<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spiess, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B. Bourque</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Five thousand years of hunting and gathering on the Fox Islands: thoughts on the causes of cultural efflorescence</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmonton</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detailed faunal analysis of the Turner Farm shell midden, Penobscot Bay, Maine, has produced a detailed subsistence record spanning 5,000 years, the first such record for the northeast. These data document dramatic subsistance changes in the sequence. Occupation Il (Moorehead Phase, 4300-4600 B.P.) maintained a specialized summer fishery for swordfish and fall fishery for codfish as well as a background multiseasonal terrestrial hunting orientation (primarily for white-tailed deer), and moderate shellfish gathering. Marine mammals were hunted only incidentally. The Moorehead Phase people made extensive use of ground stone and participated in a fancy mortuary-ceremonial complex extending as far north as northern Labrador. By 3800 B.P., Occupation III people related to the Susquehanna tradition were involved in an adaptation including substantial shellfish gathering, extensive terrestrial hunting, minor inshore fishing for sturgeon and flounder, and incidental birding and sea mammal hunting. The succeeding Ceramic occupations begin with this general subsistence orientation, but add increasing and accelerating intensity of exploitation of inshore fish, seabirds, sea mammals, especially fur trapping, and probably shellfish gathering. Ethno-historic and faunal evidence point to the faltering beginnings of a bowhead-whale-hunting adaptation toward the end of the sequence. Throughout the length of occupation, the site was used multi-seasonally, possibly year-round; but permanent villages of substantial wooden houses with large (over ? 100) populations were never built in the northeast. Two periods of low-level (compared with the Northwest coast) cultural 'efflorescence' occur in the sequence: during the Moorehead Phase participation in the burial tradition, and at the end of the Ceramic sequence. The first was possibly encouraged by the boating abilities and leadership qualities needed in a swordfish hunting adaptation, but at a moderate population level. The second 'efflorescence' is based on a drastic increase in trade contacts with the Maritimes, involving at least furs, copper and lithic raw materials, and coincident with accelerating population increase. The first 'efflorescence' seems to have been terminated by environmental change affection the fishery. The second was probably terminated by European contact, beginning with extirpation of the Gulf of St. Lawrence bowhead whale population in the late 16th century, followed by European disruption of the native fur trade, and finally epidemic disease before 1620.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>