La période préeurocanadienne dans la région de la Grande riviére de la Baleine (Hudsonie) - Chevrier, Daniel (1993)
Les recherches archéologiques entreprises au cours des quatre derniéres années dans la région de la Grande riviére de la Baleine (Hudsonie), dans le cadre des études environnementales reliées au complexe hydroélectrique Grande-Baleine, ont permis, jusqu'à maintenant, la découverte de prés de 1000 nouveaux sites regroupant plus de 3 000 structures d'habitation dont 160 remontent à la période préeurocanadienne. Cette période commence vers 3 300 ans AA alors que les premiers groupes à occuper la région provenaient vraisemblablement de l'est de la zone subarctique. Les manifestations subséquentes montrent l'établissement d'une population régionale ayant peu de liens avec d'autres régions jusque vers 1500 ans AA alors que les groupes provenant du sud ont commencé à exploiter de façon irréguliére certains secteurs de la région. La période se termine il y a 250 ans (1750 AD) alors que les premiers postes de traite sont construits au lac Guillaume-Delisle et à l'embouchure de la Petite riviére de la Baleine.

An Early Human Skeleton from South Central British Columbia: Dietary Inference from Carbon Isotopic Evidence - Brian S. Chisholm; D. Erle Nelson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

Northwest coast dietary patterns as indicated by stable carbon isotope ratios - Chisholm, B. (1981)
Carbon isotope abundance ratios of protein from marine and terrestrial sources reflect the difference between carbon in oceanic and atmospheric reservoirs. This difference propagates through food chains. Measurement of carbon isotopic ratios in human bone collagen thus yields information about the relative proportions of marine and terrestrial foods in the diet. Application of these measurements to northwest coast and British Columbia interior samples has given estimates of the extent to which marine resources and anadromous salmon were utilized by aboriginal peoples during the last 5000 years. Indications are that the approach may be utilized in similar situations elsewhere in the world.

Recherches archéologiques et historiques à Waskaganish : le premier établissement colonial britannique au Canada - Chism, James V. (1993)
En 1668, un capitaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, accompagné d'un renégat français, subventionné par de riches Anglais et suivant les conseils d'un chasseur Cri, pénétre dans l'embouchure de la riviére Prince Rupert. Ils érigent sur une terrasse sablonneuse, désignée parles Cris sous le nom deKaaneyaauhkaaw, ce qui deviendra le premier établissement colonial britannique au Canada: le fort Charles. Devenu plus tard la communauté crie de Waskaganish, cet endroit a connu une succession d'utilisations diverses: d'abord un lieu de regroupement estival cri, puis un poste de la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson (C.B.H.), un emplacement pour l'exportation des plantes médicinales, un centre de prospection miniére, un avant-poste militaire, un poste d'approvisionnement de la C.B.H., un refuge pour les gens des premiéres nations, un poste français sans personnel et finalement, un dépôt régional de la C.B.H. Cet important site archéologique de la côte est de la baie James est le sujet d'une recherche documentaire historique et d'un inventaire archéologique limité depuis 1987.

Archaeological and Historical Research at Waskaganish: Canadas First English Colonial Settlement - Chism, James V. (1993)
In 1668, a New England sea captain, accompanied by a renegade Frenchman, sponsored by wealthy Englishmen and following the advise of an anonymous Cree hunter, sailed into the mouth of Prince Ruperts River. There on a sandy terrace known to the Cree as Kaaneyaauhkaaw, they estabhshed what was to become the first English colonial settlement in Canada: Charles Fort. After a long history as Cree summer gathering place, BBC fur trading settlement, export site for medicinal plants, centre for mineral prospection, military outpost, HBC provisioning post, First Nations refugium, unmanned French outpost and HBC district depot, it has become the Cree community of Waskaganish. This major site on the eastcoast of James Bay has been quietly undergoing documentary research and small-scale testing since 1987.

Three Seasons at Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba - Chism, James V. (1968)
The Lower Fort Carry Archaeological Project under the Chairmanship of Dr. William J. Mayer-Oakes and direction of James V. Chism has completed three seasons of excavation. This nineteenth Century Hudson's Bay Company site near Winnipeg, Manitoba, is being excavated through a Canadian Historic Sites Service contract by the Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Manitoba. Excavations included: two large cattle barns; the ox stable; a horse stable; a troop barracks; a large L-shaped troop latrine; a large root cellar; a troop canteen; the miller's residence; the farm manager's residence; the grain flailing barn; a structure which housed a gristmill-lumber mill-metal lathe room and malting barn; the malt kiln; the distillery and brewery; the spirits and beer cellar; the fur loft basement entranceway; a cluster of small buildings which may have been an oven; smokehouse and storage shed; location of original flooring under an extant bastion; the site of a store-house; the miller's residence; a limekiln; a possible saw pit; the prison palisade; parts of a system of roadways outside the fort walls; the supposed site of the herdsman's house; the supposed site of the boat yards; the supposed site of the lime storage house and various testing operations throughout the fort. At the factor's residence excavations included an outhouse, sunken areaway, the original porch footings, basement floorings and a formal driveway.

Artifacts of History, Promise or Dilettantism - Chism, James V. (1969)
The development of artifact processing and research laboratories for the National Historic Sites Service, Ottawa, began with a policy of self-developed expertise based on the apparent shortage of qualified personnel for dealing with much of the portable material recovered from sites dating primarily from the 17th through the 19th centuries. Such a self-developmental approach requires a great deal of time and is thereby in conflict with the extant backlog of unanalyzed material. Nevertheless it would now appear to be meeting with some success in setting manageable standards of description and in supporting the Service's archaeologists. The future of this work lies with increasingly sophisticated analytical techniques coupled with much-needed field and documentary research.

Is there an archaeologist in the house? : degrees of fact in the analysis of habitations - Chism, J. (1981)
In recent years, archaeologists have been presenting a great deal of 'detail' in conclusions rising out of their analyses of habitation units. Such attempts are sometimes said to resemble a person trying to split a hair into four quarters with an axe. Nevertheless, many would argue that this is the direction prehistoric archaeology must go if we are ever to leave the descriptive and 'broad framework' stage of research. Examples from the Quebec subarctic discuss the form and placement of structures without postmoulds, the size of groups occupying them, the organisation of social space within and without these structures, the location of technical activities carried out by persons of each sex, the season(s) and intensity of occupation, purpose (within proposed schemes of exploitation) of occupation as well as its broader cultural affiliations and age. To date, these efforts are troubled by the application of lithic analyses based on 'traditional' European data, or on data still insufficiently modified by experimentation. Still further, they suffer through the use of insufficiently researched or inappropriately applied ethnographic data. Published, unpublished and ongoing Quebec examples are examined in the light of existing and perhaps more appropriate data and methodologies

Understanding Trade and Exchange in Pre-hispanic Cholula, Puebla, Mexico - Tanya Chiykowski (2008)
Lithics are an crucial component of understanding material sourcing and exchange networks in Central Mexico. This poster will address the lithic material recovered from the 2006/2007 rescue excavations completed in Cholula Mexico. Approximately 650 pieces of flakes lithic material were found. The majority of raw material was obsidian, which was tentatively sourced based on physical appearance. Analysis of ceramic material suggests the deposits date to the Post-Classic. When the results are compared to previous research, a pattern emerges showing changes in resource use over time. The length of occupation of Cholula provides an case study for how exchange patterns fluctuated depending on political relationships of neighboring city states (such as Teotihuacan).

Some Artifacts-Diagnostic Criteria of Quartzite Cobble-Tool Industries from Alberta - Jiri Chlachula; Raymond LeBlanc (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)
Two sets of chronologically and culturally distinct artifact assemblages from the Western Alberta Plains are compared in terms of particular stone flaking patterns exemplified on clastic rocks (quartzite cobbles) of similar structural and mechanical properties. Although recorded in specific geo-archaeological contexts - from beneath early Late Wisconsinan glacial deposits at Calgary, and within shallow, late Holocene subsurface lake deposit along the shore of Lesser Slave Lake, respectively - both lithic collections show identical culture-diagnostic stone modification attributes. Overall similarities in the raw material procurement strategies, use, and the applied cobble-tool percussion techniques suggest an analogous, expedient character of the produced artifacts. In spite of the high-energy, post-depositional glacial and glaciolacustrine environments at the deeply buried (15-25 m) Bow Valley sites, most of the recorded artifacts manifest meticulous cobble-face flaking and edge-retouching, indicating occasionally even a higher degree of flaking control than encountered in the Middle to Late Prehistoric period site on Lesser Slave Lake. Lack of obliteration of the culture-diagnostic lithic artifact attributes suggests a very good potential for preservation of early archaeological sites in Canada in areas formerly affected by glaciation.

Pre-Palaeoindian Occupation in the Calgary Area - Jiri Chlachula (1994)
Evidence from geo-archaeological investigations will be provided to suggest two episodes of an early prehistoric occupation in the upper Bow River valley, SW Alberta during the late Mid- to early Late Wisconsinan. The cultural record from two deeply buried sites in the northwestern part of the city of Calgary, referred to as Site 1 (Varsity Estates) and Site 2 (Silver Springs), consists of pebble and flake artifact assemblages produced exclusively from local clastic raw materials, and manifesting general technological and typological similarities with Late Pleistocene Palaeolithic stone industries from northeastern Eurasia. The contextual data and the patterned cultural evidence explicitly document ice-free conditions in this part of southwestern Alberta prior and shortly after onset of the last glacial period. The archaeological record from the Calgary sites implies the presence of people in Western Canada prior to the last (Late Wisconsin) Laurentide glaciation, thus negating the necessity for an 'Ice-free Corridor,' traditionally viewed as the decisive timing factor of the initial peopling of North America south of the continental ice-sheet. Moreover, it is argued that the New World Palaeolithic inhabitants were physically and culturally capable of coping with cold cIimatic conditions in periglacial enviromnents.

The Libby Reservoir - Preliminary Findings - Wayne Choquette (1973)
Analysis of the excavated data from DhPt-9 (The Waldo site) has revealed a dynamic pattern of occupation. Intersite distribution of faunal remains, artifacts, and lithic types indicates an occupational focus during the latest prehistoric inhabitation. Correlations with locational, technological, and subsistence data obtained from survey of other sites in the Canadian Libby Reservoir area are examined, and a hypothetical reconstruction of later Libby Reservoir area prehistory is offered.

Small sites and predator-prey relationships in the Kootenay region - Choquette, W. (1981)
The Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia, northwestern Montana, and northern Idaho displays great environmental diversity in which small sites are a typical archaeological manifestation. Interpretation of data from individual sites by themselves is often difficult because of sparse cultural deposits. However, if the sites are considered as activity areas within larger environmentally defined units, hypotheses can be generated which will allow for efficient and meaningful data retrieval from individual sites if their excavation is necessary. In this paper, site patterning in three distinct econiches is interpreted utilizing prey species ecology and ethnographic data. Site density, spatial relationships, and functional complexity are hypothesized to be strongly related to whether moose, deer, or bison were the prey.

Applied Archaeology in the Kootenay Region, British Columbia - Wayne Choquette (2004)
The upper Columbia drainage is characterized by great topographic and biotic diversity and has seen significant changes in hydrology and ecology since deglaciation. The conventional cultural historic interpretive framework of phases based on diagnostic formed tools has not been useful in revealing the complexity of past human activities in the region because of the relatively ephemeral nature of most archaeological sites and the resultant small samples. A different approach has been developed to allow the data from this unique bioregion speak for itself. Emphasis has been placed on the palaeoenvironmental context of archaeological remains, especially site geomorphology and stratigraphy while lithic typology and technological attributes have been accorded primary analytic status. Data synthesis utilizes a systemic framework of archaeological trait 'complexes' of settlement pattern (represented by landform, palaeohydrology and soil/sediment association), lithic material preference, lithic technology, subsistence base, features and tool function. Ten such complexes have been defined so far spanning the entire postglacial period. These complexes are interpreted as models of past human land and resource use from which hypotheses pertaining to past human activities can be drawn to predict site distributions and contents. In the context of cultural resource management, these models and hypotheses have been operationalized as air photo-mapped GIS-based polygons of archaeological potential that identify locations to be avoided by land-altering development or where archaeological impact assessments would be required. Results of AIAs serve to test the models and hypotheses via attributes recorded in the database associated with each polygon. In addition to allowing for scientific archaeological research to be carried out within the context of CRM, this approach reveals much about the evolution of the region's landscape and ecology that is of considerable importance in sustainable land and resource management. Examples include terrain stability and floodplain hazard assessment, wildlife population dynamics and range extensions, and the nature of certain plant communities with regard to conservation and revegetation.

Applications of a Systemic Approach to Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology - Wayne Choquette (2005)
Combining palaeoecology with systems theory has proved to be a productive approach to understanding the archaeology of the upper Columbia River drainage area. The traditional unilinear paradigm based on diagnostic artifacts has not been very useful in dealing with the small scattered assemblages that are most typical of this region. It is argued that the systemic approach also yields more relevant information with broader applications to present-day concerns.

Les grés-cérames français en Nouvelle-France - Jean-Pierre Chrestien (1993)
Cette communication vise à présenter et à expliquer une carte de distribution des sites archéologiques canadiens sur lesquels furent trouvées des poteries de grés français. Si l'on exclut les grés-cérames mis au jour sur les sites des habitations de Champlain à Sainte-Croix et Québec, les grés français sont surtout présents sur des sites du dix-huitiéme siécle associés à la pêche à la morue et à la chasse aux mammiféres marins. Plus de 25 sites, dont Louisbourg et Brador, qui en comptent un nombre considérable, nous apportent des éléments d'explication de la présence de ces poteries en Nouvelle-France. Les grés normands sont généralement les plus nombreux. Ce sont des contenants commerciaux servant à conserver et transporter des salaisons et des préparations d'apothicaires destinées surtout aux pêcheurs et aux habitants de Terre-Neuve, du Labrador, de l'île du Cap Breton et de l'Acadie.

A Meadowood Mortuary Site in the Quebec City Area - Chrétien, Yves (1992)
The Lambert Site is located on the periphery of the principle area of distribution of Meadowood. sites. It presents several characteristics which suggest that its occupants were full participants in the Meadowood cultural sphere. A substantial concentration of cache blades in Onondaga chert (approximately 180) were discovered in association with a cremation burial. This feature is typical of Meadowood funerary ritual. Other Meadowood artifacts, such as side-notched projectile points, bifacial triangular scrapers, Vinette 1 pottery and a steatite vase were also found during excavations. A radiocarbon date of 950 BC ±60 (non calibrated) was obtained from a hearth. This early Meadowood presence outside of the principal distribution area for this culture permis us to formulate some hypotheses regarding the expansion of Meadowood culture in the Saint Lawrence Valley.

The early Holocene in Gwaii Haanas: 4,000 years of technology - CHRISTENSEN, T (1998)
The recent excavation of four raised beach sites in Gwaii Haanas, Haida Gwaii produced a large assemblage of lithic tools and debitage dating to between 5000 and 9300 years ago. This new, well-dated data set allows for a more diachronically extensive and culturally detailed interpretation of the human history of Haida Gwaii. This paper will discuss the interaction between these early cultures and their environment as reflected in their tool kits, their preferred manufacturing techniques, and their lithic waste, with the intent of commenting on cultural stability and change in the Early Period/Moresby Tradition of Haida Gwaii.

Towards a Management Plan for the Debert and Belmont Archaeological Sites - Christianson, David J.; Tim Bernard; Bob Ogilvie; Leah Rosenmeier (2006)
The Confederacy of Mainland Mi'kmaq and the Heritage Division of the Nova Scotia Department of Tourism, Culture and Heritage are jointly working towards the development of a management plan for the Debert and Belmont archaeological sites. An interim strategic plan has been developed that reflects a set of guiding principles that recognizes the crucial significance of these archaeological sites to contemporary Mi'kmaq and the scientific values inherent in the preservation of these resources. The strategic plan outlines three strategic goals that will promote preservation of the sites while encouraging appropriate excavation and study. The research component of the work will define the regional area of interest and the levels of archaeological assessment in areas of related potential.

Archaeological Management by the Council of the Haida Nation - Church, Karen; Captain Gold (2005)
We present a summary of what the Council of the Haida Nation has done to protect our Archaeological sites in the forest, the role of Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management and Ministry of Forests in protection of those sites. The Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management has noted to us that they lack the funds to consult with us on site, we present why this is unacceptable on the basis of:1. The Archaeological Forest Buffers for sites are one of the key points of our Archaeology Policies,2. Protection of sites as living evidence of the ancestors' use and occupancy of the land. To be able to walk where the ancestors walked and to experience the forest in a similar way as pre-contact people who acknowledged the spirit of the forest in everything they did there. These people are called the forest people; we give references to them from Haida stories,3. We give example of Timber Licensees who prefer to work against the First Nations rather than with us towards common goals and the result of,4. Recent Timber Farm License 39 Appeal ruling, which will help on the protection of cultural values in forests.How do we overcome licensees who refuse to work with us in a positive way, to protect our sites?

The Ceramic Figurines of The Karaja Indians: A Case Study in Stylistic Interpretation - Churchill, Elizabeth; Anne English (2001)
The Karaja Indians of Brazil have manufactured figurines for the tourist market since the late 1950s. Drawing on earlier traditional contexts of artistic production, the figurines are now produced almost exclusively for the tourist market. This paper traces the shifting meanings associated with Karaja figurines, the impact of cultural brokerage in production and on traditional knowledge systems and the general processes associated with the commodification of this unique form of cultural expression. The implications for stylistic interpretation form the basis for the conclusions to this paper.

Beringian Paradoxes, Bottlenecks and Cul-de-sacs - Jacques Cinq-Mars; Nicolas Rolland (1998)
Ever since Jose de Acosta pondered the issue, 400 years ago, it has been evident to most serious students that the geographical point of contiguity between Northeast Asia and Northwest North America had to have been the « passage obligé » for the initial colonisation of the New World. But ever since this « gateway » has become known and studied under the label of Beringia, it has also been clear that its eastern reaches corresponded, in fact, paradoxically, and this for many millennia of the Upper and Final Pleistocene, to a large bio-geographical cul-de-sac, cut off by Laurentide and Cordilleran glacial ice from the more southern American continental regions. and actually corresponding to the easternmost extension of the vast Eurasian Mammoth Steppe Biome. Focusing on this and a variety other Beringian research paradoxes, and with special attention given to the pertinent questions of chronological and geographical scales, this paper will show that any productive investigation of prehistoric Beringian human bio-geography, at least with regards to its earliest moments, must view the latter as a very Far Eastern component of a complex series of interactive northern Eurasian adaptation processes whose roots can probably be traced back to the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition of Northern Asia and, by extension, to vast segments of Northern Eurasia.

The NOGAP Archaeology Project: A Brief Introduction - Jacques Cinq-Mars; Jean-Luc Pilon (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)

Bluefish Cave I: A Late Pleistocene Eastern Beringian Cave Deposit in the North Yukon - Jacques Cinq-Mars (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
This paper describes some of the preliminary results of a test excavation carried out at the Bluefish Caves site (northern Yukon Territory) during the summer of 1978. The data at hand allow us to suggest that the site was utilized by human groups at the end of the Pleistocene, between 13,000 and 10,000 B.P. The deposit is viewed as important mainly because of the primary (or nearly so) context of its constituants (lithic specimens, Pleistocene faunal elements, etc.) which is a rather unique situation for sites of that age in the boreal Cordillera.

Filtering the Bathwater: A Re-Examination of Eastern Beringian, Late Pleistocene Bone Technology - Jacques Cinq-Mars; Richard E. Morlan; Nicolas Rolland (1999)
Received by many North American archaeologists with a sigh of relief, the news, in the mid 80's, of the chronological demise of the ' now infamous ' Old Crow flesher led to the rather uncritical dismissal – through guilt by association – of a vast body of admittedly controversial evidence that, at the time, was being interpreted by some as indicative of a human presence in easternmost Beringia prior to the Upper Wisconsinan Pleniglacial, and perhaps even earlier. Following a review of how the Old Crow ' bone technology controversy ' came about and unfolded, and in the light of recent and ongoing studies carried out elsewhere in Eastern Beringia (Bluefish Caves), as well as in various areas of Eurasia and North America, it is argued that the ' dismissal ' was premature and that there were indeed people living at the easternmost edge of the Mammoth Steppe Biome as early as 40,000 years ago. It will be further argued that this evidence must be taken into consideration if we are ever to achieve an anthropologically valid and a scientifically serious appreciation of what must have been a series of complex human dispersal processes led to the initial colonisation of the New World, and that can be traced back to the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic Transition of Eurasia and beyond.

A propos de la signification archéologique d'un matériau découvert dans la region de la rivière Keele (T.N.0.) - Jacques Cinq-Mars (Bulletin, 1973)

A Research Programme on the Prehistory and Paleo-ecology of Northern Yukon - Jacques Cinq-Mars (1976)
This paper will consist of a summary of the Northern Yukon Research Progrmme's approach to the study of aboriginal man's adaptation to the Late Pleistocene and recent eastern Beringian space. Some of the information (primarily archaeological) gathered in the course of this first year of the programme is disucssed together with a number of emerging avenues of research.

Extending the geographical and implicative ranges of the Nenana Complex. Notes on recent finds from Poulton Station, north-western Ogilvie Mountains - Jacques Cinq-Mars; Ruth GOTTHARDT (1998)
Located in a rather inaccessible and isolated corner of the Ogilvie Mountains, the Poulton Station site, named after its discoverer, was first located in 1978 and tentatively identified at the time as an extensive chert quarry site, the first of its kind ever found in northern Yukon. In the summer of 1998, a brief re-examination of the site was carried out for the purpose of clarifying this hypothesised «quarry » status, and determining whether or not it was in need of further investigation. In this paper we shall present some of the results of this brief visit, with emphasis on the discovery at the site of a series of lithic elements that are technologically diagnostic of the Late Pleistocene Nenana Complex. Dating back to the early half of the 11th millennium BP, and defined on the basis of assemblages recovered primarily from South Central Alaska, the latter has been viewed by many, over the last few years, as representing the best dated and most archaeologically coherent demonstration of the « earliest » human presence in eastern Beringia, as well as the best and only Beringian link in the Palaeoindian continuum that led to the emergence of Clovis. The discovery of a similar type of manifestation in the north-western Ogilvie Mountains, about 400 kilometres from its eponymous area, together with evidence from other northern Yukon sites, provides us with the means to attempt a critical reassessment of this overly simplistic, Alaska-centred model, and this especially with respect to some of its bio-geographical, chronological, and palaeoenvironmental premises.

1974 B.C. - Jacques Cinq-Mars (1976)
The paper will deal with some aspects of so-called 'archaeological resource management' in relation to one's perception of archaeological research needs (with special emphasis on the non-urban or a-metropolitan spaces of the northwest).

Easternmost Beringian Research: A Visual Chronicle Spanning Over Three Decades - Jacques Cinq-Mars (1999)
Being a moderately biased and visually enhanced introductory presentation of some of the most important research projects undertaken, over the last 30-40 years, in the Yukon portion of Eastern Beringia. Emphasis will be placed on the interdisciplinary nature of such activities as well as on the impact some of these studies have had and continue to have on the larger Beringian scene, and beyond.

Prehistoric exploitation and dispersion of a 'welded tuff' found in the Keele (Gravel)River area, N.W.T. - Jacques Cinq-Mars (1973)
The recent find of a geological outcrop as well as the increasing amount of archaeological information available from the Middle Mackenzie Valley have made possible a presentation of a number of macroscopic attributes of what is tentatively called 'welded tuff', together with a discussion of its possible origin, geological occurrence and archaeological dispersion. This peculiar raw material seems to have been obtained from a relatively restricted area, north of the Keele (Gravel) River, along the Mackenzie Mountains. Its archaeological distribution pattern is indicative of widespread trade, reaching as far as the Crow Flats in northern Yukon, Dismal Lake to the northeast of Great Bear Lake, etc. The cultural context suggests an age in excess of 8,50O years for the earliest archaeological occurrence. Finally, it's utilisation lasted, in some areas of the Mackenzie Valley, up until late prehistoric time.

INTEGRATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT. A UTOPIAN QUEST? - Jacques Cinq-Mars (1991)
Using current examples of regional archaeological resource management efforts on the part of various government agencies, this paper attempts: (1) to present a synthetic review of both research and management requirements; (2) to identify (if any) points or nodes of complementarity, overlap or contradiction between such requirements; (3) to delineate the basic constituents of what might be an integrative research and management approach; and, finally, (4), to arrive to a realistic answer to the question posed in the title.

Engigstciak Revisited: A Note on Early Holocene AMS Dates from the 'Buffalo Pit' - Jacques Cinq-Mars; C. Richard Harington; D. Erle Nelson; Richard S. MacNeish (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)
Three (accelerator mass spectrometry - AMS) 14C dates on butchered bison bones, together with other available lines of evidence from the lower stratigraphic units of the 'Buffalo Pit ', at Engigstciak, on the Firth River, northern Yukon, converge to support the notion that a form of bison procurement was being implemented by hunters along portions of the Yukon Coastal Plain between 9 800 and 9 400 B.P., i.e., in early Holocene times. These data allow us to stress the importance of the site in our understanding of cultural history in this region and to contemplate the possibility of investigating further poorly known aspects of cultural adaptive systems in a northwestern Arctic environment shortly after the end of the late glacial.

Cultural resource management and its relationships to archaeology - Jacques Cinq-Mars (1981)
Using a number of examples drawn from the Canadian scene as well as from selected foreign contexts, we will attempt an examination of various conflicting trends that can be taken as symptomatic of a growing series of malaises and contradictions identifiable at many levels of Canadian archaeology (sensu lato). More specifically, we will scrutinize and discuss the integrative mechanisms that are believed to underlie the current practice of archaeology.

Beringian Expectations: Noveau Regard on an Ancient Bone Technology - Jacques Cinq-Mars (1994)
Following a synthetic overview of the Bluefish Caves evidence, this paper will focus on the particular set of data that pertains to the presence of human population in easternmost Beringia during the late Wisconsinan/Full Glacial. More specifically relating to matters of bone technology, it will be examined with emphasis on the rapport that can be shown to exist between it and that which has been postulated by various workers, a few years ago, for Old Crow Flats. Discussion will be directed at demonstrating that a full appreciation of the significance of this Beringian technology is best achieved by viewing it in the context of a highly variable and very ancient palaeolithic, inter-hemisphere, and time-transgressive technological continuum.

Appendix I: NOGAP AMS Dates - Compiled By Jacques Cinq-Mars (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)

Situating Copper Crescents - Craig N. Cipolla (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
This report considers copper crescent-shaped objects from Ontario, contextualizing them within broader archaeological discussions of the Old Copper Complex. I focus on a small assemblage of antiquarian-collected crescents from the Royal Ontario Museum. A literature review comprises the bulk of this report; crescents recovered from sites located in the center of the Old Copper Complex, in current-day Wisconsin and Michigan, help to situate examples in the antiquarian collection. I discuss crescents in terms of their chronological and geographic breadth, their formal variation, and the different depositional contexts in which they are found. Three examples from the antiquarian collection represent novel forms of copper crescent that are not represented in the accepted typology. Two of these, collected approximately 1,600 km apart from one another, closely resemble stone and copper ulu knives, each with a unique copper handle that once bore a haft. By situating this particular collection within broader discussions of native copper, this report demonstrates the continued importance of thinking through poorly-contextualized archaeological collections while remembering the limitations of rigid, typological thinking.

Highlights of archaeological surveys in northern interior District of Mackenzie, N. W. T. - Donald E. Clark (Bulletin, 1974)

Prehistoric Culture Change on Southern Vancouver Island: The Applicability of Current Models of the Marpole Transition - CLARK, Terry (1998)
This paper examines the archaeological expression of the Locarno Beach - Marpole transition on Southern Vancouver Island. A total of nineteen sites dating between 2600 - 2000 years BP will be studied and compared to existing explanations of the Locarno Beach - Marpole transition. Multidimensional scaling will be used to show the relationship of Southern Vancouver Island archaeological sites during the Marpole transition to other contemporaneous Gulf of Georgia sites. Information collected will be viewed with the backdrop of the differential rise of sociocultural complexity on the Northwest Coast.

Western Subarctic Prehistory: Twenty Years Later - Donald W. Clark; Richard E. Morlan (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1982)

Environmental Determinism or Cultural Response?: The Role of Earthquakes in Shaping Gulf of Georgia Culture History - Terence Clark (2005)
The Northwest Coast of North America saw the development of numerous prehistoric complex hunter gatherer groups. This area is also one of the most geologically active areas on the continent. This paper looks to tie the development of culture history to the complex geological history of periodic large scale earthquakes. As the most studied and best understood region of the Northwest Coast, the Gulf of Georgia will serve as an illustrative example of the role of earthquakes in shaping culture change. Seismic events have been discussed in archaeological contexts (Hayden and Ryder 1991, Hutchinson and McMillan 1998, McMillan and Hutchinson 2002) but have not, as of yet, been tied to archaeological theory to create an explanation of culture change. Using extant theory of complex hunter-gatherers this paper will provide a mechanism to link rapid environmental change to rapid cultural change. The timing and magnitude of earthquakes can have significant short- and long-term effects on the environment and those living in it (see Hutchinson and McMillan 1997, Clark 2000 for a discussion). This paper will examine two such events where the cultural response differed dramatically and the resultant culture change went in entirely opposite directions.

Archaeology on the Alaska Peninsula: The Coast of Shelikof Strait, 1963–1965 (Clark); Archaeology on the Alaska Peninsula: The Ugashik Drainage, 1973–1975 (Henn); and Archaeology on the Alaska Peninsula: The Naknek Region, 1960–1975 - Donald W. Clark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

Relationships of North Pacific and American Arctic Centres of Slate Grinding - Donald W. Clark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)
A number of centres or areas characterized by ground slate industries are examined for possible derivation from a few original centres. It is found that where relationships might be expected on the basis of proximity or age there often are disjunctures in time, space or techniques that fail to support derived origins. It is concluded that regional innovation has led to the development of several essentially independent ground slate industries. Presently no direct links are seen between West Coast, south Alaskan, Bering Strait, Asian Maritime Territory, early Dorset, and Northeastern U.S./Atlantic Provinces distributions though in a few instances stimulus may be suspected.

Integrative Archaeology: A New Method for Complex Data - Terence Clark (2008)
This paper will introduce Integrative Archaeology. Integrative Archaeology uses Integrative Distance Analysis (IDA) to explore complex relationships across data classes. IDA uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and a series multivariate statistics to view data in much more comprehensive way that previously possible. The utility of Integrative Archaeology will be demonstrated in several North American case studies.

The Athabaskan-Eskimo Interface - A. McFadyen Clark (Bulletin, 1970)

The Development of the Northwest Coast Ethnographic Pattern: The Marpole Culture Type Re-examined - CLARK, Terry (2000)
This paper presents the results of research on the Locarno Beach to Marpole transition within the Gulf of Georgia region of the Northwest Coast. The Marpole culture type has been implicated as the time period when the Northwest Coast ethnographic patterns of status inequality, co-operative housing, intensive salmon storage and resource ownership are thought to develop. This paper discusses these processes as they pertain to the archaeological record and challenges some key concepts relating to the rise of sociocultural complexity on the Northwest Coast.

A Microblade Production Station (KbTx–2) In The South Central Yukon - Donald W. Clark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1992)
Two areas of microblades and cores were excavated at the KbTx-2 site, located near Carmacks, Yukon, in 1983 and 1990. Each of the nearly contiguous microblade and core clusters is interpreted as representing the work area of a single or a small group of chert knappers and each area may represent a brief moment, during two camping episodes. Persons of the same, small Subarctic group may be responsible for both areas, but the two loci evidently are not coeval. KhTx-2 is not dated. The microblade cores are of the Campus or Denali type, which in Alaska occur through a broad time span extending from 10,700 to about 1500 years ago. In addition to the microblade industry, a few implements, including burins, were recovered.

After British Mountain: An Appreciation of the Engigstciak Site - Donald W. Clark (1976)
Although the Engigstciak site of northernmost Yukon territory, excavated 20 years ago, is best known for its purported early British Mountain phase, other collections from the site, particularly the Arctic Small Tool tradition and paleo-Eskimo components, which never have been fully described, potentially are among the most significant material recovered from the North American Arctic. Geographic parameters, together with the known early distribution of Eskimos, place this site at a determining position in a corridor between Alaska and the remainder of the Arctic area. In contrast to regions farther west and east, this corridor is an area of little latitudinal (insular-coastal-inland) depth possessing compressed ecological zones. Thus, it is aptly suited for examination under a migration hypothesis. The present paper is a progress report on a re-examination of collections from the Engigstciak site.

Prehistory of the western Subarctic - Donald W. Clark (Bulletin, 1975)

People of the Middle Fraser Canyon: An Archaeological History - Terence Clark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2015)

Microblade-Culture Systematics in Far Northwestern Canada - Donald W. Clark (2000)
In 1954 R.S. MacNeish defined a Northwest Microblade tradition based mainly on material from the western District of Mackenzie, and in 1967 F.H. West defined a microblade using Denali complex based on material from Alaska. In his definition MacNeish stressed the presence of notched points, and his samples had few wedge-shaped microblade cores and notched transverse burins which are key elements of the Denali complex. Therefore West found the need for a new taxon. Subsequently wedge-shaped Denali (Campus) microblade cores have been found to be abundant in the Yukon and adjacent areas. And in Alaska there are notched points in a so-called Late Denali. With due allowance for regional and temporal variation, the two constructs describe a single entity. The Northwest Microblade tradition takes precedence.

Is There a Northern Cordilleran Tradition? - Donald W. Clark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)
An early northwestern subarctic tradition is proposed to account for occupation preceding the Paleo-Arctic tradition (appearance of microblades). This northern Cordilleran tradition, based in part on MacNeish's Cordilleran tradition, also co-existed with the Paleo-Arctic in areas east of the latter and to some extent elsewhere in a geographical mosaic. This article first focuses on early components, in the estimated and postulated 12,000 to 10,000 year age range, which are characterized by bifaced projectile points including fluted points. The northern Cordilleran later takes into account assemblages which are poorly explained in terms of the Paleo-Arctic and Northern Archaic traditions and for which a Plains origin, implied by attribution to the Plano tradition, may be erroneous. The encompassing thesis of this article is that northern interior prehistory is more complex than is suggested by its present organization into major tradition con- structs. Proposals made here thus are not asserted to be ultimate historical reality but are offered in a tradition of discussion and reassessment of data.

Terrain and Caribou Entrapments at Great Bear Lake - Clark, D. (1981)
Traces of several short caribou fences were observed at Great Bear Lake in 1979. The apparent mode of construction seen in these vestiges is described. Of greater interest than construction details, however, are the fence layouts which not only capitalize on the presence of various terrain features but actually incorporate terrain elements into the animal entrapments or to extend their effective length. This frequently entails linking fence construction with small gorges. Speculations are offered on the possible functioning of these entrapments.

Koyukon Athapascan Houses as Seen Through the Eyes of Informants and Through Archaeology - Donald W. Clark (1969)
The construction of protohistoric or early historic winter houses is revealed by excavations at three sites on tributaries of the Koyukuk River. These semi-subterranean houses had been occupied by members of a Koyukuk branch of the Koyukon Indians of north-central Alaska. Parallel and supplementary ethnographic descriptions of this type of winter house, which generally has not been occupied since approximately 1900, were obtained at Allakaket in 1961 and 1968 by A. McFadyen and D. Clark. The nature and distribution of the contents of the houses, such as faunal remains, dog feces, and hide scrapers, also are discussed on the basis of the archaeological finds and from information supplied by native informants. It is concluded that, although the archaeological and ethnographic approaches complement each other for some elements of the complex discussed, the description of the houses would stand as reasonably accurate even if it had been obtained from informants alone.

Dusting-Off the British Mountain Component at Engigstciak - Donald W. Clark (1999)
British Mountain has been the subject of both optimism for possible great antiquity as a station on the route between continents and derision for its foundation on the basis of MacNeish's enthusiastic reception of some artifacts from a muck layer. It has been redefined by people trying to see it as real, but not real ancient. With the advantage of having the collection at hand at The Canadian Museum of Civilization, along with the provenience catalogues, tried to solve the enigma (controversy) of British Mountain is on the basis of (a) its stratigraphic context at the Engigstciak site, (b) assemblage characterization, (c) artifact and faunal fragment refits, (d) associated fauna and pollen, (e) purity or discreteness of the assemblage, (f) lithology compared with that of other Engigstciak assemblages, and (g) radiocarbon dating. The results are interesting, instructive and revealing and succeed in making British Mountain all the more enigmatic.

The Lake Site (KkHh-2), Southampton Island, N.W.T. and Its Position in Sadlermiut Prehistory - Brenda Clark (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1980)
The Lake Site is a single component site on Southampton Island, N.W.T. occupied within the 14th to 16th centuries A.D. and representing a transitional phase of the Thule culture. Based on the evidence from this and other sites of the Neo-Eskimo period on Southampton Island, an hypothesis is offered to the effect that the material culture of the Thule population of Southampton Island was directly or indirectly influenced by the Dorset culture so that local Thule development rapidly took on a distinctive flavour. The Sadlermiut culture subsequently originated from a Thule population not unlike that represented at the Lake Site.

Old Songhees Reserve (DcRu-25): A Newly Discovered Northwest Coast Wetsite - Terence Clark; Genevieve Hill; Kristina Bowie (2006)
Recent recovery of organic material from the Old Songhees Reserve (DcRu-25) in Victoria, British Columbia has shed light on a dynamic period of human occupation. Dating to the European contact period, an interesting assemblage of prehistoric, ethnographic and historic items was unearthed. Notably this assemblage includes basketry, wooden fish hooks, a bentwood box, and one of the largest collections of leather shoes recovered from a North American wetsite. Analysis of the ethnographic artifacts depicts a rich story of the cosmopolitan life near Fort Victoria in the late 19th century. Less than 20 archaeological wetsites have been excavated from the entire Northwest Coast and this is the only one from the European contact period.

The Hartley site (FaNp-19): A Late Plains Period Habitation Site in South Central Saskatchewan - Clarke, Grant (1993)
The Hartley site (FaNp-9) is a Late Plains Period habitation site located immediately south of Saskatoon and has been home to the University of Saskatchewan's archaeological field school for the past five years. The site bas two main occupations that are separated both vertically and horizontally across the site. Field school excavations have been concentrated in a small grove of trees that contains an intact single component which has produced materials of both the Old Women'a and the Avonlea phases. This assemblage may in fact represent a winter co-occupation of the site by peoples of two cultural backgrounds. The faunal assemblage, while dominated by bison, includes several other species of mammals, as well as some birds and fish. This assemblage is, therefore, very diverse and is quite well preserved. This paper will focus on the wide variety of faunal remains and their importance to the interpretation of this site as well as discuss this site's role in the broader Plains subsistence strategy of this period.

Early Prehistoric Use of a Flood Scoured Landscape in Northeastern Alberta - Clarke, Grant; Brian Ronaghan (2001)
Golder Associates Ltd. is currently undertaking a multi-stage mitigation program associated with development of the Muskeg River Mine, north of Fort McMurray. The program represents efforts to recover information from a relatively unique distribution of Early and Middle Prehistoric Period sites. This distribution is directly related to a landscape formed in the wake of a glacial lake outwash event that occurred approximately 9,700 years ago. Linear elevated ridges appear to have been used as staging or hunt preparation areas during or after the retreat of glacial lake waters from the flood zone. This area of several square kilometres is thought to have been scoured of vegetation during initial flooding and would have represented a distinctly different, perhaps more productive, ecozone from the surrounding forests over a period that have persisted for approximately 2,000 years. GIS-based models of the terrain have been produced to illustrate alternate use patterns scenarios throughout the region.

On the Ottawa Valley, 5000Years Ago: The Morrison Island Site - Norman Clermont (1998)
The late Clyde Kennedy excavated this site 35 years ago but he never got time to analyze its collection beyond the stage of a preliminary report. Re-analysis shows it is one of the most important Laurentian Archaic sites in the whole Northeast. A discussion of chronology, site nature and function, seasonality and variability is presented.

Wonderful Power: The Story of Ancient Copper Working in the Lake Superior Basin - Norman Clermont (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Étranges objets décorés des Indiens préhistoriques du Québec - Norman Clermont (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1979)
Five small engraved pebbles were found out of archaeological context in the village of St-Pierre-les-Becquets, Québec. The schematic motifs are not unlike some already found on rock art or on other small abjects already published, and the mirror-effect of the drawings was characteristic of local Indians. They might be pieces of an unknown dice game or magical paraphernalia.

Marriage Patterns in an Archaic Population, A Study of Skeletal Remains from Port au Choix, Newfoundland - Norman Clermont (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Who Cares for Sunflower Seeds? - Norman Clermont (2000)
In North America, sunflower has been cultivated on a very large territory since a very long time. Prehistoric Iroquoian groups used its seeds in Ontario and Quebec as well but, most of the time, it is not very conspicuous in archaeological sites. Why? Who really cared for sunflower seeds?

Quebec Prehistory Goes Marching In - Norman Clermont (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1982)

Les polissoirs archaïque de l'île Morrison - François Gauvin et Norman Clermont (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)
Abrading stones constitute the most important type of tools found on the Archaic site of Morrison's Island. They cannot be easily classified into morphometric types and their extreme variability is more efficiently discussed as evidence of different uses. However, the palethnographic meaning of the scars linked to particularistic use of abrading stones remains elusive. Some propositions are discussed.

Prehistoric Games of North American Indians: Subarctic to Mesoamerica - Susannah Clinker (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)

La céramique et le statut socio-économique des habitants de Québec au 18e siécle - Cloutier, Pierre (1993)
La céramique est utilisée depuis longtemps par les archéologues dans l'interprétation des sites fouillés. Depuis une dizaine d'années, un indice de la valeur des céramiques au 19e siécle, créé par Miller, permet de faire un lien entre le matériel céramique et le statut socio-économique de ses utilisateurs. Notre recherche avait pour but de connaître la valeur relative des céramiques pour la période précédente. Le dépouillement de nombreux inventaires aprés décés de marchands de Québec, de contrats de potiers, de factures de marchandises et de livres de comptes de marchands et d'institutions religieuses, nous auront permis de déterminer la valeur relative de quatre ustensiles en céramique pour la période qui va de 1730 à 1775. L'application de cet outil d'analyse à trois sites de la Ville de Québec (Place d'Youville, Côte du Palais et Place Royale) permet de vérifier l'efficacité de l'indice céramique du 18e siécle de la Ville de Québec.

Some Problems, Answers and Wishes for Historic Period Ceramics - Cloutier, Jean-Pierre (1969)
A lack of interest on the part of some researchers and a lack of careful study on the part of others has led to unsatisfactory presentation and utilization of ceramic material in the great majority of historic period archaeological reports. Although several typologies have been offered in recent years, most of these suffer from a lack of knowledge of ceramic technology, from imprecise logic and from failure to reflect meaningful data. The Artifact Research Laboratory of the National Historic Sites Service has oriented some of its research towards the determination, quantification and adequate expression of those characteristics that reflect the technological, temporal, spatial and functional qualities of the material. The problems of classification are not yet solved but temporary measures have to be taken to assure adequate communication and proper utilization of data both by the archaeologist and the researchers.

Lithic Manufacturing in the Lesser Antilles: A Study of North Crabb's Bay, Antigua - Christine Cluney (2001)
The island of Antigua, located in the Lesser Antilles, is important in Caribbean archaeology in regards to its flint resources. For this reason, many preceramic sites are located on the island. One such site, Jolly Beach, has been extensively studied in terms of lithic manufacturing. Recently, a similar sites, North Crabb's Bay, has been part of the Antigua archaeological field school, based out of the University of Calgary. At the Jolly Beach site Davis (2000) found that by studying the angular debris produced differences in the manufacturing of flakes and blades can be obtained. This method is compared at the site of North Crabb's Bay.

Variabilité de l'utilisation de la faune marine dans un site du début de l'âge de la céramique à Antigua, - Christine Cluney (2003)

Le Centre de référence lithique du Québec - Codére, Yvon (1993)
Par la comparaison de la matiére premiére formant le support d'artefact de pierre avec des échantillons géologiques de sources connues, l'archéologue parvient à identifier des sources d'approvisionnement exploitées durant la préhistoire. La connaissance des sources d'approvisionnement nous renseigne sur les sphéres d'interaction, les migrations saisonniéres et les systémes d'échange. Malheureusement, on ignore trés souvent la source des matiéres premiéres formant le support de nos artefacts préhistoriques. Le Centre de référence lithique du Québec vient donc combler un besoin réel en regroupant des échantillons de matiéres premiéres lithiques du nord-est américain. Le Centre de référence lithique du Québec compte déjà plus de 300 échantillons et beaucoup d'autres s'y ajouteront. Il est en contact avec des archéologues oeuvrant au Québec et également avec des archéologues ontariens et américains qui lui font parvenir de nouveaux échantillons qui sont aussitôt intégrés à la collection du Centre. Le Centre de référence est également en contact avec des géologues et des prospecteurs parcourant le territoire québécois. En raison du rôle que le Centre de référence lithique est appelé à jouer dans l'analyse archéologique, il est vraisemblable de croire qu'il deviendra un lieu de rencontre et de recherche important pour les archéologues du nord-est américain.

The Classic Maya as Art Historical Subject:A Call for Re-Direction - Cohodas, Marvin (1993)
Why has the representational art of the Maya become the focus for so many archaeologists of vastly different fieldwork experience? And why are advances in analysis of social process, such as those provided by critical theories and post-structural methodologies, so rarely applied? Does nationalism preclude embrace of certain methodologies? Do some scholars retreat into increasingly fanciful and positivist reconstructions of ancient Maya society not despite the nightmare of repression and genocide that has befallen the living Maya but in reaction to it? Indeed, the efficacy of focusing on representation may derive from older Art Historical methodologies noted for their ability to separate objects from lived econornic and political realities in order to recontextualize thern in idealized and elite-defined settings. We must formulate a methodology which resists idealizing Ancient Maya society and which reckons with the impact of academic theorizing on current political situations.

Causes of Toolkit Variation Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Test of Four Competing Hypotheses - Mark Collard; Michael Kemery; and Samantha Banks (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)
Variation in subsistence-related material culture is an important aspect of the archaeological and ethnographic records, but the factors that are responsible for it remain unclear. Here, we examine this issue by evaluating four factors that may affect the diversity and complexity of the food-getting tools employed by hunter-gatherer populations: 1) the nature of the food resources; 2) risk of resource failure; 3) residential mobility; and 4) population size. We apply step-wise multiple regression analysis to technological and ecological data for 20 hunter-gatherer populations from several regions of the world. The analyses support the hypothesis that risk of resource failure has a significant impact on toolkit diversity and complexity. The results do not support the hypothesis that the characteristics of the resources exploited for food influence toolkit structure, or that residential mobility affects toolkit diversity and complexity. They are also not in line with the hypothesis that population size has an impact on toolkit structure. While our analyses appear to strongly support the suggestion that resource failure risk is the primary influence on hunter-gatherer toolkit structure, we argue that it would be premature to discount the other factors at this stage, and outline the steps that we believe need to be taken next.

Table Glass in Canada 1700–1850 - Elizabeth Collard (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Element Survivorship of Salmo salar - Ben Collins (2008)
This investigative taphonomic study explored the role of bone density and pH in the survival of salmon bones. Selected salmon elements were defleshed and subjected to a period of four weeks in four different solutions that ranged from pH 4 to pH 10. The results of the study, although preliminary, indicated that both extremely alkaline and extremely acidic environments were detrimental to element survival. Bone density was not found to correlate significantly with survivorship and no interaction was detected between pH and density. These results yield some interesting findings with respect to Northwest coast sites, as they are typically found in alkaline environments and are often linked with significant salmon use. Further research should be directed towards both acquiring accurate density measurements for the different species of salmon and in conducting more intensive experimental taphonomic studies.

Keystone Nations: Indigenous Peoples and Salmon Across the North Pacific - Aubrey Cannon (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)

A Boat, a View and Some Friends: A Critical Re-Evaluation of the Field Techniques Used to Survey and Record the Rock Art Sites of the Lake of the Wood - Colson, Alicia (2002)
The physical location of the pictographs has fundamentally influenced both how pictograph sites are found and interpreted. Unfortunately, fieldwork methods and analytical techniques used by archaeologists to survey archaeological sites reinforce how pictograph sites are considered. Archaeologists have developed a range of techniques to record these images, including tracing these images in red paint on wet rice paper and dot-for-dot reproduction of each image using clear plastic and coloured felt tip pens. However, even if precise recording techniques are employed both field and the analytical techniques continue to cause problems. Essentially these images are "trapped within a formula". New methods of recording the pictograph sites must acknowledge that this art, regardless of where it is found, is a form of communication and that its study is concerned about meaning. Similar images exist in other places, such as those found in the birch bark scrolls. Clearly, it is important to remain aware of the vast trans-media commonality of the imagery. Additional bodies of information from disciplines other than archaeology must be used in conjunction with a re-organization of how field data about these sites are collected and interpreted. The archaeologist must be aware of the tools, questions, and problems of other disciplines as well as their own. Yet rock art sites cannot be examined using the same techniques as applied to other archaeological sites. The theoretical approaches used and the questions asked may be the same, but the practical methods used to recover, catalogue and analyse the data are radically different from those that archaeologists apply to "traditional" archaeological sites. The area surrounding these images can perhaps be excavated, but the physical context will not provide information about the cultural context of the images themselves. This paper will critique the field techniques used by previous researchers in the Lake of the Woods area and commonly held views about how to survey and record these images. The sites in the Lake of the Woods area appear representative of those found in the archaeological surveys conducted on the rock art of the Canadian Shield. The individual pictograph sites associated with this lake vary in number and range of mages. It has been traditionally believed that the pictographs are found at the base of the vertical granitic rock walls, either immediately beside the water or several metres from the water's surface. Yet, my own fieldwork has demonstrated that rock art sites do not always exist in conjunction with a body of water. My own fieldwork has demonstrated that these sites were located sometimes away from the water's edge and occasionally found in caves. Yet, stereotypes about the physical location have fundamentally influenced how they have been found and interpreted. I intend to develop a new and more synthetic direct-historical approach to the interpretation of the rock art that overcomes some of the problems inherent in previous work. This approach will involve the investigation of the beliefs and traditions of the Ojibwa people in the expectation that these findings can be applied to the rock art. It will explicitly examine the images as complex dimensional media created in the context of their physical surroundings.

Archaeological Ethics (2nd edition) (Karen D. Vitelli and Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh, editors) and The Ethics of Archaeology: Philosophical Perspectives on Archaeological Practice - Alicia J.M. Colson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Sealing and Whaling: Transitions in Eastern Arctic Paleoeconomies - Coltrain, Joan Brenner (2000)
The importance of bowhead whales in Classic Thule diets has been a topic of ongoing debate. Some researchers have argued that bowheads were scavenged for meat and bone, the latter used primarily for construction of residential dwellings. Others have argued that bowheads were actively hunted in open sea umiaks and made a significant contribution to Thule diets, warranting the maintenance of winter villages at vantage points along bowhead migration routes. Recent research highlighting the correlation between household caches of whaling gear and metal tools, has furthered interest in Thule subsistence strategies. Here I report preliminary results of a stable and radio-isotope study designed to address this topic. Thule and proto-historic skeletal remains have been analyzed for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures; accelerator radiocarbon dating is underway. Initial results indicate a trophic level difference between Thule and proto-historic diets consistent with the notion that baleen whales made a significant contribution to Thule subsistence.

An XRF Analysis of the Arrowstone Lithic Material - Commisso, Rob (2000)
The chemical characterization of lithic material has been extensively applied in many areas to examine varying aspects of prehistoric life. However, in some regions those studies have focused on specific rock types, such as obsidian, with little attention paid to the more common lithic types that were being utilized. This point is well demonstrated in the Interior of British Columbia where researchers have indiscriminately grouped a range of volcanic lithic types into a general category, which have been traditionally recorded as 'vitreous basalts'. The opportunity to correctly define as well as test the viability of a chemical characterization of one of these volcanic rock types was suggested after the discovery of a large quarry site within the Arrowstone Hills region of British Columbia. The results of that initial study are presented in the following paper, with specific reference to the application of the XRF technique in further studies.

Déterminer la nature du contenu des dépotoirs grâce à l'évaluation des végétaux modernes - Commisso, Rob (2003)

Puffballs from the Past: Identification of Gasteromycetes from a Lillooet Archaeological Site and Speculation Regarding their Aboriginal Use - Brian D. Compton; Rolf Mathewes; Gaston Guzman (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

Archaeology, Museums and the Public - Gerald T. Conaty (1989)
Interpreting the past for the public is a basic task for museum archaeologists. The public is a mosaic of groups with special needs and expectations of a museum and includes children, professional and avocational archaeologists, tourists and Native people. For many, the subject matter concerns a culture not only far removed in time, but also one with a fundamentally different premise and world view. The redevelopment of the Native Peoples Gallery at the Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History has provided an opportunity to examine critically our premises about Native cultures and the interpretive techniques used to convey an understanding of those cultures.

Stratigraphic disturbance and artefact taphonomy: thoughts on the tyranny of the principle of depositional superposition - Conaty, G.; Bobrowsky, P. (1981)
The principle of stratigraphic superposition remains one of the fundamental concepts employed in archaeological analysis. Lately, however, discussion has also been given to the effects of human and natural disturbance factors and their relationships to observed artifact sequences. The analysis of these factors is usually undertaken only when obvious disturbance features such as frost heaving, ploughing or downslope mass wasting are apparent. Mixing of artifact assemblages may also occur in sites with less obvious pedological disruptions. Two methods of discovering and assessing unobvious disturbances are considered: one statistical; and one qualitative. The relative merits of each are discussed and their applicability to archaeological contexts is illustrated with case studies. The implications of intra-site artifact displacement are examined in terms of the interpretive paradigm of archaeological stratigraphy.

Avonlea Yesterday and Today—Archaeology and Prehistory - Gerald T. Conaty (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1990)

Progress and Problems in Recent Trade Bead Research - Conn, Richard G. (1968)
Glass trade beads occur in almost all protohistoric and historic archaeological sites. These materials that should be helpful in dating seldom are since almost nothing is known of bead chronology or typology. The dozen-or-so workers in this area have focused on specific problems such as the location of various European manufacturers, processes of manufacture, exact chronologies derived from European sources, relative chronologies derived from North American sites, and the correlation of archaeological materials with dated ethnographical specimens. From this research, two significant publications have come within the last two years. However, those engaged in trade bead studies reckon more unsolved problems than accomplished results. The writer suggests that most of these could be attacked more effectively with increased intercommunication among those concerned. Contact should also be established with those in other disciplines (e.g. historians and chemists) whose interests are complementary. Finally there is a considerable need to locate and study all collections of properly-excavated materials.

Collaboration, Partnerships, and Relationships within a Corporate World - Sean P. Connaughton; Mike Leon; James Herbert (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
Incorporating community involvement and collaboration in archaeological research is difficult in the best of situations, but is it even possible from within large corporate Cultural Resource Management (CRM) firms? Can archaeologists draw from established community-based participatory research (CBPR) and apply its principles to CRM archaeology? Given that commercial archaeology involves potentially multiple conflicting stakeholders, time and budget constraints, narrow work parameters, and many other intricacies, those of us seeking a more equitable approach have found the application of collaborative practices much more challenging. Using lessons learned during a major excavation project in British Columbia’s Lower Mainland, we suggest methods and techniques for bridging the gap between the academic model of community-based participatory research and the more practical considerations required of consulting archaeology. These examples represent small steps in moving towards a future where CRM helps facilitate the development of sustainable community partnerships through collaborative praxis transforming archaeology (Atalay et al. 2014).

Tidal Belongings: First Nations–Driven Archaeology to Preserve a Large Wooden Fish Trap Panel Recovered from the Comox Harbour Intertidal Fish Trap Complex in British Columbia - Sean P. Connaughton; Genevieve Hill; Jesse Morin; Cory Frank; Nancy Greene; David McGee (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)
This article describes the recent identification, documentation, and preservation of a large wooden lattice-work panel recovered from a wet-site trap complex located in Comox Harbour on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. This project was the result of Indigenous community members proactively taking control of their heritage for protection and conservation. Based on the research of the contributors, this panel appears to be the largest and most intact example of a fish trap panel from an archaeological context on the Northwest Coast. This paper provides data and interpretations to better understand Indigenous fisheries and the technology of the extensive systems of wooden fish traps that once spanned most of Comox Harbour.

Hunter-gatherer Mobility, Territoriality, and Placemaking in the Kawartha Lakes Region, Ontario - James Conolly (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)
This paper is about the archaeological settlement patterns generated by mid to late Holocene (ca. 5000 to 1000 cal BP) hunter-gatherer societies in the Kawarthas region of south-central Ontario. My central goal is to evaluate the extent to which the structure of the regional waterway network was a determinant influence on regional mobility and spatial interaction, and thus also the formation of persistent places used over millennia for residential and ritual purposes. To do this, I generate predictions concerning the catchment sizes of central place foraging locations and apply a simple spatial interaction model that prioritizes centrality as a critical factor influencing settlement choices in the regional waterway network. At spatial scales commensurate with daily foraging, the predictions concerning centrality exhibit statistically robust concordance with site locations, and a poor fit with random control data, supporting the model’s assumptions. Furthermore, ritual places used by ancient communities for elaborate mortuary programs were found to be central at geographic scales exceeding the predicted range of residential foraging. This strengthens the hypothesis that these places were selected as a function of their strategic position within much larger geographic networks, commensurate with territorial areas and places of heighted inter-community interaction. This offers support for interpreting these locations not only as places where ritual and economic needs were entwined, but also as locations of pronounced socioecological value where tenure and access rights were signaled and reinforced by the acts of ritual placemaking.

Early Collective Burial Practices in a Complex Wetland Setting: An Interim Report on Mortuary Patterning, Paleodietary Analysis, Zooarchaeology, Material Culture and Radiocarbon Dates from Jacob Island (BcGo-17), Kawartha Lakes, Ontario - James Conolly; Jeffrey Dillane; Kate Dougherty; Kathleen Elaschuk; Kristen Csenkey; Teresa Wagner; Jocelyn Williams (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
The emergence of collective burial practices is of central interest to archaeologists interested in understanding the evolution of cooperative corporate group behaviour. We here provide an interim report of our documentation and analysis of one of the earliest known collective burials in south-central Ontario, located in a narrowly circumscribed (0.5 ha) parcel of land on Jacob Island overlooking Pigeon Lake in the Kawartha Lakes district. This paper provides a preliminary overview and summary of the findings to date, focusing on the burial patterns, palaeodietary analysis, material culture characteristics, and chronology. Our work has extended evidence of cemetery burials in southern Ontario back to the fifth millennium B.P., and we show how these practices relate to the better documented mortuary programs of the second and third millennium B.P.

An evaluation of the value of total viewshed analysis: an example from Antikythera, Greece - James Conolly (2008)
This paper explores the contribution of total viewshed analysis for understanding long-term human settlement pattern choices on the island of Antikythera, Greece. A 'viewshed' is a GISc term that describes the set of locations (grid cells) within a landscape that can be seen from a single observation point. A 'cumulative viewshed' (Tomlin 1990) is the sum of a set of viewsheds that tells us how many observation points can see each location. A 'total viewshed' is identical to a cumulative viewshed except that all locations are used as observation points, and thus the end product is a representation of the visual magnitude of each location on the landscape–-what Llobera describes as a first description of the visual structure for an entire terrain (Llobera 2003: 34). The essential point in regard to human behaviour, however, is that the visual structure of a landscape has an impact on the human experience, understanding and/or use of that landscape. As the visual structure of a landscape can be modelled using GIS software, it becomes possible to examine empirically the relationship between this structure and the spatio-temporal variability of human activities in that landscape. In this paper I outline the total viewshed analysis of an island in the southern Aegean (Antikythera) for which we have long-term settlement pattern data (over seven millennia) in order to test the hypothesis that the visual characteristics of the landscape had an impact on settlement location.

Stylistic Trends of Rock Art in Northeastern Ontario - Conway, T. (1976)
This paper outlines three proposed stylistic regions for prehistoric rock art in the Shield. Newly recorded pictograph sites form the basis for a stylistic region centered in the Lake Temagami to Kirkland Lake area. The northeastern shore of Lake Superior and Missinaibi Lake areas are also suggested as regions with distinctive art trends. Temporal and spacial stylistic parameters provide a model to be tested in portions of the Canadian Shield.

Pointe Aux Pins–The First Shipyard on Lake Superior - Conway, T. (1976)
Cartographic, archival and archaeological evidence is used to identify the site of De La Ronde's 1734 shipyard on the St. Mary's River. Alexander Henry and associates occupied the same site in the 1770's for ship building and construction of Ontario's first assaying furnace.

Heartland of the Ojibwa - Conway, T. (1976)
Heartland of the Ojibwa is a study into Late Archaic, Middle and Late Woodland, and Early Historic period archaeology along the St. Mary's River corridor at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. General site survey, analysis of existing collections and site salvage projects are united to provide a cultural chronology for an important settlement centre.

New Archaeological Approaches to the Study of Graeco-Roman Period Canals in the Fayum Region (Egypt) - R. James Cook (2008)
During the Graeco-Roman period (ca. 300BC - AD400) an extensive system of canals provided irrigation water to the Fayum region of Egypt, greatly increasing its agricultural productivity. Despite the fact that traces of these important features are still preserved in the landscape, and despite the fact that numerous methodologies have been developed for the study of canal systems in other parts of the world, the Fayum irrigation system has only been examined archaeologically once previously (1927-1928). In fact, virtually everything that is known about these irrigation canals has been learned from ancient Greek documents preserved on papyrus. As a team member of the UCLA/RUG Fayum Project, I have been conducting survey and excavation along one portion of the canal system near the ancient site of Karanis (Kom Aushim) in the Fayum. This paper reports on preliminary results of the first field season and assesses the effectiveness and applicability of the geo-archaeological techniques employed.

Obsidian in the Beringian Area: A Progress Report - Cook, John P. (1993)
Considerable progress has been made in Obsidian analysis in Alaska, northwest Canada, and Siberia over the last year. The project is comprised of two major elements: source identification and hydration measurements. Although the former is fundamental to reliable dating and has been the major foeus of our research this last year, significant advances have also been made in consolidating a hydration measurement database. Using instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), X-Ray diffraction (XRF), and microprobe analyses, more than 900 samples of obsidian have been analyzed for their elemental composition. These three methods will be compared and evaluated for their efficiency and reliability in differentiating obsidian. Each has particular strengths and weaknesses. The statistical results of these analyses will be compared and the distinguishing signatures of the obsidian will be identified. The geographic distribution of the distinctive obsidian groups will be presented with particular emphasis on the eastern Beringian region.

Canadian Digital Archaeology: On Boundaries and Futures - Katherine Cook; Mary E. Compton (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Canoe Routes and Lithic Distributions - David Cook (2008)
The increased precipitation and colder weather over the last 5,000 years raised lake and river levels significantly improving their utility for human travel and transport. The birch bark canoe gave humans unparalleled access to food resources and larger cultural networks poorly understood today. On the Maritime Peninsula, bisected by large north to south flowing rivers whose headwaters flow from a common highland and whose east-west tributaries nearly intertwine, prehistoric people used birch bark canoes to establish a variety of routes also used by subsequent cultural groups as revealed by archaeological remains and the distribution of distinctive lithic materials.

The Sap of Our Life: Carrier Perspectives on Culturally Modified Trees - COOMBES, Joanne; Cheslatta-Carrier First Nation (1999)
Today when we think of forested areas, often what comes to mind are the very different perspectives of loggers and environmentalists. It is hard to imagine what our Carrier ancestors thought of the trees. We know these large plants played an important role in subsistence and survival because that is still recognized today. Pine trees supplied 'Chundoo-hhee' in the spring, a sweet treat that could be dried and re-hydrated, or eaten fresh. Carrier 'chiclets' came from Spruce trees. The red pitch also served medicinal and adhesive purposes. Cooling baskets-the all important multi-use vessels were made from bark. The tools that were used for stripping the trees were carefully passed along as family heirlooms. Often made from Caribou antler, they were artfully decorated with circles, dots, and short lines. My Carrier ancestors adopted a pragmatic approach to the forested areas, combining the perspectives of loggers and environmentalists. They had a cultural reverence for the forest and were able to harvest its products but preserve nature in all its beauty.

Neolithic Quarrying on a Rainbow Island - Cooney, Gabriel (2000)
On the small island of Lambay off the east coast of Ireland, a new stone axehead quarry site dating to the Neolithic period has been identified. This arose out of the broader research programme of the Irish Stone Axe Project. Axeheads of a medium-grained volcanic rock, porphyritic andesite (porphyry) are of local importance in the eastern part of Ireland. It had been previously suggested that Lambay was a possible source of these axes. Survey and on-going excavation has led to the recognition of a quarry site on the island. Radiocarbon dates and cultural material indicate a date in the mid-fourth millennium BC. While quarry production seems to have been relatively small-scale, the site has much wider significance for the interpretation of the role of stone axeheads in the Neolithic for a number of reasons. It is the first axe quarry site recognised in either Ireland or Britain for medium- or course-grained lithologies, with primary working by pecking and hammering. All the other known sites are for fine-grained lithologies, with primary working by flaking. In contrast to other stone axehead quarry sites all stages of production, including grinding and polishing were carried out on-site. When polished porphyry has a spectacular colour and this seems to have been a major factor in the choice of this lithology. Alongside the quarrying activity there were a series of deliberate, structured deposits placed in the ground. In these deposits there is a strong emphasis on different materials and different colours that seem to refer to the wider landscape of the island.

Axe Quarrying and Production in Neolithic Ireland - Cooney, Gabriel (2000)
Stone axeheads are an important aspect of the material culture of the Neolithic period (4000-2500 BC) in Ireland. They were also in use prior to this, during the Mesolithic (before 7000 - 4000 BC) and subsequently in the Bronze Age (from 2500 BC) Since the early 1990s there has been a major, on-going research project (the Irish Stone Axe Project) focussing on the compilation of a computerised database of stone axeheads of Irish provenance. This is to provide a research engine for a range of projects on stone axeheads. The data base contains archaeological and petrological information. The methodlogical aim is to look at axes in terms of a "cultural biography" approach and to critically assess the post-depositional factors that have influenced the archaeological record. To date there are records of over 22,000 axeheads on the database. Using this data the paper will explore the range of lithologies used in the production of stone axeheads in Ireland. There is evidence of quarrying of a number of primary sources as well as the widespread use of secondary sources, such as beach and river cobbles. There are two known quarry sites in northeast Ireland for the major source used, a rock known as porcellanite. Alongside patterns of use of a range of Irish sources, it is clear that axeheads were exchanged between Ireland and Britain during the Neolithic and there are also a small number of axes of continental European origin.

Twenty Years of Archaeology in the Klondike National Park Service in Skagway, Alaska - COOPER, Doreen (1999)
The Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park in Skagway, Alaska has recently completed twenty years of building restoration, and associated Section 106 cultural research. Archaeological research has taken place at various business sites – a Gold Rush landing/storage site, a railroad depot, two saloons, a restaurant that was later razed to make way for a haberdashery, and a hotel later turned into an apartment complex. Work at residential sites included a missionary building built on top of a Gold Rush dump site, a Catholic priest's privy, the cabin and house site of one of the town founder's and his Tlingit wife, its post-Gold Rush occupation and remodeling by another Skagway pioneer family, and half a block of residences that during the Gold Rush and later periods were lived in by various of Skagway's pioneer families. Research themes have focused on the building of Skagway's infrastructure, acculturation, the role of tourism, the effect of Prohibition, and everyday life both before, during and after the hordes of Klondike stampeders step foot on Skagway's shores.

Precontact Native Copper Innovation in British Columbia - H. Kory Cooper; Garett Hunt; Nicholas Waber; Carey Gray (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2020)
Copper has figured prominently in discussions of social complexity among Northwest Coast Cultures. Coppers, shield-like sheets of copper variable in size, were a form of lineage wealth displayed, gifted, or ritually destroyed at potlatches; and copper artifacts have been recovered from human burials. The former use of copper is well-documented ethnographically and historically while the latter phenomenon is less well understood. This paper provides an overview of the occurrence of copper in precontact archaeological contexts in British Columbia using published and unpublished literature. Our investigation is framed within a Behavioral Archaeology approach that elicits ideas on copper innovation and all that it entailed. We find that copper is rare in precontact contexts from a province-wide perspective; there was likely more than one instance of native copper innovation; and contrary to previous suggestions, the copper-rich Dene region of south-central Alaska and southwestern Yukon cannot account for most of the precontact examples of copper use in the province. We offer some hypotheses to explain the precontact distribution of copper in BC, including both local invention and diffusion, not in an attempt to deliver the final verdict on this topic, but rather, to stimulate additional research.

In the Tangled Garden: Archaeology, Art History, and the Group of Seven - Cooper, Martin (2006)
An archaeological investigation was commissioned by the City of Vaughan as part of the historic landscape design for the J.E.H. MacDonald property in Thornhill, Ontario. The goal of the investigation was to identify through archaeology the structure in the background of MacDonald's most celebrated painting and thus determine the location of the garden. This award winning project represented the first archaeological investigation related to Canada's Group of Seven and is an example of the contribution archaeology can make to art history.

PETUN WORKED BONE AND SHELL STUDY PROJECT - COOPER, Janet; Peter HAMALAINEN (1996)
An introduction to the newly-formed Petun Research Institute, its repository and the facilities available to archaeologists working in this area of Ontario history and prehistory. Highlighted is the faunal research project recently begun by Peter Hamalainen and Janet Cooper under the PRI umbrella, focussing in its initial phase on the rich faunal artifact recovery from the Sidey-Mackay site excavated by Wintemberg in the 1920s and Garrad in the 1970s.

Sources of Copper for the Northwest Coast - Cooper, H. Kory; John Duke (2005)
Prior to the arrival of explorers and fur traders in Northwest North America in the 18th century, copper was highly prized among the many different indigenous groups and its possession was associated with high status. Several historic, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric sources have credited either the Ahtna of southeastern interior Alaska or the Tutchone of the southwestern Yukon, both Athabaskan-speaking groups, as the main suppliers of copper throughout northwestern North America. Nuggets of native copper (i.e. metallic, 98-99% pure), either raw or fashioned into artifacts, circulated through a trade network distributing prestige goods throughout the Northwest Pacific region. Several of the better-known sources lie within the boundary of what is today, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve (WRST-NP/P) in Alaska. Source material from within the park and artifacts from a nearby site (GUL-077) were subjected to neutron activation analysis in order to obtain trace element data that could be used to differentiate various sources of copper in the region. This paper presents the preliminary results of this research and addresses future possible directions.

The Norton Site (AfHh-86): A Late Iroquoian Village in London, Ontario - Cooper, Martin S.; David A. Robertson (1992)
The Norton site (AfHh-86) is a large village site loc-ated in a public park, overlooking the Thames River in London, Ontario. Portions of nine, closely spaced and regularly aligned longhouses were recorded in 1988 during excavations conducted by Archaeological Services Inc. within a 100 metre long utilities right-of-way which crossed the site. While artifactual finds were relatively few, they suggest that the site was occupied between A.D. 1450 and 1500. As the site had largely been unknown to researchers in the London area, the Norton site is of considerable importance for the reconstruction of the late prehistoric settlement sequence of southwestern Ontario.

8,000 years of history and prehistory at Fort Langley National Historic Park - COPP, Stanley A (1998)
Field school excavations at Fort Langley National Historic Park, British Columbia (1988-1996) reveal the presence of multiple pre-contact First Nations' occupations dating ca 200-8400 years B.P. Excavations of the historic Hudson's Bay Company depot (1839-1888) uncovered features which aid Canada Parks Service reconstruction plans for the fort.

Similkameen-Okanogan Region - COPP, Stanley A (2005)
The Okanogan and Similkameen Valleys of north-central Washington and south-central British Columbia share many attributes over 8-10,000 years, beginning with Windust and/or Cascade Phase cultures. Stronger cultural ties are associated with Columbia Plateau sequences, but influences from the outhern Fraser Plateau are significant at times. This paper examines inter and intra-valley and extra-areal similarities and differences in projectile point types, and sheds light on larger issues such as Columbia-Fraser Plateau interaction spheres.

Beyond American Antiquity : a survey of archaeological periodicals - Corbell, Pierre (1993)
Pour la plupart des préhistoriens d'Amérique du Nord, la revue American Antiquity représente une source majeure d'information, un modéle du périodique archéologique. Or, ce n'est qu'une source dans un océan de publications dont l'infiation tend à nous échapper. Pour se tenir à jour dans ses lectures, chacun construit sa propre liste de titres à consulter selon son créneau et ses goûts; mais nos choix souffrent de l'absence d'une vue d'ensemble du marché de la publication périodique en archéologie. Plus de 200 titres de périodiques consacrés entiérement ou en bonne partie à l'archéologie préhistorique font l'objet de l'analyse bibliométrique présentée ici. Malgré l'abondance et la diversité des formes et des contenus, il est possible d'identifier un certain nombre de types de périodiques. On accéde à l'information qu'ils contiennent par une littérature secondaire tout aussi abondante et variée. Un indice quantitatif permet de proposer un palmarés de revues importantes et de sources secondaires majeures. La production canadienne dans le domaine reçoit une attention particuliére.

Beyond American Antiquity : a survey of archaeological periodicals - Corbell, Pierre (1993)
Most North American archaeologists consider American Antiquity as a primary source of information: it is a model for archaeological periodicals. But it is only one source in a sea of publications the inflation of which is considered by many to be out of control. To stay afloat, each of us builds his own list of relevant titles depending on his own research interests and taste. These choices are rarely made with an accurate overview of what is on the market of archaeological publishing. More than 200 periodicals devoted entirely or mostly to prehistoric archaeology are studied in the bibliometric analysis presented here. Despite abundance and variety of forms and contents, it is possible to identify different types of periodicals. Information is accessed through a secondary literature showing similar characteristies of abundance and variability. A quantitative index is used to build core lists of primary and secondary titles. Special attention is given to Canadian production.

Sedimentological Analyses of the Heron Eden Site (EeOi-11) - Corbell, Marcel R. (1993)
Bone Bed is a Palaeo-Indian bison processing site located in southwestern Saskatchewan. Situated within a glacial lake basin, this occupation has yielded several stemmed projectile points and has been radiometrically dated to approximately 9000 years ago. A weathered bison bone bed with a few examples of articulated segments is present immediately beneath a cultivation layer. In the eastern portion of the site, the bone bed becomes scattered even though the dark palaeosol continues. Results from mechanical soils analysis display intra-site variability in particle size distribution. This points to a number of different processes contributing to the formation of the site. This paper will discuss the use of microscopic analysis of undisturbed soil sections to identify some of the processes that have affected the Heron Eden bone bed. Sampling with tin Kubiena boxes and the use of soil thin sections is also discussed.

Archaeological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands and History, Ethnology and Anthropology of the Aleut - Debra Corbett (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Glimpses of the Barrenlands - Bryan C. Cordon (1973)
A correlation between discrete human populations and discrete caribou herds has been observed ethnohistorically and proposed archaeologically in the area west of the Mackenzie River and north of Lake Athabasca and the Churchill River. Four major barren-ground caribou herds exist, their wintering area corresponding reasonably well with projected protohistoric Athabascan band distribution before fur trade disruption. J.G.E.Smith has demonstrated Chipewyan/Beverly herd association within the historic period. Archaeologically, all but one of over 80 barrenland Arctic Small Tool tradition(ASTt) sites lie within modern herding areas. Changes within the herding range, specifically the calving grounds, during a prolonged cold period following 1500 B.C., induced ASTT hunters as far south as the Prairie provinces, suggesting herding areas similar to the present in regards to migration path and wintering range. The absence of significant ASTt artifactual materials from surveyed areas between discrete herds plus early historic band/discrete herd correlations suggest that similar analogies may be made for other prehistoric barrenland cultures, specifically Northern Plano, Shield Archaic and prehistoric Athapascan.

The Effect of Grit Temper upon Native Manitoba Clay - Corenblum, S. (1976)
This study was concerned with the effects of grit tempering upon the plasticity, texture, shrinkage and color of native southern Manitoba clay. Tempering material was obtained from friable granite collected from local archaeological sites. Clay tiles were formed with increasing amounts of temper (10% to 40%) and fired at a range of temperatures (500-900 degrees C). An inverse relationship was observed between the amont of tempering used and the plasticity, malleability, and possible surface finishes. It was noted that the dried and fired clays showed little difference in shrinkage between tempered and untempered clay. Tempering materials are usually added to reduce shrinkage but too much tempering weakens the clay. Prehistoric pottery of this region is often heavily grit tempered and the percentage of tempering used is higher than necessary for the clay used. Thus grit tempered pottery may reflect a cultural trait rather than a functional trait.

Pabos réinterprété - Cormier, Anne; Louise Pothier (1993)
à partir de traces ténues, de fragiles empreintes dans le sol archéologique et des menus fragments d'objets découverts, la seigneurie des de Bellefeuille (1730-1758) reprend forme au Centre d'interprétation du Bourg de Pabos. L,interprétation du site repose sur plusieurs campagnes de fouilles archéologiques et sur des études historiques menées depuis 1980. A l'origine du concept global de mise en valeur: un ensemble architectural qui se pose en relation directe avec le site archéologique et historique et avec le site naturel. On y communiquera au visiteur non seulement le résultat des études mais aussi l'essence du processus de recherche archéologique. On lui fournira des clés pour décoder les messages livrés par le site lui-même. à son tour, le visiteur pourra imaginer, réinterpréter la seigneurie du 18e siécle.

Writing About Archaeology - Danielle Y. Cornacchia (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Analysis of Tr'ochëk and Forty Mile Sites (Yukon) Stone Chip Collections - Corriveau, Isabelle; HAMMER, T.J. (2002)
The Hän traditional territory is located in the Middle Yukon River on both sides of the Yukon-Alaska boundary. Our understanding of Hän pre-contact culture is limited. The diggings at Tr'ochëk and Forty Mile sites, directed by T.J Hammer between 1998 and 2001, contribute at our knowledge of traditional Hän culture. These sites are located in the Klondike region and findings reflect the traditional life ways at the fish camps of the Hän people during the Late Prehistoric/Athapaskan Tradition (1260BP - 1800s) and the contact periods. The first objective of my research is to identify the reduction technologies present on both site Tr'ochëk and Forty Mile. The second is to determine if the collections support the proposition of Le Blanc, that at the Late Prehistoric/Atapaskan Tradition the shift of stone reduction type result of the diminution of the importance of lithic technology. These objectives are attained by the observation of the complete stone flake collections found during the excavations of Tr'ochëk and Forty Mile. By observing the stone chip physical characteristic I expect to determine the presence and the importance of the bipolar and/or free hand reduction strategies in the collections. Further, our collections will be compared with the collections from the Rat Indian Creek and, if possible the Klo-Kut sites. These comparisons will provide a reference point to integrate our data into the framework of northwest archaeology. Finally, these comparisons will permit discussion of the importance of lithic technology during the Late Prehistoric/Athapaskan Period.

Prélude à l'agriculture chez les Iroquoiens préhistoriques du Québec - Norman Clermont et Evelyne Cossette (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)
The Late Middle Woodland period (A.D. 500-1000) in the Lake Saint-François/Lake Saint-Louis area, west of Montreal, was marked by an apparently new and strategically decisive process of summer sedentarisation. This process had side-effects on many different aspects of the culture. This paper focuses on subsistence behaviour. More than 100,000 culinary bone fragments found in six chronologically different middens have been analyzed. These data give the impression of economic stasis that will be discussed in the second part of the paper.

The Exploitation of Deer Among Northern Iroquoians - Cossette, Evelyne (1992)
A trend in general opportunism is apparent in most northern Iroquoian faunal assemblages, but these also stress the importance of some specific mammalian and fish species. Faunal profiles indicate that White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was a major prey item in Iroquoian econorny and it is often the most numerous mammalian species identified, but its relative importance might be exaggerated due to preservation factors and recovery methods. Faunal reports comprising analyzed White-tailed deer remains from a variety of sites dating to Late Middle Woodland and Late Woodland periods will be examined and compared in order to trace patterns in deer exploitation in northern Iroquoia. Synchronic differences in the economic importance of deer hunting activities among northern Iroquoian groups as well as possible dia-chronic changes leading towards an apparent intensification of deer exploitation will be assessed.

Laurentian Archaic Animal Exploitation Strategies in the Ottawa River Valley : Morrison Island and Allumettes Island - Cossette, Evelyne (2000)
Despite little zooarchaeological data available to construct subsistence economies of the Laurentian Archaic populations, most researchers have postulated a twofold seasonal pattern of animal exploitation. Since many of the sites are located near rapids along major waterways, fishing is often considered as the major economic activity carried out during the spring and summer months, whereas hunting and trapping would have been the sole economic pursuit during the coldest months of the year. Paucity of faunal remains in many of the sites has hindered a sound verification of the proposed model, which has not yet been fully validated. Faunal assemblages from the Morrison Island and Allumettes Island sites, located in the Ottawa River Valley, offer an opportunity to look more closely into the question of Laurentian Archaic animal exploitation and subsistence economies. Zooarcchaeological evidence gathered so far points to an opportunistic broad-based subsistence strategy as well as a suite of seasonally focused animal exploitation behaviors.

Prehistoric Exchange Networks and Asbestos Tempered Ceramics in Northern Fennoscandia - André Costopoulos (2000)
Interpretations of the distribution of asbestos tempered ceramics have always been one of the major building blocks used in models of Finnish prehistory. In the mid-1980's, attempts were made to identify the sources of the asbestos used in this widespread industry. I will briefly review those attempts, discussing their potential and identifying their methodoligical difficulties. I will then outline my ongoing project for sourcing of asbestos used as temper in prehistoric Finnish ceramics.

Sur les approches à la complexité sociale chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs préhistoriques: particularisme, généralisme et méthode comparative - André Costopoulos; Samuel Vaneeckhout (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)
A review of recent work on social complexity among prehistoric hunter-gatherers reveals tension between particularist and generalist approaches in archaeology. We identify two major divisions in approaches to complex hunter-gatherers: those that describe complexity vs. those that define it, and those that trace the origin of complexity to the emergence of inequality vs. those that trace it to the emergence of specialization. Authors who take a definitional approach to complexity tend to emphasize specialization and general law-like processes, while those that take a descriptive approach tend to emphasize inequality and historical context. Interestingly, there is a near absence of theorists who seek to define complexity while emphasizing inequality or of theorists who tend to describe complexity while emphasizing specialization. We note that both descriptive-particularist and definitional-generalist approaches play an important role in the eventual solution of the problem of the origin of social complexity, one of the most theoretically difficult and important problems facing archaeology and anthropology in general.

Ceramics and Chronology of the Late Prehistoric Period: the Abitibi-Temiscamingue Case - Côté, Marc; Leila Inksetter (2000)
Since more than 10 years, the Abitibi-Temiscamingue region in Quebec has benefited from a well structured archaeological research programme. Among various discoveries, the notable presence of ceramic remains in a boreal context has been intruiging since the beginning of our researches. In effect, the discovery of this medium in important numbers, associated with other categories of archaeological remains, allows a refinement of the occupational chronology during the Late Prehistoric period of the region, and informs us quite precisely about the cultural affinities and the circulation direction of goods and ideas in the interaction networks. In this presentation, we will examine two phenomenas that we observed among some ceramic collections. It seems that the Algonquians living in the Abitibi-Temiscamingue region have, on two occasions, abandonned a ceramic tradition to adopt an other one which most likely came from outside the region. And this happened in a very short period of time. We suggest some working hypothesis to explain those facts.

Préhistoire des Amérindiens de lAbitibi- Témiscamingue - Côté, Marc (1993)
Notre connaissance de l'histoire des Algonquins avant l'arrivée des Blancs est embryonnaire. La situation géographique des Algonquins de l'AbitibiTémiscamingue (ou, comme ils se nomment eux-mêmes, les Anicinabek), les a tenus à l'écart des courants traditionnels de la recherche. Cette derniére s'est plutôt tournée vers les nations plus proches des grands centres ou plus prés de l'actualité politique et économique comme les Cris, les Montagnais ou les Mohawks. La Corporation Archéo-08 méne en Abitibi-Témiscamingue des recherches archéologiques qui soulévent un peu le voile sur ce qu'est la chronologie des occupations, l'évolution du mode de vie, de la culture matérielle, les alliances politiques et les réseaux économiques des groupes culturels qui ont occupé le territoire traditionnel des Algonquins Abitibinnik Binnabayanik ou Timiscamiginik. Cette communication survole les résultats de recherches qu'Archéo-08 a obtenus depuis six ans.

Prehistoric Subsistence and Seasonality at the McNichol Creek Site, Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia - Gary Coupland; Craig Bissell; Sarah King (1992)
Analysis of faunal remains; has led to a reconstruction of subsistence economy and seasons of occupation at the McNichol Creek site, a 1500 year-old village in Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia. Results support sorne existing ideas about prehistoric economy in the area, but conflict with others. Subsistence was based mainly on stored salmon, supplemented by shellfish, deer, and herring. Local environments in close proximity to the site were intensively exploited, but important resources from more distant locations, such as sea mammals and eulachon, were apparently not used. Seasonality analysis of shellfish confirms winter occupation, but also indicates an extended occupation of the site into early summer. The particular aspects of the subsistence and seulement pattern at McNichol Creek may be the result of lirnited or denied access to certain key resources, and may not be typical of contemporaneous village sites in the harbour area.

Huu7ii: Household Archaeology at a Nuu-chah-nulth Village Site in Barkley Sound - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)

Resource Ownership, Political Control: Evidence from the Boardwalk Site on the Northern Northwest Coast - Gary Coupland; Kathlyn Stewart (2004)
Of the many deep midden, village sites at Prince Rupert harbour on the northern Northwest Coast, the Boardwalk site is special. Boardwalk is much larger than other recorded village sites in the region, has a deeper history of occupation, and its occupants, at least in the later period, appear to have exercised regional control of key subsistence resources. In addition, Boardwalk has yielded to excavation many more artifacts symbolic of wealth and high social status than other Prince Rupert area sites. In this paper, we present evidence from recent excavations at Boardwalk related to the control of subsistence resources, in particular sea mammals. The implications of this resource control in terms of social and political organization are also discussed.

The Archaeology of Rank (P.K. Wason) and Mortuary Variability and Status Differentiation on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1996)

The Point Grey Site: a Marpole Spring Village Component - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)
The complex hunter-gatherers of the Northwest Coast of North America were renowned for their permanent village way of life. Many groups maintained winter villages and summer-fall villages, the latter associated with intensive salmon production. Settlement patterns in spring were quite varied. Some groups were dispersed and mobile, while others maintained a village way of life based on intensive production of critical spring resources. The Point Grey site is interpreted as a spring village component of the Marpole culture at which herring was the key resource produced. Technological, faunal and human skeletal evidence are presented to support this inference of site seasonality and function.

Preliminary Analysis of Socioeconomic Organization at the McNichol Creek Site, British Columbia - Gary Coupland; Roger COLTEN; Rebecca CASE (1998)
This paper presents the results of three seasons of fieldwork at the McNichol Creek site, a 1600 year old village in Prince Rupert harbour, British Columbia. Material remains recovered from within and outside house features are compared to delineate spatial organization of socioeconomic activities within the village. Space within houses was used primarily for domestic activities. But in at least one house, ceremonial activities may have been conducted, which suggests possible status differences among the households. External space appears to have been divided between processing and manufacturing areas (front midden) and refuse disposal areas (back midden). Human burials were identified in both external contexts.

Editor's Notes - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Preliminary Investigation of a Regional Economy: Augering Village Middens at Prince Rupert Harbour - Gary Coupland; Kathlyn Stewart; Donna Naughton (2000)
The regional economy of the Prince Rupert harbour area at ca. 1500 BP involved numerous resident local groups. How was this economy organized? Our preliminary analysis explores the degree of specialization in the subsistence economy of these local groups by comparing faunal remains from auger samples from four village sites in the region. Despite close contact with each other and mutual participation within a system of social ranking, these groups appear to have maintained considerable autonomy in subsistence activities.

Archaeology of Coastal British Columbia: Essays in Honour of Professor Philip M. Hobler - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Household Variability and Status Differentiation at Kitselas Canyon - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)
The archaeological investigation of households has much to offer the study of prehistoric social organization. This paper compares dwelling data from one prehistoric site and two historic Tsimshian sites at Kitselas Canyon, British Columbia. It is argued that dwelling size is directly related to household size. The historic sites show a pattern of variability in dwelling size and construction that is consistent with the ethnographic Tsimshian model of ranked corporate groups. The prehistoric site, dated to circa 3000 BP, is characterized by homogeneity in dwelling size and construction. This is consistent with an egalitarian social structure.

DOES RESOURCE ABUNDANCE EXPLAIN LOCAL GROUP RANK AMONG THE TSIMSHIAN? - Gary Coupland; Andrew Martindale; MARSDEN, Susan (1996)
Tsimshian local groups of the late 18th and 19th centuries owned resource territories and were ranked relative to each other in terms of social preference. This paper explores factors underlying local group rank. We find low, and even negative, correlations among local group rank, population size, and resource abundance, measured in terms of salmon escapement. During the period in question, local group rank was dynamic and mutable, while local group territories and resource abundance were largely static. Evidence indicates that warfare and trade explain the structure of Tsimshian local group rank rather than resource abundance and population.

Editor's Notes - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)

Editor’s Notes - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Introduction: 50 Down - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Editor's Notes - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Mountains, Mists, and Middens: 25 Years of Archaeology on Canada''s West Coast - Gary Coupland; Banahan, Joan; T. J. Hall (2000)
The last 25 years have witnessed important developments in three key areas of archaeology on the west coast. Our understanding of the human history of the region has been advanced by research into well established topics such as early human settlement, and new topics related to the study of complex hunter-gatherers. Our way of looking at the archaeological record has been transformed by the unprecedented rise of cultural resource management during this period. And our priorities have been re-set by the increasing collaboration between archaeologists and First Nations, a collaboration that reminds us that west coast archaeology is a partnership. This paper examines developments in each of these areas over the last 25 years, and suggests some new directions for the new millenium.

Prehistoric Subsistence and Seasonality at Prince Rupert Harbour: Evidence from the McNichol Creek Site - Gary Coupland; Craig Bissell; Sarah King (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)
Analysis of faunal remains from the McNichol Creek site, a 1600 year old village in Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia, indicates that subsistence was mainly based on stored salmon, supplemented by local resources including shellfish, deer, and herring. Important resources from more distant sources, such as sea mammals and eulachon, were apparently not used. Seasonal occupation was from winter to early summer. This subsistence/settlement pattern, which differs somewhat from the historic Tsimshian model, may be the result of limited or denied access to certain key resources, and may not be typical of larger contemporaneous village sites in the harbour area.

Social Complexity in the Fraser Valley: Evidence from the Scowlitz Site - Gary Coupland; Michael BLAKE; Brian Thom (1993)
Results of recent archaeological investigations at the Scowlitz site in the Fraser Valley of Southwestern British Columbia are reported. Strategically located at the confluence of the Harrison and Fraser Rivers, the site appears to have been a centre of status and power in prehistory. Over 30 burial mounds have been recorded, with associated dates from two ranging between 1500 and 500 B.P. Variability in size, structure, and contents of these mounds suggest a complex status hierarchy. We offer two reasons for the emergence of social complexity at Scowlitz: (1) the site is located at the control point of a major salmon fishery; (2) Scowlitz may have been a gateway community for trade between coastal and interior group.

Hierarchy and Communalism: Tensions of Domestic Space in Northwest Coast Household Archaeology - Gary Coupland (2006)
Ranks societies, such as those of the Northwest Coast, grapple with an inherent tension in social structure grapple with an inherent tension between hierarchy and communalism. This paper examines the ways in which domestic space, in particular vernacular architecture, was used on the Northwest Coast to resolve this tension. Northwest Coast houses reinforced social principles of rank by assigning family spaces according to title within dwellings, while simultaneously supporting household incorporation through the use of central communal spaces.

Salmon and Storage: Southern Tutchone Use of an "Abundant" Resource - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)

Do You Never Get Tired of Salmon? Evidence for Extreme Subsistence Specialization at Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia - Gary Coupland; Kathlyn Stewart (2005)
Faunal evidence from five middle to late period prehistoric village sites at Prince Rupert harbour, British Columbia, reveals an extremely high level of dependence on one food resource, salmon. At some of these sites, it appears that little else in the way of vertebrate fauna was consumed. Comparisons with faunal data from other parts of the Northwest Coast show that the Prince Rupert villagers were unusual in this regard. The reason for this extreme subsistence specialization cannot be absence of other vertebrate fauna. Rather, a cultural explanation is suggested.

Changing House and Household Form during the Late Prehistoric Period on the Northern Northwest Coast / La transformation des habitations et de la comm - Gary Coupland; Andrew Martindale (1997)
Archaeological evidence from two village sites in the Prince Rupert lower Skeena River area, the McNichol Creek site and the Clay Creek site, reveals significant increases in house size, as well as changes in construction technique, during the last 1500 years. Correlated with this increase in house size are changes in household form. Clearly, northern Northwest Coast households became larger and more complexly organized after 1500 BP, a period when many archaeologists argue that the ethnographic cultural pattern had become firmly established. We explore some of the implications of these changes in household organization.

Pourquoi les archéologues ne peuvent-ils s'entendre sur les origines de la société hiérarchique de la côte Nor - Gary Coupland (2003)

Senewelets: Culture History of the Nanaimo Coast Salish and the False Narrows Midden - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)

Editor's Notes - Gary Coupland (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2016)

Can mineralogy tell us about inequality? X-ray diffraction as an archaeological tool - Court, Emily M. (2008)
Current research at the Chalcolithic site of Tel Tsaf, Israel is focused on identifying the emergence of economic inequality. My PhD project employs a number of geology and geochemistry procedures. This paper is focused on the potential of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) in archaeological contexts. This technique is being used at Tel Tsaf to identify the mineralogy of wall and floor plaster, as well as mudbrick. It is hoped that comparing and contrasting composition can demonstrate variation in floor construction and quality of plaster. In addition, the composition of mud-bricks used to construct various architectural forms may indicate whether all the bricks were constructed using the same material and technique, or if there is variation in quality and composition of material across structures. These results may indicate either variation in use of space or an unequal access to resources.

From the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age: The Ceramic Sequence of Tell Rakan, Jordan - Court, Emily M.; Dana Campbell (2006)
Excavations at Tell Rakan (WZ120) in Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan have revealed a stratified sequence of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, Late Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age remains. This level of occupational continuity is rare in the Levant and Tell Rakan offers an important opportunity to study the ceramic development at a single site. Evidence suggests that Tell Rakan was occupied for the duration of the Chalcolithic, offering an excellent opportunity to identify the transition into and out of the period. Our analysis of the ceramic sequence addresses developments from the Neolithic, through these transitions, into the Early Bronze Age. In addition, we address how the sequence relates to finds from other sites in the region. The significance of the pottery sequence and occupational continuity of Tell Rakan is discussed at both the local and regional level.

Archaeological Research on the Grand Falls Drainage, Eastern Maine - Cox, Steven (1993)
Archaeological research on the Grand Falls drainage (west branch of the St. Croix) during the past decade has revealed a record of prehistoric settlement extending frorn Paleo-Indian to the historic period. We review the archaeological evidence, with particular attention to the Ceramic period. During the Ceramic Period evidence from artifact morphology and lithic materials suggests extensive contact with the Maritimes.

The Pre-Dorset - Dorset Transition in Labrador - Cox, Steven L. (1992)
The terminal Pre-Dorset period in Labrador (ca. 3200–2500 B.P.) saw the end of a long period of cultural stability and a relatively rapid cultural transformation to the Dorset-like Groswater Phase. A number of paleoeskimo sites dating to within this period have been investigated, permitting a view of this transformation with a resolution of approximately one century intervals. The evidence indicates an in situ cultural evolution, probably influenced by external ideas. On the other hand, the appearance of classic Dorset at ca. 2500 B.P. (termed the Early Dorset phase in Labrador), appears to represent the arrival of a new population, and the ultimate fate of the Groswater Dorset inhabitants of northern Labrador remains unclear.

Cultural Stability and Change During the Pre-Dorset Period in Labrador - Cox, Steven L. (1989)
Site Nuasomak-2 is located on Nuasomak Island in the Okak region of the north-central Labrador coast. The site contains a minimum of 39 Pre-Dorset structures, mostly tent rings, on a series of raised beach terraces. Investigation of the site in 1987 indicated that Pre-Dorset occupation of the island had been nearly continuous from about 4000 B.P. to about 2500 B.P. The evidence suggests a long period of cultural stability, with little change in lithic technology, lasting to about 3000 B.P., at which time there was rapid change to a Dorset-like cultural form.

Plant and Human Relationships in early Jomon Hokkaido - Crawford, G. (1981)
Interpretation of plant remains analyzed to date from the Yagi site in southwestern Hokkaido document the hitherto unknown early Early Jomon plant-related subsistence ecology. Initial and late Early Jomon components at Yagi also exist and samples from these deposits are compared with Initial Jomon Hakodate Airport site and late Early Jomon Hamanasuno site plant remains. Barnyard grass, a millet, which becomes common in samples by 4000 BP in the area and which seems to have undergone some change from 5000 to 4000 BP, is a rare part of the Yagi plant remains assemblage. Nut remains, common at the Initial Jomon Hakodate Airport site, but rarely found in samples dating from the following two millenia, are in abundance in some components at Yagi, but not others. Preliminary thoughts on integrating the plant remains data with local palynological data, as well as with a catchment study, are presented.

The Emergence of Agriculture: A Global View - Gary Crawford (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

The Beckstead Site 1977 - Gary W. Crawford (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

From Pattern to Performance: The Social Logic of Prehistoric Iroquoian Domestic Space - Creese, John (2006)
The prehistoric Iroquoian longhouse is explored from the perspective of sociological performance. It is argued that the everyday practices of domestic life constituted an ongoing discourse in which tensions between social atoms and wholes were negotiated. The habitual behaviours that occurred within the longhouse exhibit an enduring concern for balance and symmetry between spaces identified with autonomous but allied social units. Moreover, the special emphasis on these principals, exemplified by post-cluster features associated with the house medial line, suggests that this liminal space was the focus of heightened ritualization in the 14th and 15th centuries, perhaps in response to scalar stress.

Rethinking Early Village Development in Southern Ontario: Toward a History of Place-Making - John L. Creese (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)
The emergence of Iroquoian village societies in southern Ontario, Canada, was connected to the intensification of horticulture, residential sedentarization, and pronounced regional demographic growth. This paper critically evaluates longstanding archaeological debates about the nature and consequences of the early development of Northern Iroquoian village communities in southern Ontario. I argue that an adequate understanding of these developments depends on moving past debates over ethno-linguistic origins and degrees of sedentism, and toward a perspective that carefully traces people’s changing material engagements with their natural and built environments. This review suggests that Early Iroquoian villages were united by new kinds of generative entanglements with built space that can be understood as “place-making” practices. Early village place-making involved the architectural and ritual definition of enduring social groups—households and village communities—even as they maintained significant seasonal and logistic mobility across the landscape.

Place-making in Canadian Archaeology - John L. Creese (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2018)

Marketing the History of the Mundane - Crépeau, Andrée (2000)
For more than a decade Louisbourg has worked to expand the audience for it's Archaeological Collection of 5.5 million artefacts. It is an accessible collection situated in a scenic tourist town-population one thousand people. It is a large and rich collection with limited on-site exhibit space. While we have expanded traditional uses such as exhibition loans to outside museums, the most productive initiative has been in non-traditional venues in particular with the arts community.

Iron: Why Radiocarbon Dating Doesn't Always work - Cresswell, Richard G. (1992)
The history of iron is the story of the continuous endeavour of metallurgists to attain a practical mastery over the carbon content of the iron, without knowing that it contained any carbon, or what the effects of carbon are... . Thus, the words of T.T. Read (1934) remind us that in addition to the usual fuels, charcoal and coal, such carbonaceous materials as dogs' blood, pigeons' droppings, rice husks and humans have all been used in the manufacture of iron implements, while the mixing of irons of different types and/or sources has also been a common practice. A detailed knowledge of an artifact's metallurgical history is therefore a pre-requisite for obtaining a meaningful date. Fortunately, this is commonly available, and careful metallography can often give strong clues into the artifact's mode of manufacture, and hence reliability of the date obtained. A number of iron artifacts have been analyzed, many of which give dates consistent with their metallurgical/historical context: a few, however, have yielded misleading dates. Some of these can be resolved by metallographic inspection, chemical analyses or knowledge of the metallurgical context of the site. In addition, the small sample size (£5g.) capability of accelerator radiocarbon dating permits multiple analyses in some cases that can further help elucidate the history of an artifact. In other cases, inconclusive results are obtained. Examples of samples analyzed at the Isotrace Laboratory will illustrate these capabilities and limitations.

A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON HISTORIC BEOTHUCK ANIMAL USAGE - Cridland, Jennifer (1991)
This paper presents another example of the importance of returning to the primary source when doing ethnohistoric research. Almost all our information regarding the historic Beothuck is derived from European records of Beothuck behaviour and material culture. The only surviving evidence of a Beothuck individual directly representing their own culture is the set of drawings by Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuck Indian. Examination of the original drawings, part of the Newfoundland Provincial Museum's permanent collection, revealed that some of the original details have been altered or are completely missing from the most well known versions illustrated in James P. Howley's 1915 classic, The Beothucks or Red Indians: The Aboriginal Inhabitants of Newfoundland. In fact it is apparent that the original drawings with their accompanying explanatory notes (as transcribed by W.E. Cormack from conversations with Shanawdithit) were not available to Howley. These differences in the drawings and notes are presented, with a focus on the new information and suggested interpretation regarding historic Beothuck animal usage.

Gore Vale Preliminary Findings - Crocker, Rod (1992)
Gore Vale was an 1820 brick house situated in the area of modern day Trinity Bellwoods Park, Toronto. Initially owned by Duncan Cameron, it later was home to the influential Bickford family, and afterwards was used as an Institute for recovering alcoholics, a dormitory, a veterans' psychiatric hospital, and finally a Boy's Club, before being demolished in 1928. A multi-year project, begun in 1990, includes the excavation and mapping of the remaining foundations, an analysis of artifacts relevant to the material history of the city, and a multi-faceted study of the bricks used in the initial construction and later renovations.

THE TORONTO MATERIAL-HISTORY DATABASE - Crocker, Rodney; Blaubergs, Ellen (1991)
The Archaeological Resource Centre of the Toronto Board of Education has recently begun compiling a material-history database for the City of Toronto. The inception, process and preliminary results of the database will be presented and discussed. The information it contains relates to the introduction and impact of technological advances on urban life in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The database is computerized and essentially open-ended. It is correlated with the database system used for analyzing artifacts at the Archaeological Resource Centre, and is intended to provide a social-historical context for artifact interpretation of sites within Toronto. Use of the database addresses several problems associated with the investigation of historic urban, domestic and small-commercial sites.

Analysis of Ancient mtDNA from Indigenous North American Dogs - CROCKFORD, S.J.; A. BYUN; U. RINK; M. BURBIDGE; B.F. KOOP (1998)
We present here an analysis of molecular genetic data for indigenous North American dogs consisting of 300 BP sequences of mitochondrial DNA from the D-loop of 3 extinct breeds: the Salish wool dog, the Northwest Coast 'village' or hunting dog, and the Tahltan bear dog. This indigenous dog DNA was compared to 718 BP sections of the D-loop from 4 wolf subspecies, red fox, coyote, and 11 breeds of contemporary (modern) dogs also sequenced for this study. Our canid dataset was combined with somewhat longer D-loop sequences of dogs and wolves from two recently published studies. Parsimony analysis of this expanded dataset identified only three major (well-supported) groups: fox, coyote and dog/wolf. A few groupings within the dog/wolf clade were discernible but poorly supported. We conclude that it is not possible to distinguish between breeds of dogs, or even between dogs and wolves, using mtDNA D-loop sequences. Several explanations are offered for these results, the most significant of which is that extensive introgression of dog mtDNA into wolf populations, due to both modern and past asymmetric hybridization events, may account for the similarities in DNA sequences.

Genetic and osteometric characterization of the Tahltan Bear Dog - Crockford, Susan (2001)
The Tahltan Bear dog was an indigenous breed kept by the Tahltan First Nation of northwestern British Columbia. This small black and white dog was used to track and hold at bay the black and grizzly bears hunted by their Tahltan masters. The Tahltan Bear dog was designated a distinct breed by the Canadian Kennel Club in 1942 and forty years later, officially declared extinct. As part of a larger study to examine the genetic relationships of Northwest coast aboriginal dogs to modern dogs and wolves, several specimens of Tahltan Bear Dog skins archived at the Royal B.C. Museum in Victoria were sampled. All specimens were collected around the 1940's and include skins as well as some skeletal remains. mtDNA analysis indicate these animals were indeed aboriginal dogs, although (as for all other breeds), no exclusively Tahltan genetic signature was detected. Osteometric analysis indicates the Tahltan was smaller than other aboriginal North American dogs, perhaps smaller than any other unimproved dog types anywhere. The data presented here adds significantly to the total body of knowledge regarding this breed, which until now encompassed only ethnographic descriptions and a few photographs from the 1900's. Since no archaeological remains of this animal have yet been found, there has been no way to document its history before the mid 1800's. Should any remains be found in the future, however, these data will be indispensable.

The Cape Flattery Fur Seal: An Extinct Species of Callorhinus in the Eastern North Pacific? - Susan J. Crockford; S. Gay Frederick; and Rebecca J. Wigen (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)
Fur seal skeletal remains have been found in many archaeological sites on the central Northwest Coast. Although these sites lie adjacent to the annual spring migration route of Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) as they head north to the Bering Sea, evidence is mounting that the archaeological remains came from a non-migratory population. Although this is not a novel suggestion, new developments have dictated another look at the issue. Measurements of modern rookery-aged juveniles compared to archaeological fur seal remains from western Vancouver Island verify that un-weaned pups were harvested, while a virtually unknown historical document describes distinct differences in behaviour and pelage between the fur seals of Cape Flattery and C. ursinus. Although we suspect the former might have been a distinct species and deserves a full-scale taxonomic investigation, the evidence provided here nevertheless demonstrates conclusively that a locally-breeding, non-migratory population of fur seal was once well-established on the central Northwest Coast.

Neoglacial Sea-Ice Expansion Pushed Fur Seals South and Inuit North: Evidence from Archaeozoological Analysis of a Site in the Eastern Aleutians - Susan J. Crockford; S. Gay Frederick (2006)
The Neoglacial was a period of cold climate that lasted from ca. 4700 to 2500 BP. We present evidence that the Neoglacial substantially altered the distribution of Bering Sea marine mammals, using faunal remains recovered from the Amaknak Bridge site on Unalaska Island (occupied ca. 3,500 - 2,500 RCYBP, uncorrected). Archaeozoological analysis indicates that spring pack ice reached a more southerly position during the Neoglacial than it does today and persisted much longer. We infer from this evidence that sea-ice must also have engulfed the Pribilof Islands until early summer and blocked the Bering Strait virtually year round, preventing fur seals from using the Pribilofs as a breeding rookery and whales from making summer migrations into the arctic, as they do today. We suggest Neoglacial sea-ice expansion in the Bering Sea pushed fur seals south along the Northwest Coast and explains the timing of Inuit arrival into the Western Arctic.

Forensic Reconstruction of Prehistoric Dogs from the Northwest Coast - Susan J. Crockford; Cameron J. Pye (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1998)
Manual forensic reconstruction techniques are applied to prehistoric dog skeletal remains recovered from the Northwest Coast of North America. These modern sketches finally 'bring to life' the two extinct breeds of indigenous dogs that were once valued companions of west coast First Nations people.

Northwest Coast Wet Sites: Perishables Revealing Patterns of Resource Procurement, Storage, Management and Exchange - Dale R. Croes (1998)
When approaching Northwest Coast archaeological data, Don Mitchell's work often reflects a keen interest in function. As a data base directly applicable to this interest, prehistoric wet (waterlogged) sites have revealed important information concerning the early technologies used in Northwest Coast wild food procurement, storage, management and exchange. Composite wood and fiber harpoons, arrows, atlatls, fishhooks, traps/weirs, pack-baskets, and digging sticks directly reveal past procurement strategies. Functional varieties of storage baskets and wooden boxes can reflect the significance of past food storage practices on the Northwest Coast. Social stratification ethnohistorically promoted management of both the procurement and storage of resources in a community, and prehistoric stratification may be evidenced by the types of textile hats worn by past property owners and managers–nobility versus commoners. And exchange through trade can be proposed by the sensitive style of 'foreign' basketry found in wet site contexts.

Lachane Basketry and Cordage: a Technical, Functional and Comparative Study - Dale R. Croes (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1989)
Prehistoric basketry and cordage recovered from the Lachane site provide entirely new information concerning the prehistory of the northern Northwest Coast. These materials are analyzed for comparison at the level of attribute (mode), class (type) and functional category. Lachane basketry is compared to historic Tsimshian, Haida, and Tlingit basketry using different cluster analysis tests and the results clearly indicate a close degree of similarity between prehistoric Lachane and historic Tsimshian basketry. Since Lachane is in the heart of historic Tsimshian territory, these data support a model of Tsimshian cultural continuity. The Lachane cordage analysis demonstrates an emphasis on multi-strand, cedar bark, twisted cords. This is most similar to the cordage technology from the other northern wet site, Axeti, and in contrast to southern Northwest Coast wet site cordage technologies. This may indicate a northern vs. southern style of ropemaking. Both the Lachane basketry and cordage analyses demonstrate the sensitivity of these kinds of artifacts for prehistoric research on the Northwest Coast.

Continuity and Change on the Northwest Coast: Insights from Cladistic Analyses of Perishable and Non-Perishable Artifacts - Croes, Dale; Mark Collard; Katherine M. Kelly (2005)
It is clear from wet site archaeological research and from ethnographic collections that artifacts made of wood and fiber regularly comprised over 90% of the material culture of the populations in the Pacific Northwest prior to contact. Yet, because wood and fiber artifacts do not usually preserve well, they have not featured prominently in the efforts of archaeologists to shed light on the ancient history of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. Rather, archaeologists working in the region have relied heavily on stone, bone-antler and shell artifacts to generate their cultural historical hypotheses. In the study reported here we used cladistic tree-building methods from evolutionary biology to investigate whether the evolution of basketry artifacts mirrors that of non-perishable artifacts. Significantly, the tree derived from the stone, bone-antler and shell data differs from the trees derived from the basketry data. The former cluster sites by traditional phase time periods, whereas the latter cluster sites geographically. This suggests that there was a difference in the transmission of information regarding the manufacture and use of the two groups of artifacts. Ideas pertaining to the artifacts made of stone, bone-antler and shell seem to have been shared widely, whereas ideas associated with the artifacts made of basketry were not. There are several possible explanations for this difference, but ethnographic evidence suggests that it is probably primarily a result of the basketry artifacts playing a role in ethnic identity signaling in a way that the stone, bone-antler and shell artifacts did not.

The Death and Life of Site Catchment Analysis - Cross, Sarah (1993)
Site catchment analysis was originally introduced in archaeology as a scale of analysis suitable for studying site location patterns. Its utility in this role has been overlooked by many modern archaeologists largely because of its links with environmental determinism. Until its introduction, archaeologists interested in site location often classified sites by the environmental zone in which they were located. The study of site catchment increased the scale and level of detail available, and created a standardised format for analysis. The significance of this innovation is often overshadowed by the research questions to which it has been linked. In this paper I look at the modifications necessary to make site catchment analysis a useful tool for current archaeology.

Importance du contexte et de l'analyse dans la récupération des restes humains - Christian Crowder (2003)

Whose Culture, Whose Artifacts? Towards Co-management of the Past - CROWSHOE, Reg; Jack Brink (1994)
Abstract Unavailable

Red Metal: Copper Use in the Middle Archaic - Crucefix, Lanna (2000)
The Old Copper Complex is generally defined as a set of discrete Middle Archaic (5000 to 3000 BP) cultures found throughout the Great Lakes region. The heartland (represented by greatest artifact density) is located in eastern Wisconsin. The primary diagnostic trait of these cultures is the use of native copper fashioned into large, heavy implements that include woodworking, hunting, fishing and food-processing tool forms. Whether their users perceived the copper tools as principally prestige or practical objects is unknown. This paper will utilize replication and experimentation in an attempt to resolve this archaeological puzzle. By determining the differences in the costs of copper tools versus stone equivalents in the areas of resource procurement, manufacturing, use and resharpening/reuse as compared to the relative benefits in terms of time and energy (efficiency), it will be possible to shed some light on whether the copper tools were used in a practical or prestige sphere. This experiment will also generate information concerning optimal parameters of efficient tool use.

Global Archaeological Theory: Contextual Voices and Contemporary Thoughts - Andrea M. Cuéllar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Use Wear Analysis of Pre-Mazama Lithics from Banff National Park - CUNNINGHAM, Jeremy J. (1994)
Use wear studies are now becoming an important part of the archaeological analysis of stone tools. By using pre-Mazarna lithic materials from three sites within Banff National Park, this paper will demonstrate the application of models in depicting use wear traces, present the study's findings and its implication on present interpretation of tool usage, and argue for the incorporation of both low and high power techniques in practical lithic studies.

The Archaeology of Identities: A Reader - Jerimy J. Cunningham (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)

Ethnicity and the Question of Holism: A Case Study from the Younge - Glen Meyer Border in S.W. Ontario - Jerimy J. Cunningham (2000)
Archaeologists have tended to assume that 'cultures' are holistic: they form homogeneous, bounded and totalizable social entities. These entities are identified archaeologically through 'stylistic' patterns that indicate shared learning, information exchange or symbolic manipulation. In this case study, I exam the degree that holism can be identified along the Younge Phase - Western Basin and Glen Meyer 'Iroquoian' boundary through an analysis of ceramics from the Van Bree site. Ceramic material from feature clusters identified at Van Bree not only suggests that a distinct ethnic boundary exists between Younge and Glen Meyer people, but also that Glen Meyer and Younge are each different in their degree of holism.

Ceramic Variation and Ethnic Holism: A Case Study from the "Younge-Early Ontario Iroquoian Border" in Southwestern Ontario - Jerimy J. Cunningham (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)
Archaeologists have tended to assume that ethnic groups' are holistic; that they form homogeneous, coherent, and discrete social entities. In Ontario, ethnic entities are identified archaeologically through decorative patterns that indicate ethnic affiliation. In this case study, I examine the degree that holism can be identified along the hypothesized 'Younge phase Western Basin-Early Ontario Iroquoian' boundary through an analysis of ceramics from the Van Bree site. While ceramic material from Van Bree indicates that a distinct ethnic border probably separated the producers of Younge and Early Ontario 'Iroquois' ceramics, it also suggests that these groups did not form holistic social entities that used decorative variation to symbolize their respective ethnic identities.'

Les archéologues canadiens sont-ils mal formés? Caractérisation de l'archéologie à McGill - Jerimy J. Cunningham (2003)

Going Vertical: Linking Broad and Low Level Theory in Canadian Archaeology - Cunningham, Jerimy (2001)
The critical turn in the social sciences has forced archaeologists to reflect on the theoretical structures they use to interpret the archaeological record. In this paper, I argue that archaeologists need to focus more attention on vertical linkages – on the relationships between the high and low level theoretical concepts they use. Through two examples, I demonstrate how untangling these connections can aid on-the-ground research in Canada and allow Canadian archaeologists to contribute more fully to global theoretical debates. First, I will show how Woodland sites from Ontario can be used to address the style debate. Second, I will suggest that last years CAA session, Who's Asking the Questions? New Directions and Uses for Canadian Archaeology – Part I, demonstrates both the importance and the limits of the postprocessual critique.

Cautionary Tales to Cultural Translations - Jerimy J. Cunningham (2006)
In this paper, I suggest that many of the challenges faced by emerging indigenous archaeologies parallel those encountered by ethnoarchaeology. Archaeology once eagerly anticipated the new perspectives that it assumed ethnoarchaeology would bring to archaeological interpretation. However, as ethnographic knowledge increasingly challenged many of the core tropes of archaeology's conceptual models, some archaeologists began to critique ethnoarchaeology for what it saw as the production of cautionary tales and trivial knowledge. I argue that at the core of this dispute is a fundamental misunderstanding about the role of "source-side" research in archaeological interpretation and suggest ways that both ethnoarchaeological and indigenous perspectives can contribute to a robust archaeological enterprise.

Evidence for Short-Term Resource Procurement Events at the Spillsbury Bay Site, Rice Lake, Ontario - Jenneth E. Curtis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2006)
Small sites, where short-term events may be distinguished, are a valuable part of the archaeological record as they provide resolution at the level of individual events. Such resolution yields insight into the patterning of cultural material and the decisions made by individuals in the past. Excavations at the Spillsbury Bay site, on Rice Lake in south-central Ontario, were conducted with the aim of demonstrating an occupation during the late Middle Woodland period and of exploring the nature of that occupation in terms of settlement, subsistence, and material culture. The results reported here met those objectives and identified the site as a short-term, resource procurement locale, linked to larger base camps within the regional settlement pattern. In terms of subsistence, a shift from shellfish collection to fishing and hunting is evident over time. Artifact clusters also provide the opportunity to explore occupation events and the choices made by individual potters in ceramic manufacture. These choices centred around the visual impression the potter created in decorating a vessel rather than the specific tool used to apply that decoration.

Iroquoian Origins: The View from the Trent - Jenneth E. Curtis (2008)
Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origins of Iroquoians in the Lower Great Lakes area: migration vs. in situ development. Ceramic assemblages from the Rice Lake-Trent River region in south-central Ontario span the Middle Woodland through Early Iroquoian periods providing an opportunity to explore these hypotheses in some detail. In this paper, the regional ceramic data are evaluated against expectations derived from the migration hypothesis. The data are found to contradict those expectations, demonstrating clear continuity across the Middle to Late Woodland transition in the Rice Lake-Trent River region. This pattern is reinforced by the changes in specific variables along the continuum that represents the adaptation or elaboration of existing attributes.

Ramah Chert: A Lithic Odyssey - Andrew Riddle (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

Modélisation des processus d'évolution culturelle grâce à des données archéologiques - Jenneth Curtis (2003)

Black Island: A 4000 year old Aullâvik near Nain, Labrador - Jenneth E. Curtis; BAIKIE, Gary; Lena Onalik (2008)
An aullâvik is a place occupied by Inuit on a regular, seasonal basis for purposes of resource gathering. Today Black Island is a vibrant contemporary aullâvik for Inuit from Nain who maintain their connection to the history and traditions of the island. The archaeological record further attests to the antiquity of this seasonal-use place with Historic Inuit, Dorset Palaeoeskimo, and Maritime Archaic sites. This paper will explore the continuity of seasonal, human occupation on the island through analyses of site locations, cultural features, and artifact collections.

An early human skeleton from Gore Creek, British Columbia - Jerome S. Cybulski; D. Howes; J. Haggarty; M. Eldridge (1981)
Two previously reported early human skeletal remains in Canada are uncertainly dated and immature, precluding useful insights into the physical or biological characteristics of the populations they may represent. An adult male postcranial skeleton from south-central British Columbia has been collagen dated at 8,250 +/- 115 years B.P. In situ parts were recorded below a volcanic ash lens identified with The Mount Mazama eruption of 6,600-7,000 years ago. The clavicle and long bones, metrically and morphologically, suggest a tall, lineal body build, a form often associated with an inland hunting adaptation. The finding might be used to support the construct of a 'Protowestern' cultural tradition populating British Columbia from the south in late Pleistocene - early Holocene times.

West Coast Mummies - Jerome S. Cybulski (2000)
I was asked to investigate, for repatriation purposes, the presumed British Columbia aboriginal identity of two mummies from the Niagara Falls Museum. Apparently naturally preserved, they likely originated from the west coast of Vancouver Island. My identifying criteria included evidence for head shaping, comparative skeletal facial morphology, and the presence of skin impressions from woven cedar. Published worldwide surveys of mummies do not include British Columbia, but mummies are known from both Island and mainland sites, and appear in Northwest Coast ethnographic accounts. Burial associations, as known historically, may have encouraged mummification. Cedar, used for wrappings, coffins and charnel houses, contains natural preservatives, and wool blankets, in which bodies often were shrouded, have a high moisture absorbency rate. My analysis was completed with the assistance and cooperation of Golden Chariot Productions, the Canadian Conservation Institute, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Royal B.C. Museum, and First Nations Summit of British Columbia.

The Big Bar Lake Burial: Middle Period Human Remains from the Canadian Plateau - Jerome S. Cybulski; Alan D. McMillan; Ripan S. Malhi; Brian M. Kemp; Harold Harry; Scott Cousins (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2007)
Collaboration between anthropologists and the Canoe Creek and High Bar First Nations resulted in the excavation and identification of a radiocarbon-dated 5,000-year-old human burial, one of only six Middle Period burials now known from three Canadian Plateau sites. The burial appears to have been an isolated mortuary occurrence but with a pattern of body disposition similar to China Lake (EiRm-7) and Pritchard (EeQw-21). Osteological analysis indicated an elderly female (sex confirmed by molecular testing) with age-related pathological changes. A comprehensive comparative review of known Canadian Plateau human remains, included in this study, revealed an individual of relatively short stature with strongly developed upper limbs. Stable isotope analysis (carbon and nitrogen) pointed to a predominantly terrestrial diet likely based on hunting, with a moderate intake of marine protein, presumably salmon. Testing for mitochondrial DNA indicated haplogroup A, which is widespread in living Native Americans. Comparative mtDNA data suggest long-standing genetic continuity in the Pacific Northwest, but with evidence for a genetically diverse population in existence at 5000 BP.

Physical Anthropology at Quattishe - Jerome S. Cybulski; Stan WALLAS (1998)
We report 1996 fieldwork at Quattishe, the site of an ancient Gusgimukw Kwakwaka'wakw village in Quatsino Sound, northern Vancouver Island. At the behest of the Gku-yau-las Cultural Society, the Quatsino Band authorized an investigation and heritage restoration of variably preserved, vandalized burial houses. Sites and artifacts were documented and human skeletal remains analyzed for historical identification. Collected data allowed inferences about the length of time one of the burial houses had been used, the possible presence of siblings, and evidence for the possible representation of a non-local native woman. Information was obtained on culturally enhanced head shapes and paleopathology. Funding was provided by the Quatsino Band Council, Canadian Museum of Civilization, and Bastion Heritage Group. We were aided by the British Schools Exploring Society and K'leesa Cultural Services.

An Early Human Skeleton from South-Central British Columbia: Dating and Bioarchaeological Inference - Jerome S. Cybulski; Donald E. Howes; James C. Haggarty; Morley Eldridge (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1981)
Two previously reported early human skeletal remains in Canada are uncertainly dated and immature, precluding useful insights into the physical or biological characteristics of the populations they may represent. An adult male postcranial skeleton from Gore Creek, British Columbia, has been collagen dated at 8250 ± 115 years B.P. In situ parts were recorded in an alluvial fan deposit, below a volcanic ash lens identified with the Mount Mazana eruption of 6,700 years ago. The clavicle and long bones, metrically and morphologically, suggest a tall, lineal body build, with strong lower limb development, a form often associated with an inland hunting adaptation. The finding might be used to support the construct of a 'Protowestern' cultural tradition populating British Columbia from the south in late Pleistocene/early Holocene times.

HUMAN BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS ON THE NORTH COAST - Jerome S. Cybulski (1996)
A 1992 biological distance analysis of four skeletal samples defined a close relationship between Prince Rupert Harbour and Greenville on the North Coast but emphasized Blue Jackets Creek as a distinct entity. Additional samples, with tests of statistical significance, confirm a cohesiveness of the north mainland coast groups, possibly an indicator of common Tsimshian ancestry to circa 3,000 years ago. In this analysis, the 4,000 year-old skeletons from Blue Jackets Creek remain a separate entity, significantly apart also from later Haida Gwaii inhabitants. The later, historic period samples are closer to those of the prehistoric north mainland coast but maintain a separate identity, possibly reflecting physiographic impediments to contact as well as different ancestral origins.

Paleodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples - Jerome S. Cybulski (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Modified Human Bones and Skulls from Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia - Jerome S. Cybulski (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1978)
Twelve worked human skull pieces, four altered long bones, and modified skulls and long bones with nine skeletons are described in detail for the Prince Rupert Harbour region, British Columbia. The 25 items, excavated from seven sites, mainly date from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 500. Although three long bones suggest modifications for possible tool use, the majority of items, mainly cranial, apparently lack utilitarian form. Ethnographic references to the ritual use of human corpses and skeletal parts among various coastal British Columbia historic groups suggest that the Prince Rupert Harbour finds may be parallel indicators in the prehistoric record.