<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiess, Arthur</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantifying Archaic and Woodland Shellfish Gathering at the Turner Farm Site, Penobscot Bay, Maine</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredericton</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Even recently some archaeologists have commented that shellfish gathering in the Northeast was either an activity confined to the Woodland period, or substantially increased during the Woodland period. The Turner Farm site, in central coastal Maine, is a perfect test case for these hypotheses, since it contains three Archaic occupations (I,II,III) and at least 3 Woodland habitation floors with associated shell dumping layers, all carefully excavated by Bruce Bourque. Shellfish species diversity, total weight, size, and seasonality information was quantified by a variety of techniques applied to samples recovered from the midden. Shellfish harvesting, throughout the sequence of occupation, consistently concentrated upon soft-shelled clam (Mya arenaria), most of which were harvested during winter and early spring. We compute that 15,000 to 13,000 kg. of shell were deposited in the excavated areas of the Turner Farm site by Late Archaic occupations II and III, while 39,000 kg. of shell were deposited by Woodland Period inhabitants. Based upon a size-weight histogram developed for the assemblage, and specific-gravity data on shell weight loss over time, we estimate that these shell weights represent 1 million clams in the excavated area of Occupation II, 800,000 in Occupation III, and roughly 6 million in the excavated Woodland levels. It is not possible to be precise about the relative contributions of vertebrates (mammals, fish and bird) and shellfish to the diet at the Turner Farm. However, standard treatment of mammal and shellfish counts allows comparison between levels at the Turner Farm. The relative contribution of shellfish versus mammals actually decreases from late Archaic Occupation II to the Woodland occupations. If fish and bird data are included, then shellfish probably contributed roughly the same proportion of meat weight to the diet throughout the 5000 year long Turner Farm sequence.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>