<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovis, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G. William Monaghan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle and Late Holocene Lake Level and Environmental Stability: Implications for Archaic Settlement Potential in the Lake Huron Basin</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ottawa</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Holocene changes in lake level had important implications for both resource availability and predictability in coastal environments during the Archaic period. The middle Holocene in the upper Great Lakes region is marked by dramatic lake-level variations related to differential north-south isostatic rebound. Initially, the basin drained through an isostatically depressed northern outlet at North Bay, Ontario, which by 5 kyBP had risen above and transferred drainage to the present southern outlet at Port Huron, Michigan. Thus, the early part of this interval is characterized by a regional transgression that culminated in Lake Nipissing (+6.5 m above modern), while the latter part is represented by a regional regression from Nipissing through Algoma (+3.5 m) to modern Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. The transgression rate reflects rebound at North Bay and was most pronounced in the southern end of the basin where lake level rose at ca 60 cm/century between 7 and 5 kyBP. The post-Nipissing regression rate was controlled by erosion at Port Huron, but was similar to that of the transgression. Data from archaeological sites around Saginaw Bay in southern Lake Huron also show that the post-Nipissing regression was rapid and that modern Lake Huron was achieved before 3800 BP. Once achieved, Lake Huron maintained a relatively stable, lower-than-present level until about 2 ky BP. During the Nipissing transgression and subsequent regression to modern lake level, coastal habitats in the Saginaw Bay region must have been in constant flux. For example, the specific bottom conditions required for particular spawning fish probably varied regularly, making it difficult to know where spawning grounds would be located from decade to decade. Similar unpredictable changes also occurred for stream mouth environments and shoreline or interior wetland distribution and size as groundwater level rose and fell. After 3800 BP, however, when the lake-level stabilized, shoreline resources may have become more predictable in the Saginaw Bay region, making them a more attractive subsistence choice by the end of the Late Archaic. The unique configuration of the upper Great Lakes also resulted in dichotomous north-south shoreline &quot;stability&quot; conditions. During the Nipissing transgression in the northeastern part of the basin, lake level appeared relatively stable because the land surface in this area rebounded at nearly the same rate as the North Bay outlet. The fall in lake level related to the post-Nipissing regression, however, appeared even more pronounced in the north where rebound was significantly greater than at Port Huron. The apparent regression rate in the north after 5 kyBP was the local differential rebound plus the erosion at Port Huron or initially up to 1 m/century. Thus, unlike Saginaw Bay, shoreline resources in northern Lake Huron were probably relatively predictable during the Middle Archaic and became less predictable during the Late Archaic.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>