequencies at the kill are predicted by marrow content, while grease content predicts leg bone counts at the processing area. Combined marrow and grease value of elements is seen to predict removal and destruction of bones from the kill and camp areas.}, author = {Jack Brink} } @article {9502, title = {Disappearing Dreams at the Zephyr Creek Rock Art Site, Alberta}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {35}, year = {2011}, pages = {193-231}, abstract = {

Discovery of a set of 1965 photographs of the Zephyr Creek rock art site, in southwestern Alberta, calls for reconsideration and reinterpretation of the site. Comparison of the early photographs with others dating to the past four decades establishes that rock art was made as recently as the mid-twentieth century, and that these images have eroded extremely rapidly. The former fact supports the argument that many of the images were made by local Stoney people who reside a few kilometres away and who were known historically to have been aware of the site. The latter fact is explained by speculation that the images were made with a pigment composed of local, iron-rich clay rather than traditional red ochre. Some of the images at Zephyr Creek may be depictions of structures associated with sundance ceremonies held by local Stoney. Historic records of rock art at the site from the early 1900s likely pertain to pictographs that are no longer visible. On-going use of a rock art site in the past century is a rare occurrence, and indicates continuation of ceremonial activity at a known site by a known group.

}, author = {Jack W. Brink} } @article {9503, title = {The Highwood River Site: a Pelican Lake Phase Burial from the Alberta Plains}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, pages = {109-136}, abstract = {

This report provides a site description of the Highwood Burial site in southern Alberta. The burial was that of a young individual, about 10 years old, whose body had been defleshed prior to burial. Interment had been in a small, sub-surface pit excavated into the bank of a high river terrace. The bones had probably been covered with red ochre and placed in a bundle. Also placed with the burial were grave goods consisting of a Pelican Lake projectile point, several other lithic tools, eleven perforated grizzly bear claws, several dozen perforated bison teeth, freshwater calm shell beads, a piece of native copper, and several exotic marine shells. A radiocarbon date indicates that the burial took place some 2,725 years ago. The Highwood site is compared with a number of other burial sites from the northern Plains, and it is concluded that a systematic manner of interring the dead was practiced in this region during the later part of the Middle Prehistoric Period. The most common, and potentially diagnostic, traits of this burial pattern are presented.

}, author = {Jack Brink and Stuart J. Baldwin} } @Conference Paper {10229, title = {Parameters of Caribou Biology and Hunting Strategies}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Due to the extreme scasonality of environment caribou undergo dramatic changes in body composition. During winter body growth slows or ceases, total body weight declines, fat reserves are severely diminished or exhausted, and muscle tissue is mobilized to provide energy and protein to vital functions. Seasonal patterns of caribou carcass composition differ according to age and sex. Calves are very lean at birth, remain lean through most of the summer, but by autumn have accumulated considerable fat. By the end of the flirst year fat levels in calves are similar to those of adults. Mature males are fattest in the fall but lose most of their stored fat during the rut and enter the winter in poor condition. Mature females are also fattest in the fall, are affected little by the rut, and enter winter in excellent condition. Despite the energy demands of gestation, pregnant females are often fatter than barren cows and maintain greater fat deposits into spring. At parturition the onset of lactation creates severe energetic demands on the dam and females are in poorest condition in mid summer. Dry cows are fatter at this time. The physiological need for fat in the diet of hunters inhabiting northern. latitudes led to a well documented preference for the fattest animals. Patterns of caribou energetics and carcass composition were likely exploited to yield maximum return of high energy food. Archaeological verification of selective hunting and butchering can be achieved through sexing of bones, determination of seasonality, and probably delineation of the conditions of pregnancy and lactation. An example from the Plains of North America demonstrates a strong correlation between bioenergetics of bison and historic period hunting patterns. It is suggested that a similar correspondence may be found in the Arctic literature.}, author = {Jack Brink} } @article {11402, title = {Pleistocene Horse and Possible Human Association in Central Alberta, 12,700 Years Ago}, volume = {41}, year = {2017}, pages = {79-96}, abstract = {

Materials recently collected from the shoreline of the Brazeau reservoir in west-central Alberta include a number of Paleoindian artifacts and a set of six articulated mandibular teeth from the genus Equus. The heavily weathered horse teeth were identified as most similar to the caballine equids that became extinct in North American at the end of the Pleistocene. An average of four AMS radiocarbon dates place the age of the teeth at ~12,700 calibrated years before present. Early style artifacts recovered from the reservoir include two fluted points, a biface cache, and several other Paleoindian points. No artifacts were directly associated with the teeth, but nearby fluted points are likely coeval and suggestive of an association. The presence of Pleistocene horse 12,700 years ago directly within the Ice-Free Corridor (IFC) has a bearing on the debate concerning the timing of the opening of the IFC and on the environmental conditions within the corridor. Data presented here indicate an open IFC in west-central Alberta by at least 12,700 years ago and an environment fully capable of supporting large game animals, and by extension human hunters.

}, author = {Jack W. Brink and Christina I. Barr{\'o}n-Ortiz and Kathy Loftis and Robert J. Speakman} } @Conference Paper {10233, title = {The Children of Dunbow: Closure on a Sad Burial Incident}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {The St. Joseph (Dunbow) Mission school, southeast of Calgary, was operated by the Oblate Fathers from the 1880s to about 1920. Intended to teach Native children useful western skills and to discourage traditional culture, children were recruited from many tribal groups including all three Blackfoot Nations, Cree, Tsuu T{\textquoteright}ina as well as Metis. Inevitably, increased contact with Euro-Canadians also led to an increase in disease and many Native children died while at the school. Locating family members in a timely manner was not always possible and several dozen children were buried at a cemetery established on the banks of the Highwood river near the Dunbow school. In recent years the river has cut into the banks beneath this cemetery sending caskets and bones downstream. This situation created a dilemma for all involved - the Church, Aboriginal people, government departments, the local landowner. Who is responsible for unmarked, unregistered burials and human remains? Can or should anything be done, or should nature take its course? This paper chronicles several years of events surrounding the story of the Dunbow cemetery, and how Aboriginal groups and resource managers worked together to bring a dramatic conclusion to this unfortunate situation.}, author = {Jack Brink and Rhonda DeLorme} } @Conference Paper {10228, title = {Archaeology and Pedology at the Smoky Site, Alberta}, year = {1976}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {This paper deals with several types of analyses undertaken at an archaeological site in the eastern slopes near Grande Cache, Alberta. The aeolian soil is examined in terms of particle size, and rates of deposition and/or erosion as suggested by radiocarbon ages. The methods and results of two experiments are presented: one dealing with paleo-magnetic sampling and analysis; the second with measuring the processes and effects of frost heaving. The applicability of these tests at other sites is discussed.}, author = {Brink, J.W.} } @article {9504, title = {A Non-finite Radiocarbon Date on Charcoal at the {\textquoteleft}Dorset{\textquoteright} Palaeo-Eskimo Site of Cape Ray Light (CjBt{\textendash}1), Newfoundland, Canada, with Remarks on Acceptable Ages, Material Sources, and Environment}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, pages = {258-263}, author = {Ian A. Brookes} } @Conference Paper {10234, title = {Public Archaeology with a Doukhobor Descendant Community}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {In the summer of 2004 partnerships between the Doukhobor and Saskatchewan archaeological communities created, "The Doukhobor Pit-house Public Archaeology Project", featuring the participation of Doukhobor descendants in the excavation of two Doukhobor sites. Using qualitative data including questionnaires, daily journals and interviews, the project was evaluated to determine the impact the archaeological experience had upon the changing Doukhobor community. The results of the evaluation demonstrated the successes, failures and benefits of the project for the community. However themes indicating pathways to success are applicable not only to the Doukhobor community but also to future public and descendant archaeology projects. These themes provide a deeper understanding of how archaeology can provide Canadian communities with a voice in the creation, maintenance and celebration of their past.}, author = {Brooks, Meagan} } @Conference Paper {10235, title = {The Squaw Rockshelter (33CU34): A Stratified Site in Cuyahoga County, Ohio}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {The Squaw Rockshelter site (33CU34), located along a tertiary tributary to Lake Erie in Northeast Ohio, contained stratified sealed deposits. A small remnant dated 9240{\textpm}160 B.P., yielded fragments of a human skeleton, unifacial and bifacial scrapers, unstemmed lancoolate points, and a corner-removed indented-based point. Additional lanceolate and bifurcate-base points have been recovered eroded from this site. The early Archaie lithic assemblage included both Plano projectile points of the Great Lakes region and corner-notched types of the Southern Appalachians. This site has provided evidence on the relationships of these point styles and the early Holocene cultural complexes from the lower Great Lakes region.}, author = {Brose, David S.} } @Conference Paper {10237, title = {Des vestiges {\`a} la ville, l{\textquoteright}exp{\'e}rience de Pointe-{\`a}-Calli{\'e}re}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {La r{\'e}alisation des expositions de Pointe-{\`a}-Calli{\'e}re, Mus{\'e}e d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie et d{\textquoteright}histoire de Montr{\'e}al, donna l{\textquoteright}opportunit{\'e} {\`a} des historiens et {\`a} des arch{\'e}ologues de confronter leurs approches. Une th{\'e}matique historique globale fut d{\textquoteright}abord d{\'e}velopp{\'e}e par l{\textquoteright}{\'e}quipe d{\textquoteright}histoire, menant au choix du th{\'e}me principal Montr{\'e}al, carrefour d{\textquoteright}{\'e}changes et de commerce . Quand vint le temps d{\textquoteright}interpr{\'e}ter in situ les sites arch{\'e}ologiques que le mus{\'e}e abrite, les arch{\'e}ologues furent alors plus directement impliqu{\'e}s. Leur perception des vestiges aux sites comme des parties r{\'e}siduelles des diff{\'e}rentes {\'e}poques de la ville, approche propre {\`a} une arch{\'e}ologie dite urbaine , modifia sensiblement les interpr{\'e}tations. Durant sa visite du mus{\'e}e, le visiteur est donc th{\'e}oriquement nourri d{\textquoteright}un discours r{\'e}sultant d{\textquoteright}une approche historique et d{\textquoteright}une approche arch{\'e}ologique . L{\textquoteright}objectif principal est ici de cerner plus sp{\'e}cifiquement l{\textquoteright}apport de cette derni{\'e}re. Qu{\textquoteright}en r{\'e}sulte-t-il pour la compr{\'e}hension de l{\textquoteright}{\'e}volution de la ville? Cette r{\'e}flexion ouvre sur la diffusion via le discours d{\textquoteright}animation s{\textquoteright}adressant directement au publie visiteur.}, author = {Brossard, Jean-Guy} } @Conference Paper {10236, title = {A Museum in the City: the Site of the Founding of Montr{\'e}al}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Pointe-{\`a}-Calli{\'e}re, a museum about the archaeology and history of Montr{\'e}al, shelters and explains significant {\guillemotleft} in situ {\guillemotright} archaeological remains; traces of human occupation predating the founding of Montr{\'e}al, up until today. Following 10 years of existence and, soon, 2 million visitors, the Museum has begun a process to renew its interpretation of the remains. Our current challenge is to propose to the general public a renewed reading of the complex archaeological sites that are located on the spot where Montr{\'e}al was founded and to explain the evolution of the city. We will here examine our approach from three directions. We will begin by reminding ourselves of the intentions of the originators of the museum: orientation, themes, expression in the circuit, discussion, and museographic choices. Next we will critically evaluate the past 10 years to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the equipment. On this basis we will finally explain the process for renewing the explanation of the remains and the new orientations that are guiding us.}, author = {Brossard, Jean-Guy} } @Conference Paper {10238, title = {Lithic Analysis of the Akpatok 1 site (JcEb-1), Ungava Bay}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {This paper presents a technological analysis of a small surface collection of lithics gathered from two poorly defined architectural units. These units, designated structures A and B, are composed of ambiguous block and slab concentrations situated on the surface of the 9 m.a.s.l. gravel beach and are separated by a distance of approximately 20 metres. The homogeneity of raw material (a beige chert) and the high proportion of flakes are of special interest. Structure A is analyzed completely and in detail while structure B is only sampled. The spatial distribution of different debitage categories and other complementary analytical data of A allow the definition of specific activity areas. Certain comparisons between the two units suggest hypotheses concerning occupation of the site.}, author = {Brossard, J.-G.} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11252, title = {Zooarchaeology \& Field Ecology: A Photographic Atlas}, volume = {40}, year = {2016}, pages = {356{\textendash}359}, editor = {Trevor J. Orchard} } @article {9505, title = {Accelerator 14C Dating of the Taber Child}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {7}, year = {1983}, pages = {233-237}, abstract = {

The \&$\#$39;Taber Child\&$\#$39;, a fragmentary human infant skeleton found near Taber, Alberta in 1961, has been dated by tandem accelerator measurement of the radiocarbon content of collagenous residue obtained from 1.6 g of bone. Special care was taken to ensure removal of preservatives applied to the specimen in past years. An age of 3550\± 500 radiocarbon years, equivalent to 4100\± 750 calendar years before present, was found.

}, author = {R.M. Brown and H.R. Andrews and G.C. Ball and N. Burn and Y. Imahori and J.C.D. Milton} } @Conference Paper {10239, title = {The Application of Palaeoenvironmental Methodologies to the Analysis of Coastal Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways: Evidence from the Severn Estuary, Southwest}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {Methods of palaeoenvironmental analysis (e.g., pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoal) play an increasingly central role in investigations of hunter-gatherer lifeways in the British Isles (10,000-4,000 cal BC). This presentation examines the results of the application of these methodologies to late Mesolithic hunter-gatherer sites (c. 6500-4000 cal BC) within the coastal zone of the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain, and their potential application to other geographical areas of study. Research in the Severn Estuary involved the excavation and investigation of stratified occupation contexts, many waterlogged or sealed by peat, in addition to analysis of off-site environmental sequences. Analytical techniques included high resolution pollen, plant macrofossil and quantified charcoal analysis. Marked charcoal horizons were identified from all the sites investigated, some suggesting distinct phases of anthropogenic activity involving the disturbance and manipulation of a range of vegetation environments from reedswamp to woodland edge. Charred seeds from occupation contexts, in cases associated with chipped stone and pollen evidence for small-scale woodland clearances, suggest that hunter-gatherers were managing seasonally available wild resources growing along the coastal woodland edge. The ubiquitous presence of charcoal in sedimentary sequences, sometimes occurring over several hundred years, is argued to reflect the deliberate management of the landscape by hunter-gatherers, either to promote the increased growth and productivity of a range of edible plants, and/or to provide improved graze for ungulate herbivores upon which humans could predate. This viewpoint is supported by ethnohistorical accounts of the role and use of fire in recent aboriginal populations, most notable the pre-Colonial Indians of the Pacific northwest coast of America (Boyd 1999a, 1999b; Turner 1999), the Atlantic coast of New England (Cronon 1983) and Australia (Flood 1983; Bickford and Gell 2005), suggesting that postglacial hunter-gatherers had a significant and sustained impact on the landscape. The application of palaeoenvironmental analyses has proven highly successful in furthering our understanding of Mesolithic lifeways in Britain, in particular, concerning patterns of seasonality, subsistence and settlement. This paper provides an opportunity to explore the applicability of these methodologies to other geographical areas where there is abundant archaeological evidence for hunter-gatherer activities (e.g., continental northwest Europe and northwest America), but where the potential of these methodologies may not yet have been explored or perhaps fully realised.}, author = {Brown, Alex} } @article {11934, title = {Chronometric Precision and Accuracy: Radiocarbon and Luminescence Age Estimates for Pacific Northwest Cooking Features}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {240-254}, abstract = {

Advances in chronometric dating are needed to refine chronologies and models of cultural change, and bridging arguments are needed to link age estimates with cultural events. We compare three dating approaches using matched samples from cooking features at three sites in the Puget Sound, finding that luminescence dates for fire-modified rock (FMR), and radiocarbon dates on calcined bone are congruent with radiocarbon dates for charcoal. Dates derived from different media on single features are often within 100 years of each other. We discuss the relative advantages of each type of dating. Calcined bone survives well in acidic soils and yields reliable, accurate, and highly precise age estimates. Luminescence dating is highly accurate, especially if the FMR was sufficiently heated, but has low precision. Calcined bone and FMR should be dated more often, and dated together when charcoal cannot be relied upon. Such practice will allow us to better mark and explain rates of economic changes by locale and region.

}, author = {James W. Brown and James K. Feathers and James C. Chatters and Patrick T. McCutcheon and Steven Hackenberger} } @Conference Paper {10240, title = {A Functional Analysis of a Late Archaic Lithic Assemblage}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {Our knowledge of Late Archaic occupations in Southern Ontario is limited by the lack of sites with strong contextual information. However, there are numerous unanalyzed surface collections. Surface collected lithic assemblages have traditionally been considered poor indicators of human behaviour. With this in mind, a low-power use-wear study and debitage analysis bas been conducted on the Abbot site (AgHb-17), a surface collected lithic assemblage located just outside Brantford. This paper explores the potential of surface collected lithics to elucidate various aspects of Archaic culture.}, author = {Brownell, Ward} } @Conference Paper {10241, title = {Planning for the Future: Developing Strategies for Post-Repatriation Analysis of Archaeological Materials}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {Archaeologists across Canada are dealing with the return and reburial of human remains and associated artifacts. During the repatriation process, archaeologists should work with communities to ensure that the needs of both the Aboriginal community and archaeologists are met. Working towards partnerships is not new and many examples now exist in Canada where archaeologists and Aboriginal people are working cooperatively on repatriation. Part of the success in Manitoba has been to negotiate with Aboriginal communities and meeting their needs by presenting technical information in community-friendly reports and displays. What is now required are strategies that will allow research on materials following reburial. This presentation will discuss approaches to documentation using some of the latest technology as well as standard recording methods. The goal is to be able to review the documented evidence in such a way that new data can be collected if required in the future. By developing strategies to effectively preserve archaeological data, future generations of archaeologists will continue to have the opportunity to research these items.}, author = {Kevin Brownlee and Sitchon, Myra L. and Robert D. Hoppa} } @Conference Paper {10244, title = {Insights into the Harvest of Fish Resources in the Northern Boreal Forest of Manitoba}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {This paper presents archaeological research conducted on the harvest of fish resources in the northern boreal forest of Manitoba. This study focuses on eleven fish spears and harpoons that were among forty-five bone and antler tools recovered from a 4000 year old human burial (GkLr-61 feature 2). Bone and antler tools have only been given a cursory examination in boreal forest archaeology due to the perishable nature of these materials. The importance of fish in the diets of northern groups was established through archival documents, ethnologies, interviews, and stable isotope analyses. The results were established further with archaeological analyses including experimental archaeology and wear pattern analyses. This research represents the first intensive study of bone and antler tools from this region of Manitoba using these methods. The outcome of this study suggests that fish were a primary dietary resource among boreal forest groups in northern Manitoba 4000 years ago.}, author = {Kevin Brownlee} } @Conference Paper {10243, title = {Fostering Respect and Relevance in Archaeological Research}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {There is increased interest in collaborative research projects between archaeologists and First Nation people in Canada. Clearly articulated research frameworks and models that achieve a balance between the interests of archaeologists and community members are difficult to find. In order to address this issue, I developed and applied a research framework on the study of bone and antler tools from the central boreal forest of Canada. A central aim of my research was to ensure that the beliefs and perspectives of First Nation people were respected from research design through to the implementation and sharing of results. The foundation of the research framework is based on Agency theory and Participatory Action Research. The success in the application of this new model demonstrates how the perspectives of First Nation people can be validated through archaeological research and can continue to foster positive partnerships with archaeologists.}, author = {Kevin Brownlee} } @Conference Paper {10242, title = {Quatre s{\'e}pultures historiques du XIXe si{\'e}cle au Manitoba}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {K. Brownlee and B. Hewitt and D. White and C. Meiklejohn and P. Badertscher and C. Willmott and L. Larcombe and R. D. Hoppa} } @article {11113, title = {Geochemical Fingerprinting of Dacite Tool Stone from the Punchaw Lake Village Site (FiRs-1), Nechako Plateau, British Columbia: Implications for Exchange and Transport}, volume = {40}, year = {2016}, pages = {095-125}, abstract = {

A comprehensive (forty seven elements) geochemical data set for eighteen artifacts strategically selected after macroscopic examination of approximately six thousand lithic artifacts from the Punchaw Lake Village Site (FiRs-1) on the Nechako Plateau, in the north-central interior of British Columbia (B.C.), shows that dacite was the dominant lithology used in stone tool manufacture. The macroscopic descriptions, plus exploratory statistics utilizing all geochemical data, reveal at least three geochemical artifact groups (A, B, and D). Differences between groups are consistent with derivation from three Paleogene caldera complexes in the central interior. Comparisons with tool stone (dacite) from the southern interior of B.C. show that, although there is little geochemical overlap, the compositional variation at Punchaw Lake is similar to what is seen for all of the southern interior. Geochemical group A artifacts from Punchaw Lake (eight artifacts, 41 percent) resemble, but do not overlap with, available geochemical data for Cache Creek/Arrowstone Hills dacite (approximately 300\ km south) in the south-central interior, suggesting derivation from a geologic site/caldera between Punchaw Lake and Cache Creek, but a Cache Creek origin cannot be ruled out. Geochemical group A artifacts have textural traits leading to superior \“workability\” (e.g.,\ finer-grained) compared to the two, less-abundant, geochemical groups (B and D). Group A dominance implies that \“workability\” was as important as proximity to a geological source in determining the abundance of dacite types at Punchaw Lake. Two group B samples (11 percent of artifacts) are very similar to dacite artifacts from Smith Creek and Princeton River in the southern interior suggesting five hundred kilometers of transport. Previous work on obsidian and valuable artifacts at Punchaw Lake supports exchange/transport for great distances, but dacite tool stone may be largely of local/regional (central interior) derivation. Hypothesis testing requires data for dacite artifacts from Quaternary, glacial outwash fields, associated with Paleogene caldera complexes in the central interior.

}, author = {W. S. Lorenz Br{\"u}chert and John D. Greenough} } @Conference Paper {10245, title = {SIMS oxygen isotope analysis of human dental tissues from Fidler Mounds (EaLf-3), MB: mobility during Manitoba{\textquoteright}s Middle and Late Woodland period}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to obtain stable oxygen isotope data from the dental tissues of 12 individuals once interred at Fidler Mounds (EaLf-3), a cemetery mound site located in south-central Manitoba, 19 kilometers north of Winnipeg. Fidler Mounds was originally constructed c.1800BP and was utilized as a burial ground by precontact peoples in Manitoba for approximately 1000 years thereafter. The use of SIMS allowed the researcher to obtain several in situ _18O values from each individual{\textquoteright}s intact cementum, dentin and enamel. These values show that mobility patterns during Manitoba{\textquoteright}s middle and late Woodland period were extremely complex and varied. Additionally, intra-tissue _18O variability recorded through SIMS analysis indicates that traditional mass spectrometry may not be appropriate for assessing migration patterns within highly mobile populations.}, author = {Rachel ten Bruggencate and Robert D. Hoppa and Mostafa J. Fayek} } @Conference Paper {10246, title = {Unearthing the Late Woodland:Ethnogenesis and Ceramics in the Northeast}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {In NewYork and adjacent areas, ceramic assemblages of the period ca A.D. 1000-1350, termed Owasco, are considered to have been ancestral to later Late Woodland Iroquoian ceramics. Contemporaneous ceramic assemblages in Ontario and Quebec (Pickering, Glen Meyer, Uren) are also considered ancestral to later Iroquoian ceramics. These attributions bring up the question of the ethnicidentity of the manufacturers of the early Late Woodland ceramics; that is, were they Iroquoian speakers? Or, were the Owasco and contemporaneous ceramics of Ontario and Quebec manufactured by non-Iroquoian speakers? By both linguistic groups? Can we discern patterns of continuity (vs. dis-continuity) in ceramics, based on stylistic and/or technological attributes, which may be related to continuity (or dis-continuity) in ethnic identity of the manufacturers? And perhaps most importantly, can questions concerning the sociopolitical and economic events of the Late Woodland stage in the Northeast surrounding Iroquoian ethnogenesis be studied through cerarnic evidence?}, author = {Brumbach, Hetty Jo} } @Conference Paper {10247, title = {Algonquian and Iroquoian Ceramics in the Upper Hudson River Drainage}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {What initially appeared to be anomalous 14C and TL dates from two sites in the Upper Hudson River drainage are re-evaluated. Both Waterford and Winney{\textquoteright}s Rift, located within the lands occupied by Algonquian-speakers at the time of contact, produced assemblages of late Middle Woodland to early Late Woodland ceramics in association with dates contemporaneous with Late Owasco developments elsewhere. Subsequent changes in material culture demonstrate that the Upper Hudson peoples slowly adopted later Owasco and Iroquoian ceramic style and technology. It is suggested that these changes were concomitant with the diffusion of corn horticulture from Iroquoian-speakers to the west and south.}, author = {Brumbach, Hetty Jo} } @Conference Paper {10250, title = {For Everything There is a Season: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence in the Plains of Southern Alberta and Northern Montana}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {In 1995 the writer completed a study of seasonally sensitive bison dentition and/or fetal/newborn remains from 29 sites located throughout southern Alberta and northern Montana. Those remains represent a minimum of 357 individual bison for which the time of year or season in which they died can be inferred. This presentation focuses on the seasonality evidence from the five largest site samples examined. Those five samples collectively represent a minimum of 174 bison for which season of death can be inferred. Three of these five sites are located in Southern Alberta, and two in Northern Montana. Cultural phases represented include Pelican Lake, Old Women{\textquoteright}s, Saddle Butte and Highwood. Evidence from these sites strongly indicates the presence of two well defined and re-occurring patterns in the seasonal use of bison kills within the plains of southern Alberta and Northern Montana. Ethnographic analogues and other types of archaeological evidence both corroborate the patterning observed in this seasonality data, as well as providing a basis for further interpreting its significance in understanding the dynamics of prehistoric culture history, settlement, and subsistence within the region.}, author = {Brumley, John} } @Conference Paper {10249, title = {Settlement and Subsistence Systems within Southwestern Alberta: A Summary ofData from the Oldman River Dam Archaeological Project}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {The Oldman River Dam Archaeological mitigation project gathered considerable evidence regarding regional landuse, settlement and subsistence. The author presents a summary of that data within a regional cultural and temporal framework.}, author = {BRUMLEY, John H.} } @Conference Paper {10248, title = {A Culture History Model for the Plains of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Montana}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {The authors argue that, for the period beginning 5-7,000 BP and extending to ca. 1,000 BP presently identified cultural complexes within the defined region can all be related to two broad cultural traditions referred to as Alsask Mondak. The authors discuss the characteristics and spatial distribution of these two traditions through time. During the last 1,000 years, two additional cultural traditions are introduced into the southem and eastern portions of the study area: the Wymont Tradition and the Extended Coalescent Tradition. The authors discuss the presently known characteristics and spatial distributions of these two traditions as well.}, author = {BRUMLEY, John H. and Patrick J. RENNIE} } @Conference Paper {10251, title = {Gender and Ethnicity in Postclassic Greater Nicoya}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {Cross-analysis of ceramic female figurines from Santa Isabel and other Mesoamerican artifacts for the purpose of comparison with ethnohistoric chronologies of ethnic migrations, settlements and interactions in Greater Nicoya. Along with ethnicity, emphasis is placed heavily on gender in Postclassic Greater Nicoya, also explored through observation of consistencies and contradictions between archaeological and ethnohistoric data. Major topics include, grand-mother and motherhood in the archaeological record, ideology, ethnic and gender symbolism in costume and bodily decoration, and gender complementarity.}, author = {Nicole Brunel} } @Conference Paper {10252, title = {Shellfish Harvesting Patterns at the Dundas Islands Group}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {This research uses a subset of data which contributes to a larger project focusing on shellfish analysis and harvesting strategies from the Dundas Islands Group in northern British Columbia. Relative ages of bivalves obtained from growth increment profiles of the Butter clam (Saxidomus gigantea) were identified in order to examine variability in site-level collection strategies. The results from two camps and two villages indicate intensive levels of shellfish collection at these locations. This suggests that that shellfish were an important dietary contribution, and may have played a critical role in sustaining the population at village sites.}, author = {Miranda Brunton and Meghan Burchell} } @article {9506, title = {A Revised Chronology for the Varsity Estates Site, Calgary, Alberta}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {79-102}, abstract = {

The Varsity Estates site, located on the slope of the Bow River Valley in west Calgary, is covered by Glacial Lake Calgary deposits. A 2-m-thick upper till unit under the glacial lake deposit contains abundant quartzite and carbonate pebbles and cobbles. Four artifacts recovered from the till are described, and hypothesized to be associated with quarry-workshop activity on the gravel-covered surface of the valley glacier. A reanalysis of the site stratigraphy suggests a terminal Pleistocene dating for the site, not a pre-Late Wisconsinan age, as previously hypothesized.

}, author = {Alan L. Bryan and Ruth Gruhn} } @Conference Paper {10254, title = {Evidencefor the Early Settlement of Northwestern North America}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Presence of several Lower Paleolithic sites dated between 200,000 and 500,000 years BP in Siberia suggests that a similar level of technology should be expected in northwestem North America. Dates on wood and bone from Central Alberta indicate that the ice-free corridor was always open before about 22,000 but closed until about 11,600 BP; the Northwest Coast was also heavily glaciated during that period, but could easily have been traversed before then. Native oral histories suggest that people occupied the region when it was more glaciated; perhaps in refugia. Many geneticists agree that the great diversity of mtDNA lineages indicates that initial occupation occurred soinetime before 20,000 BR. Some linguists have proposed that the great linguistic diversity in the American suggests an antiquity of 40,000 years. But archaeologists have the most reliable clock. Artifact assemblages lacking bifacial projectile points have been reported froin deeply buried geological contexts dated between 30,000 and 14,000 BP in Yukon, Alberta and Nebraska. Now is the time to embark on a concerted search for more early sites, and this quest should incorporate new approaches, such as human hair, which is datable and can provide ancient DNA.}, author = {BRYAN, Alan} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9375, title = {Eastern Slopes Prehistory. Selected Papers}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {258-264}, editor = {Alan L. Bryan} } @Conference Paper {10253, title = {No Title}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {Evidence is now available to the effect that at least two flaked stone projectile point traditions were developing in parallel with the Clovis-Folsom Fluted Point Tradition. All three are material reflections of differential adaptations to environmental opportunities. Willow leaf-shaped El Jobo points with thick cross-sections are now quite well dated to between 12,000 and 14,000 B.P. in Venezuela, while the long stemmed Lake Mojave point tradition of the Great Basin has now been dated as early as 11,680 B.P. Probably the Lake Mojave form underwent general size reduction through time as did the Fluted Point Tradition. The presence of at least three partially contemporary and well differentiated projectile point traditions reflecting discrete ways of life in different areas before 11,500 B.P. implies that several antecedent cultural traditions developed indigenously in America during the Late Wisconsin from yet earlier cultural roots.}, author = {Alan L. Bryan} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11409, title = {Tracing the Relational: The Archaeology of Worlds, Spirits and Temporalities}, volume = {41}, year = {2017}, pages = {134-137}, editor = {Simon Paquin} } @Conference Paper {10255, title = {The Dune Site: A Late Archaic Cobble Industry on Prince Edward Island}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {The excavation of the Dune site in eastern King{\textquoteright}s County, Prince Edward Island further documents a Late Archaic presence along the southern shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Debitage recovered from the site demonstrates a technological differentiation between quartz and quartzite, both of which were obtained locally. The former resulted from a bipolar, expedient core reduction process while the latter represents bifacial reduction. Discreet activity areas associated with various stages of reduction were identified at the site. The social implications of this lithic patterning and source are discussed for the Maritime Archaic period.}, author = {Buchanan, Scott} } @Symposium Papers {10963, title = {The Oxbow Complex and the Anomalous Winter Hypothesis}, volume = {5}, year = {1981}, pages = {137-144}, author = {A.P. Buchner} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9042, title = {Approaches to Algonquian Archaeology: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference}, volume = {8}, year = {1984}, pages = {183-185}, editor = {A.P. Buchner} } @Conference Paper {10256, title = {The Laurel Culture in Southeast Manitoba}, year = {1976}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {The Laurel Culture is examined in terms of material culture, adaptive strategy, dating, origins and later developments. It is asserted the earliest ceramic-using peoples in southern Manitoba displayed an adaptive advantage over the indigenous Archaic inhabitants of this region in that the former utilized a more diffuse exploitation of their total environment. The appearance of Laurel Culture in southeast Manitoba corresponds with the onset of the sub-Atlantic Climatic Episode{\textendash}a time of relatively pronounced environmental changes. These are to some extent reflected in local faunal assemblages. The applicability of Stoltman{\textquoteright}s seriation of Laurel ceramic {\textquoteright}types{\textquoteright} to southeast Manitoba is discussed. The paper terminates with a case being made for cultural continuity between the Middle and Late Woodland cultures of this area insofar as this is relavant to the ethnic identity of the authors of Blackduck ceramics.}, author = {A.P. Buchner} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9040, title = {Prehistoric Cultural Dynamics of the Lac la Biche Region}, volume = {8}, year = {1984}, pages = {083-085}, editor = {A.P. Buchner} } @Conference Paper {10257, title = {Replication of Ancient North American Ceramics / Reproduction de c{\'e}ramiques anciennes d{\textquoteright}Am{\'e}rique du Nord}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {As part of ongoing studies in the replication of western Woodland and Mississippian pottery, the author has experimented with the preparation, forming and firing requirements of native clays. The choice and addition of aplastics ({\textquoteright}temper{\textquoteright}) to the clay body influences how it responds during the firing process. This paper reports on experiments with native clay bodies containing differing amounts of temper and their responses to wood fuelled open firing conditions.}, author = {BUDAK, Michael} } @Conference Paper {10258, title = {Coffin Hardware and Children{\textquoteright}s Burials in Nineteenth Century Ontario}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {Evidence of the presence or absence and the form of coffin hardware on children{\textquoteright}s burials from the 19th century provides insight into the role and perception of children and into how death ritual may have differed in public and private environments. This study investigated coffin hardware handles from St. Thomas{\textquoteright} Anglican Church cemetery in Belleville, Ontario. Its aim was to understand any relationship between age and the use of coffin handles during the 19th century. Comparison of coffin handle ornamentation and handle size indicated that children usually had smaller coffin handles, but were generally provided as much decoration as other age groups. Because coffin hardware is much less commonly found in children{\textquoteright}s burials in family cemeteries, its presence in public areas may indicate that even in death, it was necessary to keep up appearances.}, author = {Danielle Budhoo and Aubrey Cannon} } @Conference Paper {10259, title = {The Conflict between Cultural Resource Management and Economic Development on Reserve: A Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en Case Study}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {In the summer of 2004, the Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en experienced difficulties in establishing a balance between cultural heritage resource management (CHRM) and economic development. With the acquisition of federal funding necessary to complete a cultural interpretive centre, the Moricetown Band began the initial steps to construct the centre in the Moricetown Canyon, an area rich with sites dated to 6000 B.P. Unfortunately plans for the project did not include CHRM. Subsequently, the Office of the Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en intervened and performed a salvage excavation that resulted in the discovery of thousands of artifacts and human remains. Accordingly, the project plans had to be changed leading to complications.Provincial and federal policies that govern CHRM on Reserve Lands failed to mandate the necessary steps that would have avoided this situation. As a result, due to their ongoing reactionary nature, lack of planning for CHRM, and insufficient community and hereditary consultation, the Moricetown Band has lost a significant portion of their initial funding for their project. Ironically, in the process to construct a cultural interpretive center, the Moricetown Band has destroyed significant amounts of their cultural heritage. It will also suggest potential steps for avoiding such situations in the future.}, author = {Rick Budhwa} } @Conference Paper {10262, title = {An Alternate Model for First Nations Involvement in Resource Management Archaeology}, year = {2004}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {The Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en are currently struggling to affirm and clarify their aboriginal and territorial rights through the BC Treaty process. While this process has continued, resource extraction activities have continued to remove large volumes of economically and culturally important resources. At present, there are very few areas of Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en territory that have not been impacted by logging or mining development. Processes have been established which are intended to assist the Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en in protecting their cultural heritage resources and providing input into land use planning processes. However, despite these efforts, inadequate funding and increasingly {\textquoteright}streamlined{\textquoteright} regulatory controls have eroded the ability of the Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en to influence the management of natural resources or the protection of cultural heritage features in a manner that reflects the Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en vision and supports cultural survival.As a result, the Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en have taken a proactive approach to managing archaeological concerns within their traditional territory. Using accumulated cultural heritage and traditional knowledge information, a new methodology for how archaeology is conducted has been developed. The Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en are now an {\textquoteright}active partner{\textquoteright} with the proponent for all archaeological investigation within their territory. While this {\textquoteright}model{\textquoteright} assumes a certain level of capacity on behalf of the First Nation, elements can certainly be adopted by other Nations that will allow them to have greater involvement and influence over cultural heritage resource management decisions made regarding their traditional landscape.}, author = {Rick Budhwa} } @Conference Paper {10261, title = {Traditions orales et arch{\'e}ologie autochtone : le programme du patrimoine culturel des Wet{\textquoteright}suwet{\textquoteright}en}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Rick Budhwa} } @Conference Paper {10260, title = {Corr{\'e}lations entre les {\'e}v{\'e}nements pal{\'e}o{\'e}cologiques catastrophiques et la tradition orale autochtone dans la r\&eacu}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Rick Budhwa} } @article {9508, title = {An Alternative Model for First Nations Involvement in Resource Management Archaeology}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {29}, year = {2005}, pages = {20-45}, abstract = {

The Wet\’suwet\’en are currently struggling to affirm their Aboriginal and territorial rights through the British Columbia treaty process. While this process continues, resource extraction activities remove large volumes of culturally important resources. At present, very few areas of the their territory have not been impacted by logging or mining development. Understandably, the Wet\’suwet\’en feel a sense of urgency regarding the conservation and protection of their natural and cultural resources. This paper examines how the Wet\’suwet\’en adapted the existing archaeological process within the resource management industry to better reflect their vision and cultural values. The creation of non-legislated policy and protocol agreements with various industry and government entities, combined with the Wet\’suwet\’en Territorial Stewardship Plan (WTSP), has allowed this First Nation to centrally position themselves in the archaeological process, which did not adequately address their needs. The primary result has been greater Wet\’suwet\’en involvement in decisions made regarding the management of their cultural resources.

}, author = {Rick Budhwa} } @Conference Paper {10263, title = {Archaeological Survey in the Heart of the Pediada: The Galatas Survey Project, Crete, 2005-2007}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {At the beginning of the MM IIIB period a new palace was founded on the Galatas Kephala in the central Pediada, on Crete. Among Minoan palaces Galatas is exceptional because it was abruptly constructed by Knossian architects in an area that had no previous palatial organization.}, author = {D. Matthew Buell} } @Conference Paper {10265, title = {The D.I.G. (Discoveries in Garbage) Project / Le projet D.I.G. (Discoveries in Garbage)}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {In the spring of 1995 three agencies, the Saskatoon Wildlife Federation,the Saskatoon Board of Education and the Saskatchewan ArchaeologicalSociety embarked together on a project to remove an abandoned pheasantfarm garbage dump or {\textquoteright}midden{\textquoteright} from the premises of the newly designatedBrightwater Science and Environmental Centre, located about ten miles south of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The goal of the project was to restore the area to pristine {\textquoteright}pre-midden context{\textquoteright} by involving Saskatoon school children in archaeological removalof debris, assisted by members of the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society.Archaeological methods were to be taught, including careful recording ofartifacts and creation of a comparative collection of different types ofartifacts found. This paper will review the first two years of thisproject and demonstrate how it has helped achieve both environmental andeducational goals.}, author = {BUHR, Larry and Tim E.H. JONES and LEPP, Lorne P.} } @Conference Paper {10264, title = {The Archaeology of Brick Manufacture in Rural Saskatchewan / L{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie de la briqueterie dans la Saskatchewan rurale}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {Coincidental with the opening of the Canadian prairie to European based agriculture in the late 1800s was development of commercial brickmaking to support construction of the infrastructure associated with the pioneering agriculture. The industry that arose to support this demand was borne from the same rich soil that supported agriculture, and for most of a century thrived as a small but viable activity. In Saskatchewan brick manufacture had a decidedly rural flavour, with both the early small endeavors and later, large scale operations being located near their respective clay sources in the countryside. This paper will present recent research on the history of this industry and its economic and technological impacts on rural Saskatchewan, as witnessed through archaeological and documentary examination of the brick plant sites and adjacent communities, including interviews with former plant workers.}, author = {BUHR, Larry} } @Conference Paper {10266, title = {An Experimental Evaluation of the Degradation of Lithic Artefacts}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Lithic artefacts recovered from intertidal and subtidal excavations range in integrity. This range includes unequivocal flaked and ground stone tools, clearly eroded lithics (which nevertheless demonstrate enough characteristic features to be categorized as artefacts), and ambiguous forms which are reminiscent of lithic artefacts in their general shape, size and contour, but which cannot by themselves be said to carry any indisputabe evidence of human alteration. This range of unequivocal to ambiguous is entirely expected within fluvial environments, but what we lack are any precise measurements or analogies which might aid us in determining if the {\textquoteright}reminiscent{\textquoteright} features we find on the highly eroded {\textquoteright}artefacts{\textquoteright} are demonstrably expected features. This paper will discuss issues surrounding the identification of highly eroded lithics, and explore the results of the experimental evaluation conducted as part of this research project.}, author = {Bulbrook, Elizabeth} } @article {9509, title = {Reconstructed Ceramic Pots: Relationships Between Whole Vessels and their Rim Sherds}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {219-222}, author = {Steven Bull} } @Obituaries {11429, title = {C. Moira Irvine (1941-1989)}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {225-226}, author = {Don Bunyan and R.G. Matson} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9313, title = {The Kugaluk Site and the Nuvorugmiut. The Archaeology and History of a Nineteenth Century Mackenzie Inuit Society}, volume = {15}, year = {1991}, pages = {266-270}, editor = {Ernest S. Burch Jr.} } @article {11807, title = {Stable Isotope Research in Canadian Archaeology: The Next 50 Years}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {115-123}, author = {Meghan Burchell and Alison Harris} } @Conference Paper {10268, title = {Examining the Framework for Gender Assumptions in Prehistoric Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {This paper examines the frameworks that have traditionally supported assumptions, and interpretations regarding gender in prehistoric slavery on the coast of British Columbia. It uses a hybrid of ethnohistoric and archaeological data to examine the construction of gender analysis in two specific contexts. The first is how (and if) gender was a significant element of prehistoric slavery. The second is how archaeologists interpret gender into reconstructions of prehistoric coastal slavery. The main theme of this paper is to examine how and why interpretations of burial populations have incorporated gender-based assumptions of slavery into their analysis. It also discusses the potential theoretical difficulties in creating such assumptions which can potentially limit the threshold of burial data analysis in relation to not only social and gender roles, but also in the understanding of the identity of the original population in relation to status and rank. A set of criteria will be discussed which will assist in developing a model for the interpretation of gender and status in Northwest coast burials.}, author = {Meghan Burchell} } @Conference Paper {10267, title = {Repr{\'e}sentation des sexes et du statut dans les s{\'e}pultures de la c{\^o}te Nord-Ouest}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Meghan Burchell} } @article {9510, title = {Gender, Grave Goods and Status in British Columbia Burials}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {30}, year = {2006}, pages = {251-271}, abstract = {

A gender-based analysis of burials from the coast of British Columbia shows that there are no significant differences in the frequency of burial, or grave goods between male and female burials. A total of 1,130 burials were examined to identify any differences in age, sex, and grave good types. When examined regionally, within the south, central and north coasts, local patterns in mortuary treatment become apparent. Although the results for the north and south coasts show no difference in the overall frequency of grave goods between males and females, it does show that the south coast has more burials with grave goods and especially burials with ornamental inclusions. The regional differences in mortuary practices are explored through a discussion of descent systems, social structure, and the influence of conflict on mortuary ritual.

}, author = {Meghan Burchell} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9390, title = {Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology as Historical Process}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {598-601}, editor = {Meghan Burchell} } @Conference Paper {10269, title = {Shellfish Analysis from the Dundas Island Group}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {This paper presents the methodology and preliminary results of shellfish analysis from sites on the Dundas Islands Group. Growth increment profiles of sectioned butter clam (Saxidomus giganteus) are used to interpret collection strategies, which can range from intensive harvesting of shellfish to light-casual collection. The variability in shellfish collection, and potential long-term harvesting strategies are interpreted through the comparison of growth increment profiles from different sites. Stable isotope analysis is also applied to determine potential patterns in seasonal collection strategies.}, author = {Meghan Burchell and Aubrey Cannon and Darren Grocke} } @Conference Paper {10273, title = {Patterns of land-use in Western Crimea during the Middle Palaeolithic}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Several Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Crimea (Ukraine) have recently been excavated. These sites cluster along the limestone escarpments that form the northern margins of the Crimean Mountains. Topographic, environmental and behavioural data from these sites and other, previously excavated sites is used to build an hypothesis for a regional pattern of land-use during the Middle Palaeolithic for future testing.}, author = {Burke, Ariane} } @Conference Paper {10282, title = {Assessing Seasonal Mobility in Human Populations and their Prey during the Upper Palaeolithic in Southwestern France}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {This paper will examine current models of hunter/ gatherer settlement organisation for the Upper Palaeolithic in Southwestern France. Skelettochronological data and other seasonal indicators from a regional sample of Pleniglacial sites in the Aquitaine Basin will be used to assess the validity of the proposed models in this region. The mobility of human populations will be examined relative to the season movements of important prey species such as Rangifer tarandus, and Equus caballus. Human hunting strategies will also be examined relative to the known behaviour (ethology) of principal prey.}, author = {Burke, Ariane M.} } @Conference Paper {10277, title = {Archetypal Seascapes and Landscapes: Coast and Interior in the Archaeology of the Maritime Peninsula}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Archaeological research in the Maritime Peninsula continues to grapple with the issue of coastal and interior occupations, particularly in terms of how these articulate with each other. This paper discusses the concept of coastal and interior adapted groups during the Ceramic period (ca. 3000 BP to 400 BP) by looking at how it is presented in the oral histories of the Native peoples of the region, 17th century ethnohistoric documents, 19th century nature writing, 20th century ethnographies, and current ecological and archaeological data. The idea of archetypal seascapes or landscapes is explored as a possible key to our understanding of this coast-interior concept and its use in archaeological interpretation.}, author = {Adrian L. Burke} } @Conference Paper {10272, title = {Butchery of a sheep in rural Tunisia (North Africa): repercussions for the study of patterns of bone disposal}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The process of killing and butchering a sheep in a small, rural village in Tunisia, is described from the perspective of marks produced on bone. Special attention is paid to patterns of bone disposal. Aside from the method of killing and bleeding the animal, which is done according to the rules of Hallel butchering, logical rules involving principles of least effort govern the processing of the carcass. The tools available, the manpower and the culinary traditions of the area also govern many of the decisions taken by the butcher. These data provide a basis for comparison with archaeozoological collections from similar cultural contexts, including late Roman and Byzantine settings in Tunisia.}, author = {Burke, Ariane} } @Conference Paper {10281, title = {L{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie d{\textquoteright}un portage : le projet t{\'e}miscouata}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {Depuis trois ans, l{\textquoteright}Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al r{\'e}alise un projet de recherche arch{\'e}ologique dans la r{\'e}gion du T{\'e}miscouata. Cette r{\'e}gion est caract{\'e}ris{\'e}e par un r{\'e}seau hydrographique permettant l{\textquoteright}acc{\'e}s {\`a} l{\textquoteright}estuaire du Saint-Laurent au nord et au bassin de la rivi{\'e}re Saint-Jean plus au sud. Depuis 1964, plus de 50 sites ont {\'e}t{\'e} inventori{\'e}s dans ce secteur, incluant deux affleurements de chert et plusieurs ateliers de taille. Cette communication pr{\'e}sentera un aper{\c c}u de nos recherches concernant les diff{\'e}rentes strat{\'e}gies l{\textquoteright}acquisition des mati{\'e}res premi{\'e}res, des sch{\'e}mes d{\textquoteright}{\'e}tablissement et de l{\textquoteright}identit{\'e} culturelle des occupants de la r{\'e}gion, du Sylvicole moyen jusqu{\textquoteright}au Sylvicole sup{\'e}rieur.}, author = {Burke, Adrian and Eric Chalifoux} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9235, title = {Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites}, volume = {25}, year = {2001}, pages = {144-146}, editor = {Adrian L. Burke} } @Conference Paper {10276, title = {Middle Palaeolithic Settlement Systems}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {It has been suggested that, in order to understand the organization of past cultural systems, archaeologists should strive to understand inter-site relationships (Binford 1982). Traditionally, these relationships have been studied from the perspective of seasonal cycles of occupation, distance to raw material sources, and the quantity and diversity of tools. The function of a site within an integrated, regional system sometimes defies categorization in these terms, however - particularly in Middle Palaeolithic contexts. This paper explores prehistoric settlement systems from the perspective of systems of raw material procurement, animal procurement strategies and the building of social networks within defined territories.}, author = {Burke, Ariane} } @Conference Paper {10285, title = {La pal{\'e}ontologie comme instrument pour d{\'e}chiffrer les relations pr{\'e}dateur-proie et la chasse aux hominid{\'e}s : {\'e}tude}, year = {2003}, address = {Hamilton}, author = {Burke, Ariane} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9043, title = {Archaeological Chemistry (2nd Edition)}, volume = {33}, year = {2009}, pages = {119-121}, editor = {Adrian L. Burke} } @Conference Paper {10271, title = {Changing Meanings, Changing Roles: Archaeometry of European and Native Materials from Early Contact Period Sites in the Far Northeast}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {The earliest phase of Aboriginal-European contact in the far Northeast remains to this day poorly understood. European documentary sources for the sixteenth and first decades of the seventeenth centuries are meager and sometimes contradictory with respect to aboriginal lifeways in the Maritimes, Maine and eastern Quebec region. Archaeology, combined with archaeometric analyses, can improve our knowledge of this elusive period in Northeast history. European materials are often incorporated alongside aboriginal materials on many Contact period sites in the Northeast. In some cases these materials are found in contexts of symbolic significance such as burials. In order to better understand the role that these European materials might play in aboriginal life and afterlife, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were conducted on European and Native materials from early Contact period sites in Maine and Quebec. Comparable materials from other contact and prehistoric sites in the greater Northeast were analyzed in order to provide baseline data. Despite the fundamental changes which aboriginal society underwent following European contact, the use of European equivalents to aboriginal materials seems to show continuity as well as change in how these materials are incorporated into the physical and symbolic life of aboriginal people during the earliest Contact period.}, author = {Adrian L. Burke} } @Conference Paper {10280, title = {Reconstructing the {\textquoteright}Age du Renne{\textquoteright}}, year = {1992}, address = {London}, abstract = {A popular representation of reindeer-dependent Ice Age peoples has endured since the designation {\textquoteright}Age du Renne{\textquoteright} was bestowed upon the Upper Paleolithic of Southwest France in 1877. In this paper we expand the discussion of French Upper Paleolithic subsistence and settlement activities to include other prey species and ask whether the apparent emphasis on Rangifer is (a) the result of strategic planning (i.e. specialization), on the part of hunters, or (b) a function of species availability. Seasonality studies and prey mortality patterns are used as a means of assessing the degree to which Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers in Southwest France relied on reindeer.}, author = {Burke, Ariane and Anne Pike-Tay} } @article {9511, title = {Archaeological Survey in Eastern Guadalajara Province, Spain: Initial Results}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, pages = {048-069}, abstract = {

The Palaeolithic record of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula, the central Meseta, is still relatively poorly documented. In this article we report the results of a preliminary, stratified survey conducted in the eastern part of the province of Guadalajara during 2009 and 2010. The survey enabled us to identify a series of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites in an area where no previously recorded Palaeolithic sites exist. These results, in turn, are used to propose a predictive model of archaeological potential that will guide further surveys in the target region.

}, author = {Burke, A. and J. Ma{\'\i}llo Fern{\'a}ndez and N. Fuertes Prieto and M. Bisson and P.~James and G. Levavasseur} } @Conference Paper {10275, title = {Geophysical Survey of a Late Prehistoric Site in Eastern Quebec}, year = {2005}, address = {Nanaimo}, abstract = {A geophysical survey was carried out during the summer of 2004 on a late prehistoric site in the eastern Quebec region of Bas-Saint-Laurent. The site, CjEd-5, dates to the Middle and Late Ceramic (Woodland) period and contains several stratified occupations within fine alluvial sediments. We carried out the magnetometer survey using a Bartington Grad 601 fluxgate gradiometer at closely spaced intervals of 1 metre. This poster presents the results of the survey and compares these to subsequent excavations that served as a {\textquoteright}ground truth{\textquoteright} of the non-invasive geophysical investigation. The results were overwhelmingly positive and allowed us to save valuable time and resources by concentrating our excavations on features that were most likely to provide radiocarbon dates and close associations of artifact classes such as faunal remains and lithics.}, author = {Adrian L. Burke and Jason Jeandron} } @Conference Paper {10284, title = {Faunal Approaches to Logistical Complexity During the Mousterian in Western Crimea / Analyses zoologiques et d{\'e}termination de la complexit\&eac}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {Three Mousterian sites from Western Crimea have provided ample faunal material for zooarchaeological study. Preliminary results allow us to reconstruct the regional and local environments of these sites. The three sites under consideration also provide us with illuminating contrasts in site function, location and faunal inventory. Early analysis indicates that they form part of what was undoubtedly a complex logistical system.}, author = {Burke, A.} } @Conference Paper {10270, title = {SQUELETTOCHRONOLOGIE APPLIQU{\'e}E {\`a} L{\textquoteright}{\'e}TUDE DES SAISONS DE CHASSE AU PL{\'e}NIGLACLAIRE}, year = {1991}, address = {St.John{\textquoteright}s}, abstract = {De nombreuses techniques existent permettant l{\textquoteright}observation des lignes de croissance dans le c{\'e}ment des dents de mammif{\'e}res terrestres. Celles-ci peuvent {\^e}tre corr{\'e}l{\'e}es, chaque technique nous apportant des informations diff{\'e}rentes sur la nature des structures observ{\'e}es. Cependant, la technique la plus {\'e}fficace pour l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude du mat{\'e}riel fossile et sub-fossile reste l{\textquoteright}observation au microscope, sous lumi{\'e}re transmise, de lames minces non-d{\'e}calcifi{\'e}es. Dans cette {\'e}tude, des observations de dents actuelles de cheval ont {\'e}t{\'e} faites et il en r{\'e}sulte un mod{\'e}le d{\textquoteright}apposition du ciment chez cette esp{\'e}ce qui diff{\'e}re de celui d{\'e}j{\`a} observ{\'e} chez d{\textquoteright}autres ongul{\'e}s. Ce mod{\'e}le a {\'e}t{\'e} appliqu{\'e} {\`a} lanalyse microscopique sous lumi{\'e}re transmise (ordinaire et polaris{\'e}e) de dents fossiles provenant de sites pr{\'e}historiques (18,000 {\`a} 14,000 B.P.) du Sud Ouest de la France. Une estimation de l{\textquoteright}importance saisoni{\'e}re du cheval vis {\`a} vis le renne dans l{\textquoteright}{\'e}conomie humaine de cette r{\'e}gion est faite, bas{\'e}e sur cette analyse et les donn{\'e}es de Gordon (1989). Les r{\'e}sultats obtenus de cette analyse nous permettent de souligner l{\textquoteright}importance de l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tablissement d{\textquoteright}un {\'e}chantiflon de contr{\^o}le, ainsi qu{\textquoteright}une analyse histologique approfondie, permettant une meilleure comprehension du mod{\'e}le de d{\'e}p{\^o}t du c{\'e}ment pour l{\textquoteright}esp{\'e}ce {\'e}tudi{\'e}e. Les r{\'e}sultats arch{\'e}ologiques qui d{\'e}coulent de cette {\'e}tude nous permettent de constater une certaine compl{\'e}mentarit{\'e} entre le cheval et le renne dans les sites arch{\'e}ologiques du Pl{\'e}niglaciaire dans le Sud Ouest de la France.}, author = {Burke, Ariane} } @Conference Paper {10279, title = {The Archaeology of a Portage Route The T{\'e}miscouata Project}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {For the past three years, the University of Montreal has carried out archaeological research in the T{\'e}miscouata region of eastern Quebec. This region is characterized by a network of lakes and rivers which connect the upper St. John drainage to the St. Lawrence River. The area. appears to be intermittently occupied from the Late Archaic to the contact period. Over 50 sites have been found here since 1964, including two chert quarries and several lithic workshops. This paper will outline our current research on lithic procurement strategies, regional settlement patterns, and cultural identity of the Middle to Late Woodland occupants.}, author = {Burke, Adrian and Eric Chalifoux} } @Conference Paper {10274, title = {An initial survey of suitable sites for fishing properties on Scatary Island (Nova Scotia)}, year = {2000}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {In August 1998, an archaeological survey was conducted on Scatary Island, southeast of Cape Breton, to locate twelve fishing properties established subsequent to land grants in 1718. The properties led to permanent settlement on the island. Two years before the exploration, archival research had been conducted in Canada and France. The examination of sectors that had previously been evaluated through aerial photography made it possible to produce a computerized map, with the assistance of Professor Gerard Mackinnon of the GIS/GPS Centre at the University College of Cape Breton. Sites that were located were positioned the first week of observation. Potential sectors were photographed in detail so that the evaluation of the landscape could continue off the field and future work could be planned. During this brief exploration, it was possible to locate the 18th-century properties and other sites that have been occupied since the mid-19th century.}, author = {Burke, Charles and Jean-Pierre Chrestien} } @Conference Paper {10283, title = {Seasonal Indicators at Blaefish Caves, Yukon Territory: Seasonal Mortality and Age Profiles for Horse (Equus lambei)}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {In addition to having yielded the earliest evidence of human occupation of eastern Beringia, the Bluefish Caves of northem Yukon, Canada, have also provided us with the largest and most complex in situ late PIeistocene fauna ever recorded in this region, if not in all of Beringia. This paper presents some preliminary research results on an important component of die Bluefish fauna, the equids (Equus lambei). More specifically, it presents data derived from the study of seasonal mortality profiles of these now extinct Beringian small horses. Estimates of season of death, used in this research, are obtained from a skeleto-chronologicaI study of a relatively large sample of horse teeth recovered from these three caves. Age profiles are also obtained using this technique. Seasonal mortality and age profiles of equid assemblages from the three Bluefish caves are compared. In contributing to the reconstruction of Full and Late Glacial landscapes in the Bluefish region, as well as in the large region of eastern Beringia, this research provides us with the means to investigate further the so-called {\textquoteright}productivity paradox{\textquoteright}, and may thus lead to a better appreciation of very ancient and poorly understood forms of human adaptation.}, author = {A. Burke and J. Cinq-Mars} } @Conference Paper {10278, title = {Archaeological Research at The Fortress of Louisbourg NHS}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {This paper will present the results of a six-year archaeology project designed to record cultural resources in the installation corridors for new underground services at the Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site of Canada. Besides requiring extensive archaeological research, mitigation, and salvage, the project permitted us to reevaluate past excavation, identify undisturbed areas, and for streets, to undertake a systematic approach to the recovery of cultural remains. Although more than a quarter of the original French townsite is excavated, serious information gaps remain. Throughout the 1960s and 70s archaeology focussed on the recovery of structural data for the reconstruction program with yards and streets frequently unexcavated. Over the past six years, archaeology has provided significant new information (and 150,000 artifacts) about the 18th century town and its suburbs. In particular, three seasons devoted to the excavation of Louisbourg{\textquoteright}s principal streets provide an opportunity to analyse street features like pav{\'e} and drainage systems in a broader context than before. Most important, the use of digital technology and GIS allows us to create seamless and accurate mosaics of archaeological features excavated and removed over several years.}, author = {Burke, Charles} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9026, title = {The Swordfish Hunters: The History and Ecology of an Ancient American Sea People}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, pages = {331-333}, editor = {Adrian L. Burke} } @Conference Paper {10286, title = {The Beer that Made Milwaukee Jealous - Klondike Fashion}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {Promoting itself as having the {\textquoteright}beer that made the Klondike famous and Milwaukee jealous{\textquoteright}, the O{\textquoteright}Brien Brewing and Malting Company opened the Klondike Brewery in 1904. Located in Lousetown across the Klondike River from Dawson City, O{\textquoteright}Brien{\textquoteright}s operation continued its production until prohibition of 1919. Archaeological survey and assessment of the brewery site in 1998 provides a range of data on brewery layout, its production line, equipment, and the cooperage. The present paper presents an overview and field report on this work.}, author = {David Burley} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9044, title = {The Buffalo Lake Metis Site: A Late Nineteenth Century Settlement in the Parkland of Central Alberta}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {240-243}, editor = {David Burley} } @article {9512, title = {A Never Ending Story: Historical Developments in Canadian Archaeology and the Quest for Federal Heritage Legislation}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {077-098}, abstract = {

Canada is one of the few first world nations lacking integrated and comprehensive heritage resource managment policy on a federal level. Though considerable sums of money have been spent by the Canadian government on archaeology from the 1960s to the present, and despite consistent lobbying efforts by the Canadian archaeological community, this situation remains in place. A critical history of Canadian archaeology and its politic, including recent Department of Communications initiatives for antiquities legislation is provided. With this latter legislation now forestalled, alternatives and challenges for the Canadian archaeological community in the remainder of the 1990s are identified.

}, author = {David Burley} } @article {9556, title = {On the spatial analysis of a plowed site at Bartibog}, journal = {Bulletin}, volume = {8}, year = {1976}, pages = {82-105}, author = {David Burley} } @Conference Paper {10289, title = {CRM in the Ivory Tower}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Both in Canada and in the United States, the vast majority of university graduates in archaeology find employment in the CRM field. Notwithstanding this fact, very few universities offer more than a token CRM related course, and academic faculty shun the notion of applied training for students. Brian Fagan, quite appropriately, labels the situation An Academic Time Warp. Our paper provides a survey of CRM in the Ivory Tower highlighting on-going program developments in CRM at Sonoma State (California) and Simon Fraser universities.}, author = {David Burley and Margaret Purser} } @article {9515, title = {Specialization and the Evolution of Complex Society in the Gulf of Georgia Region}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {3}, year = {1979}, pages = {131-143}, abstract = {The Coast Salish cultural pattern is viewed as a specialized hunting and gathering adaptation which has evolved out of a more generalized format. Accepting the interface between the Locarno Beach and Marpole culture types (circa 400 B.C.) as the transition point, it is difficult to recognize either the stimulus behind such a development or the mechanism by which it occurred. It is maintained that the Hope/Yale region of the Fraser Canyon is a locale better suited, in an ecological sense, for the generalized to specialized transformation. It is also suggested that immigration or full population movement from that area to the Fraser delta formed the basis for subsequent developments.}, author = {David Burley} } @Conference Paper {10288, title = {Scarcity, abundance and steady state procurement systems: towards an understanding of east coast/west coast cultural developments}, year = {1981}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {Despite similarities in the range of exploitable resources and associated technological capacities, the indigenous peoples of the northeast and northwest coasts of North America had markedly divergent paths in a cultural evolutionary perspective. It is argued that such a differential development is related to varied intensities of specialization on the salmon resource and basic differences in the anadromy of species within this resource. The Pacific salmon, due to its once-only spawning cycle, has been described as producing extreme periods of both scarcity and abundance. Procurement and preservation strategies require large scale cooperation, regularized labour organization and some formalized mechanism for intra group redistribution. These traits are suggested to be the foundation stones for the ethnographic northwest coast cultural pattern. The Atlantic salmon, on the other hand, is available throughout the warm weather period thus providing a steady state resource. Seasonal scheduling to exploit this species is integrated into a generalized subsistence strategy whereby several resources can be procured simultaneously. Subsistence pursuits are best carried out by small, mobile groups of egalitarian hunters and gatherers.}, author = {David Burley} } @article {9514, title = {Response to Solicited Dialogues on "A Never Ending Story"}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {127-134}, author = {David Burley} } @Conference Paper {10287, title = {Plowed Site Spatial Reconstructions: The Bartibog Site as an Example}, year = {1976}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {In recent years, archaeologists have realized the value of analyzing the horizontal dimension in archaeological sites. That is, we now attempt to interpret site activity (settlement) patterning on the basis of artifact spatial associations on each of our occupation floors. Several analytic techniques, subsequently borrowed from quantitative plant ecology and geography, have been employed toward this end with relative success. However, the majority of applications thus far almost always have dealt with ideal data from undisturbed sites collected with exact provenience. Few have investigated the possibilities that spatial patterning may still be in existence within single component occupation floors following plowing. This paper reviews the problem by conducting a spatial analysis of materials excavated at the Bartibog site (CgDi 1), a late prehistoric component in northeastern New Brunswick. Several artifact class correlations are recognized and interpretations offered.}, author = {David Burley} } @article {9513, title = {Flaked Stone Technology and the 1870s Hivernant Metis: a Question of Context}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {151-163}, abstract = {

Previous interpretation of hivernant Metis archaeological sites argues for a maintenance of lithic technology through the 1870s on the Canadian plains and parklands. Originating with Metis Indian ancestry, flaked stone tools, in association with historic technology, are viewed as the logical consequence of ethnic blending. Recent research at three hivernant wintering villages in Saskatchewan calls this association into question. In closer examination of the claims for lithic technology at other sites, the evidence is found to be equivocal. In this paper hivernant stone flaking is argued to be a product of archaeological interpretation based on fortuitous circumstance rather than historical reality.

}, author = {David Burley} } @Conference Paper {10291, title = {Rights of Passage: Addressing Some Wrongs in the {\textquoteright}Ice-free Corridor{\textquoteright} Debate from a Paleontologist{\textquoteright}s Point of View}, year = {1994}, address = {Edmonton}, abstract = {The advent of early humans in the New World has, for many years, assumed a route was available, likely through Alberta, at some time during, or just after, die Wisconsinan glacial stage. The notion dovetailed with the mounting evidence for habitation sites of that age in the contiguous United States. However, much was said and written without direct references to the evidence on the ground and in the ground of Alberta. In the last 9 years, over 70 dates exceeding 9000 y BP have been run for the Provincial Museum on animal bones and wood from paleontological sites across the province. These dates bracket a gaping hiatus from around 22,000 to 11,600 y BR. Big game hunters from Asia were absent from the region because conditions in the alleged {\textquoteright}ice-free{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteright}western{\textquoteright} corridor were unsuitable even for big game. The demonstrable explanation is extensive late Wisconsinan glaciation. The {\textquoteright}First Albertans{\textquoteright} so far discovered postdate the earliest postglacial bone dates by about 1000 y, but mounting evidence for a single glaciation in Alberta (=Late Wisconsinan) also suggests that the field was open for many millennia before glacial onset around 22,000 y BP. So, when was the New World occupied, and by what route? The search continues.}, author = {James A. Burns} } @Conference Paper {10290, title = {Archaeology of the Petit Nord; Learning from People along the Northeast Coast of Newfoundland}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {The main goal of the Archaeology of the Petit Nord project is to record the maritime cultural landscape of the French seasonal fishery in the Petit Nord region of Newfoundland, between 1504 and 1904. For my MA project I looked at a specific kind of feature {\textendash}crosses and calvaires, which appeared in the Petit Nord landscape as early as 1680. Three monumental crosses are still standing in Carouge Bay, although these particular crosses were rebuilt by the French navy in the 1930s. During the summer of 2007, I conducted community archaeology at Dos-de-Cheval site (EfAx-09) to document those features. The French Shore Historical Society based in Conche was incredibly helpful throughout the project, and put me in touch with community members to interview regarding these features. This presentation will focus on the difficulties I faced as a young francophone woman trying to get information from older English residents of the Conche Peninsula about something they know but do not consider as part of their own culture.}, author = {M{\'e}lissa Burns} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {9410, title = {Faunal remains from the Nodwell site (BcHi-3) from four other sites in Bruce County, Ontario}, volume = {7}, year = {1975}, pages = {230-232}, editor = {James A. Burns} } @Conference Paper {10292, title = {We Don{\textquoteright}t {\textquoteright}Dig{\textquoteright} Dinosaurs - Doing Public Archaeology in Manitoba / {\textquoteright}Non, nous ne {\textquoteright}fouillons{\textquoteright} pas les dinosaures.{\textquoteright} -}, year = {1997}, address = {Saskatoon}, abstract = {The Manitoba Archaeological Society has been actively participating in public archaeology for the past 35 years. The association has been run by a small group of dedicated individuals who are professional archaeologists or archaeological students, living and breathing archaeology as a profession, a hobby, a form of exercise and a recreational activity. These enthusiastic people have undertaken the education of Manitoban{\textquoteright}s regarding Manitoba{\textquoteright}s cultural heritage using a variety of venues with varying degrees of success. The goals of public archaeology appear to be both simple and grand and the commitment to do public archaeology can be found in the MAS {\textendash} What could possibly go wrong?}, author = {BURNS, Leslie and Linda Larcombe} } @article {9517, title = {Discerning Storage and Structures at the Forster Site: A Princess Point Component in Southern Ontario}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {27}, year = {2003}, pages = {191-233}, abstract = {

The Forster site, a Princess Point occupation on the Lower Grand River in Caledonia, Ontario, has produced some of the earliest evidence of Iroquoian community organisation and settlement systems in southern Ontario. Excavation at this site in 1997 produced evidence of a structural type that has not been previously described in detail. The settlement pattern and artifactual remains recovered are examined, and the identification of one of the structures recovered from the site as a specialised storage structure is discussed in the context of Iroquoian social and economic organisation. Investigations that incorporate multiple lines of evidence, recovered from all depositional contexts, such as was done at the Forster site, will increase our understanding of the role of domestication in the evolution of the Iroquoian social and economic system.

}, author = {Jeffrey A. Bursey} } @Conference Paper {10295, title = {Insights from End Scrapers: A Case Study from the Anderson Site on the Lower Grand River of Southern Ontario}, year = {2006}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {The Anderson Site (AfGx-54) was an early Uren Substage village site, dating to late in the 12th century A.D., salvage excavated in 1991 near the Town of Cayuga in southern Ontario. Certainly the most notable aspect of the recovered assemblage is the remnants of the chipped lithic industry, the analysis of which is ongoing. In this presentation, I will be examining a specific form of end scraper recovered during the investigations referred to informally in the literature as Glen Meyer Stemmed Snubnose. To date, there have been no relatively large assemblages analysed in detail since the original type was proposed over 30 years ago. Here I will provide a brief overview of the end scrapers recovered from the Anderson site that conform to this type. Particular attention will be devoted to examples that appear to be particularly well-made so as to draw attention to the reduction sequence. In particular, I will focus on the sequence of decisions used in manufacturing this style of end scraper as well as differences in the type of flakes removed compared to the knapping style observable in biface production. Finally, an example of the product of a juvenile or inexperienced knapper will be considered in order to generate some insights into how knapping had been learned in a prehistoric context.}, author = {Bursey, Jeff} } @article {9516, title = {The Frog Pond Site (AhGx{\textendash}359): The Identification of a 17th Century Neutral Iroquoian Medicine Lodge in Southern Ontario}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {30}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-39}, abstract = {

The Frog Pond site (AhGx-359) was discovered and completely excavated in advance of a proposed highway construction project near Hamilton, Ontario. The archaeological remains recovered from this site do not conform to that of a \“typical\” 17th-century Iroquoian cabin site. Instead, the site is interpreted as a medicine lodge on the basis of analogies drawn from the ethnographic record. It is argued that case studies such as this one have great potential to inform us on topics such as continuity, change in religious practices, and ethnic identity.

}, author = {Jeffrey A. Bursey} } @Conference Paper {10294, title = {The Ceramics from the Tara and Ireland Sites : Three Terminal Glen Meyer Components in the Burlington/Crawford Lake Area}, year = {1993}, address = {Montreal}, abstract = {In the summer of 1990, two overlapping villages at the Tara Site and a third village at the Ireland Site, were completely excavated by the Ministry of Transportation, central Region in the Burlington area just southeast of the well-known Crawford Lake area. Analysis of the ceramic assemblages from these three sites indicates an ethnic affiliation with the Glen Meyer late in the 13th century. In light of these results, the hypothesis of a distinction between Glen Meyer and Pickering in the Early Ontario Iroquoian Period appears supported at the expense of clinal variation. Further implications oft his ethnic affiliation, however, are that the Bennett and Gunby sites, previously assigned to the late Pickering, are instead Uren Substage sites evolved from a Glen Meyer base. This conclusion would seriously undermine the basis of the Conquest Hypothesis . Finally, it can be noted that the presumed boundary between the Neutral and the Southern division Huron, located between the Crawford Lake area and the Credit River in the late prehistoric period, appears to have an ancestry in the early Late Woodland, coincident with the boundary between the Glen Meyer and Pickering.}, author = {Bursey, Jeff A.} } @Conference Paper {10293, title = {Early Archaic Site Clusters: The Problems of Identification and Interpretation}, year = {2002}, address = {Ottawa}, abstract = {Clusters of Paleoindian (Fluted Point Horizon) sites have become an accepted part of the late Pleistocene landscape. Over the last decade or so, similar clusters of Early Archaic (Corner-Notched Point Horizon) sites have been discovered as a result of CRM activities across southern Ontario. In this paper, the characteristics of these site clusters will be discussed as well as some possible interpretations based on the literature of ethnographically documented hunter/gatherer settlement patterns.}, author = {Jeffrey A. Bursey} } @Conference Paper {10296, title = {An Interpretation of Population Dynamics in the Grassland/Parklands as Evidenced by Research at the Mullett Site in Southwestern Manitoba}, year = {1989}, address = {Fredericton}, abstract = {This paper presents results of recent excavations at the Mullett site in southwestern Manitoba within the framework of how data accumulated contributes to understanding population dynamics in the Grassland/Parklands ecological zone. The site demonstrates occupations dating from early Archaic to late historic times, but the focus here is on Besant through Late Woodland occupations. The paper discusses the ecology of the region and speculates on how ceramic and lithic material provide clues on population dynamics in the Grassland/Parklands interface region.}, author = {Burton, Gaye and Teresa Hill} } @Conference Paper {10297, title = {Holocene Climate Change and the Lake Baikal Region}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {Through the use of various proxy data techniques, it has been demonstrated that climate during the early- to mid-Holocene was significantly different than today{\textquoteright}s climate. For example, the Earth{\textquoteright}s orbital parameters (which regulate the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of incoming solar radiation) were different than they are today and induced much stronger seasonal variations in temperature, particularly in continental interiors. Seasonal climate phenomena such as the South Asian monsoon were therefore much stronger than they are now. Experiments with global general circulation models (GCMs) have been quite successful in reproducing these Holocene climate changes. We will first present a summary of results from both proxy data analyses and numerical modelling of Holocene climate on a global scale. We will then discuss the current state of knowledge regarding regional Holocene climate in the Lake Baikal region, and present some techniques currently in use to downscale global GCM results to the finer spatial scale that is required for model-data intercomparisons in the region.}, author = {Bush, Andrew B.G. and Dustin White} } @article {9518, title = {Exploring Soilscapes and Places Inside Labrador Inuit Winter Dwellings}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology}, volume = {35}, year = {2011}, pages = {055-085}, abstract = {

Inuit people have interacted with northern Labrador\’s landscape in countless ways. This research explored their influence on the element compositions of soils beneath winter dwellings at three settlements. The objectives were to expand the range of element enrichments associated with Inuit dwellings and to consider variations within these enrichments, thereby contributing to reconstructions of how these people used indoor spaces. Six dwellings were sampled using a stratified systematic strategy. Multielement analyses using x-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy identified higher concentrations of phosphorus, sulphur, barium, lead, hafnium, caesium, lanthanum, and europium in archaeological samples relative to background samples. These enrichments relate to peoples\’ use of sea mammal oil as lamp fuel, of baleen in sleeping platform construction, of recycled materials for building, and of European goods. Variations in element concentrations between dwellings indicate that cultural soilscapes have potential for identifying processes of stability and change in the use of interior places.

}, author = {Don Butler} } @Conference Paper {10298, title = {Geochemical Investigations of Inuit Winter Dwellings In Northern Labrador}, year = {2008}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {The Inuit people of northern Labrador had a variety of effects on their landscape. However, there is an absence of archaeological research addressing their inadvertent influence on the soil{\textquoteright}s chemical record. Here, I contribute to this type of research by investigating the geochemical characteristics of soils from Inuit winter dwellings at Iglosiatik Island, Nachvak Fiord, and Komaktorvik Fiord, northern Labrador. My research at these locations distinguishes the geochemical composition of soils in association with household taskscapes, adding a geoarchaeological perspective to the Inuit use of space within winter dwellings. Spaces in these households had socially prescribed and proscribed functions, and the habitus enacted in these taskscapes modifies the soil{\textquoteright}s chemical record. As such, repetitive behaviour in spatially discrete locations can increase the concentration of inorganic elements or introduce foreign ones into the soilscape. These geochemical reflections of behaviour are useful for understanding social structures and identifying taskscapes that have no direct architectural or artefactual evidence. The geochemical characteristics of soils from lamp stands, cooking niches, storage niches, dwelling floors, sleeping platforms, entrance tunnels, and refuse disposal areas underwent comparison with off-site control samples to determine their degree of anthropogenic alteration. Elemental compositions of these soils were measured using x-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma {\textendash} mass spectroscopy, while reduction {\textendash} oxidation potential, pH, and total dissolved solids were determined using electronic meters. Correspondence and principle components analysis identified the distinct geochemical signatures of these cultural spaces.}, author = {Don Butler} } @Book Reviews/Comptes-rendus {11947, title = {The Ancient State of Puyo in Northeast Asia: Archeology and Historical Memory}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, pages = {301-303}, editor = {Maksim Stoyakin} } @Symposium Papers {11004, title = {The resource question and rescue archaeology}, volume = {8}, year = {1976}, pages = {109-121}, author = {William J. Byrne} } @Conference Paper {10300, title = {The Pine Rise at Crawford Lake: Climate Change or Human Impact?}, year = {1999}, address = {Whitehorse, Yukon}, abstract = {In a series of papers Campbell and McAndrews have developed the thesis that prominent pine rise in the Crawford Lake pollen record was the result of climate change, i.e., Little Ice Age cooling. As a corollary of this thesis the same authors also argue that Iroquoian forest clearance had only a minor effect on the vegetation of southern Ontario. A reconsideration of the Crawford Lake pollen record in the light of newly available archaeological evidence uncovered by Finlayson and his co-workers suggests that the climate change thesis is invalid. In this paper the implications of the pollen and archaeological records are reviewed. Several broader questions relating to the magnitude and ecological impact of of Little Ice Age cooling will also be considered.}, author = {BYRNE, A. Roger} } @Conference Paper {10299, title = {The Prehistory and Ethnohistory of the Canadian Plains as Reflected by Ceramics}, year = {1973}, address = {Burnaby}, abstract = {Although the ceramics from the Canadian plains are sparse in quantity, their formal and stylistic variations, at least in southern Alberta and the adjacent portions of Saskatchewan, are sufficiently distinctive to determine that the pottery can be divided into two major ceramic traditions, the Saskatchewan Basin complex and the Cluny complex. An Early variant of the Saskatchewan Basin complex is affiliated with Avonlea phase occupations dating approximately between A.D. 600 and A.D. 900, and a Late variant with subsequent Old Women{\textquoteright}s phase components; both of these phases were originally defined on the basis of non-ceramic{\textendash}mainly lithic{\textendash}data. The Cluny complex, in contrast, associates with a new phase, the One Gun phase, which appears to represent an intrusion of Middle Missouri peoples into the area sometime after A.D. 1725. It would appear quite definite that the Cluny complex/One Gun phase materials were manufactured by a splinter group of the Hidatsa, possibly the Crow, while at least the Late variant of the Saskatchewan Basin complex/Old Women{\textquoteright}s phase assemblages are the remains of prehistoric and protohistoric Blackfoot groups.}, author = {William J. Byrne} } @Conference Paper {10303, title = {Historical Issues and Evolution in CRM: A View from Alberta}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {In any given jurisdiction, the beginnings of Cultural Resource Management are generally equated with the passage of appropriately named legislation or the introduction of specifically focussed programs. Alberta is no exception, and the initiation has generally been equated with the passage of the Alberta Historical Resources Act in 1972. In reality, CRM has been an important factor in the heritage movement for far longer than that, and the issues and principles of significance to the discipline have been evolving for well over 100 years.}, author = {William J. Byrne} } @Conference Paper {10302, title = {Unexpected Contributions From An Unusual Man}, year = {2001}, address = {Banff}, abstract = {For close to 30 years, the Province of Alberta has enjoyed the benefits of some of the most comprehensive heritage legislation in North America. As a result of its existence, a cultural resource management regime has been developed which sees the routine conduct of archaeological investigations in conjunction with development projects throughout the Province. These projects range in scale from multi-million dollar investigations spanning five years or more, involving a host of professionals and large territories such as those encompassed by the oil sands mining programmes in northern Alberta, down to brief inspections of individual residential properties. The cumulative effect of these investigations has been to open vast chapters of Alberta{\textquoteright}s prehistory. The existence of this system and the results it generates can be traced to the pioneering leadership of Richard G. Forbis.}, author = {William J. Byrne} } @article {9520, title = {Fresno Reservoir Pottery: Saskatchewan Basin Ceramics in Northern Montana}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {001-025}, abstract = {

A series of ceramics from five sites in the Fresno Reservoir area of north central Montana is described. These ceramics fall into two categories, one resembling Middle Missouri wares, and the other resembling pottery of the Saskatchewan Basin Complex. The presence of the latter is taken to indicate cultural relationships with southern Alberta. and suggests an occupation of the Fresno Reservoir area by Blackfeet.

}, author = {James D. Keyser with a comment by W.J. Byrne} } @Conference Paper {10301, title = {The Archaeological Survey of Alberta}, year = {1976}, address = {Winnipeg}, abstract = {With the passage of the Alberta Heritage Act 1973, the province of Alberta changed from a province with little or no legislation relevant to archaeological resource management to one with a modern integrated legislative package concerned not only with archaeological protection but also with the promotion of archaeological investigation and documentation. This legislation has, in the intervening two years, been supplemented by amendments to the original Act which have served to strengthen its authority, and by the establishment of a provincial agency designed specifically to implement the provisions of the Act as they pertain to archaeology. At this time it is possible to review the activities of the Survey in its first two years, and to predict future activities and developments.}, author = {William J. Byrne} } @article {9519, title = {Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story\&"}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d{\textquoteright}arch{\'e}ologie}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {099-101}, author = {William J. Byrne} }